The Callitrichidae (also called Arctopitheci or Hapalidae) are a family of

New World monkeys New World monkeys are the five families of primates that are found in the tropical regions of Mexico, Central and South America: Callitrichidae, Cebidae, Aotidae, Pitheciidae, and Atelidae. The five families are ranked together as the Ceboide ...

, including

marmoset The marmosets (), also known as zaris or sagoin, are 22 New World monkey species of the genera ''Callithrix'', ''Cebuella'', ''Callibella'', and ''Mico''. All four genera are part of the biological family Callitrichidae. The term "marmoset" is ...

s, tamarins, and

lion tamarin The four species of lion tamarins or maned marmosets make up the genus ''Leontopithecus''. They are small New World monkeys named for the mane surrounding their face, similar to the mane of a lion. Description Living in the eastern rainforests ...

s. At times, this group of animals has been regarded as a subfamily, called the Callitrichinae, of the family Cebidae. This taxon was traditionally thought to be a primitive lineage, from which all the larger-bodied platyrrhines evolved. However, some works argue that callitrichids are actually a dwarfed lineage.Naish, Darren
Marmosets and tamarins: dwarfed monkeys of the South American tropics
Scientific American November 27, 2012 Ancestral stem-callitrichids likely were "normal-sized" ceboids that were dwarfed through evolutionary time. This may exemplify a rare example of insular dwarfing in a mainland context, with the "islands" being formed by biogeographic barriers during arid climatic periods when forest distribution became patchy, and/or by the extensive river networks in the

Amazon Basin The Amazon basin is the part of South America drained by the Amazon River and its tributaries. The Amazon drainage basin covers an area of about , or about 35.5 percent of the South American continent. It is located in the countries of Boliv ...

. All callitrichids are

arboreal Arboreal locomotion is the locomotion of animals in trees. In habitats in which trees are present, animals have evolved to move in them. Some animals may scale trees only occasionally, but others are exclusively arboreal. The habitats pose nu ...

. They are the smallest of the simian primates. They eat insects, fruit, and the sap or gum from trees; occasionally, they take small vertebrates. The marmosets rely quite heavily on tree exudates, with some species (e.g. ''

Callithrix jacchus ''Callithrix'' is a genus of New World monkeys of the family Callitrichidae, the family containing marmosets and tamarins. The genus contains the Atlantic Forest marmosets. The name ''Callithrix'' is derived from the Greek words ''kallos'', me ...

'' and ''

Cebuella pygmaea The western pygmy marmoset (''Cebuella pygmaea'') is a marmoset species, a very small New World monkey found in the northwestern Amazon rainforest in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. It was formerly regarded as conspecific with the similar ...

'') considered

obligate {{wiktionary, obligate As an adjective, obligate means "by necessity" (antonym '' facultative'') and is used mainly in biology in phrases such as: * Obligate aerobe, an organism that cannot survive without oxygen * Obligate anaerobe, an organism tha ...

exudativores. Callitrichids typically live in small,

territorial A territory is an area of land, sea, or space, particularly belonging or connected to a country, person, or animal. In international politics, a territory is usually either the total area from which a state may extract power resources or an ...

groups of about five or six animals. Their

social organization In sociology, a social organization is a pattern of relationships between and among individuals and social groups. Characteristics of social organization can include qualities such as sexual composition, spatiotemporal cohesion, leadership, s ...

is unique among primates, and is called a "cooperative polyandrous group". This communal breeding system involves groups of multiple males and females, but only one female is reproductively active. Females mate with more than one male and each shares the responsibility of carrying the offspring. They are the only primate group that regularly produces twins, which constitute over 80% of births in species that have been studied. Unlike other male primates, male callitrichids generally provide as much parental care as females. Parental duties may include carrying, protecting, feeding, comforting, and even engaging in play behavior with offspring. In some cases, such as in the

cotton-top tamarin The cotton-top tamarin (''Saguinus oedipus'') is a small New World monkey weighing less than . This New World monkey can live up to 24 years, but most of them die by 13 years. One of the smallest primates, the cotton-top tamarin is easily recogn ...

(''Saguinus oedipus''), males, particularly those that are paternal, even show a greater involvement in caregiving than females.Cleveland and Snowdon. Social development during the first twenty weeks in the cotton-top tamarin ('' Saguinus o. oedipus'').

Animal Behaviour Ethology is the scientific study of animal behaviour, usually with a focus on behaviour under natural conditions, and viewing behaviour as an evolutionarily adaptive trait. Behaviourism as a term also describes the scientific and objective ...

(1984) vol. 32 (2) pp. 432-444 The typical social structure seems to constitute a breeding group, with several of their previous offspring living in the group and providing significant help in rearing the young.

Species and subspecies list

Taxa included in the Callitrichidae are: *Family Callitrichidae ** Genus ''

Saguinus The tamarins are squirrel-sized New World monkeys from the family Callitrichidae in the genus ''Saguinus''. They are the first offshoot in the Callitrichidae tree, and therefore are the sister group of a clade formed by the lion tamarins, Goel ...

'' *** Subgenus ''

'' ****

Red-handed tamarin The golden-handed tamarin (''Saguinus midas''), also known as the red-handed tamarin or Midas tamarin, is a New World monkey belonging to the family Callitrichidae. Distribution and habitat This species is native to wooded areas north of the Ama ...

, ''Saguinus midas'' **** Western black tamarin, ''Saguinus niger'' **** Eastern black-handed tamarin, ''Saguinus ursulus'' ****

Pied tamarin The pied tamarin (''Saguinus bicolor''), sometimes referred to as the Brazilian bare-faced tamarin, is a Critically Endangered primate species found in a restricted area of the Brazilian Amazon Rainforest. It was named the mascot of Manaus, Bra ...

, ''Saguinus bicolor'' **** Martins's tamarin, ''Saguinus martinsi'' ***** '' Saguinus martinsi martinsi'' ***** '' Saguinus martinsi ochraceus'' ****

White-footed tamarin The white-footed tamarin (''Saguinus leucopus'') is a tamarin species endemic to Colombia. It is a silvery brown colour with pale streaks and russet underparts, and is very similar in appearance to the cotton-top tamarin, from which it is separa ...

, ''Saguinus leucopus'' ****

Cottontop tamarin The cotton-top tamarin (''Saguinus oedipus'') is a small New World monkey weighing less than . This New World monkey can live up to 24 years, but most of them die by 13 years. One of the smallest primates, the cotton-top tamarin is easily recogn ...

, ''Saguinus oedipus'' **** Geoffroy's tamarin, ''Saguinus geoffroyi'' *** Subgenus '' Tamarinus'' ****

Moustached tamarin The moustached tamarin (''Saguinus mystax'') is a New World monkey and a species of tamarin. The moustached tamarin is named for the lack of coloring in the facial hair surrounding their mouth, appearing similar to a moustache. As with all New Wo ...

, ''Saguinus mystax'' ***** Spix's moustached tamarin, ''Saguinus mystax mystax'' ***** Red-capped moustached tamarin, ''Saguinus mystax pileatus'' ***** White-rump moustached tamarin, ''Saguinus mystax pluto'' **** White-lipped tamarin, ''Saguinus labiatus'' ***** Geoffroy's red-bellied tamarin, ''Saguinus labiatus labiatus'' ***** Gray's red-bellied tamarin, ''Saguinus labiatus rufiventer'' ***** Thomas's red-bellied tamarin, ''Saguinus labiatus thomasi'' ****

Emperor tamarin The emperor tamarin (''Saguinus imperator'') is a species of tamarin allegedly named for its resemblance to the German emperor Wilhelm II. It lives in the west Brazilian states of Acre and Amazonas and the southwest Amazon Basin, in east Peru ...

, ''Saguinus imperator'' ***** Emperor tamarin, ''Saguinus imperator imperator'' *****

Bearded emperor tamarin The bearded emperor tamarin (''Saguinus imperator subgrisescens'') is one of the two subspecies of the emperor tamarin. It is mostly found in the tropical forests of southwestern Brazil and eastern Peru. This omnivorous member of the Callitrichi ...

, ''Saguinus imperator subgrisescens'' **** Mottle-faced tamarin, ''Saguinus inustus'' ** Genus ''

Leontocebus The saddle-back tamarins are squirrel-sized New World monkeys from the family Callitrichidae in the genus or subgenus ''Leontocebus''. They were split from the tamarin genus ''Saguinus'' based on genetic data and on the fact that saddle-back ta ...

'' ***

Black-mantled tamarin The black-mantled tamarin, ''Leontocebus nigricollis'', is a species of saddle-back tamarin from the northwestern Amazon in far western Brazil, southeastern Colombia, north-eastern Peru and eastern Ecuador. There are 3 subspecies: *Spix's blac ...

, ''Leontocebus nigricollis'' **** Spix's black-mantle tamarin, ''Leontocebus nigricollis nigricollis'' **** Graells's tamarin, ''Leontocebus nigricollis graellsi'' **** Hernández-Camacho's black-mantle tamarin, ''Leontocebus nigricollis hernandezi'' ***

Brown-mantled tamarin The brown-mantled tamarin (''Leontocebus fuscicollis''), also known as Spix's saddle-back tamarin, is a species of saddle-back tamarin. This New World monkey is found in the Southern American countries of Bolivia, Brazil and Peru. This omnivor ...

, ''Leontocebus fuscicollis'' **** Avila Pires' saddle-back tamarin, ''Leontocebus fuscicollis avilapiresi'' **** Spix's saddle-back tamarin, ''Leontocebus fuscicollis fuscicollis'' **** Mura's saddleback tamarin, ''Leontocebus fuscicollis mura'' **** Lako's saddleback tamarin, ''Leontocebus fuscicollis primitivus'' *** Andean saddle-back tamarin, ''Leontocebus leucogenys'' ***

Lesson's saddle-back tamarin Lesson's saddle-back tamarin (''Leontocebus fuscus'') is a species of saddle-back tamarin, a type of small monkey from South America. Lesson's saddle-back tamarin was formerly considered to be a subspecies of the brown-mantled tamarin, ''L. fusc ...

, ''Leontocebus fuscus'' *** Cruz Lima's saddle-back tamarin, ''Leontocebus cruzlimai'' ***

Weddell's saddle-back tamarin Weddell's saddle-back tamarin (''Leontocebus weddelli'') is a species of saddle-back tamarin, a type of small monkey from South America. Weddell's saddle-back tamarin was formerly considered to be a subspecies of the brown-mantled tamarin, ''L. ...

, ''Leontocebus weddelli'' **** Weddell's tamarin, ''Leontocebus weddelli weddelli'' **** Crandall's saddle-back tamarin, ''Leontocebus weddelli crandalli'' **** White-mantled tamarin, ''Leontocebus weddelli melanoleucus'' *** Golden-mantled tamarin, ''Leontocebus tripartitus'' *** Illiger's saddle-back tamarin, ''Leontocebus illigeri'' *** Red-mantled saddle-back tamarin, ''Leontocebus lagonotus'' ***

Geoffroy's saddle-back tamarin Geoffroy's saddle-back tamarin (''Leontocebus nigrifrons'') is a species of saddle-back tamarin, a type of small monkey from South America. Geoffroy's saddle-back tamarin was formerly considered to be a subspecies of the brown-mantled tamarin, '' ...

, ''Leontocebus nigrifrons'' ** Genus ''

Leontopithecus The four species of lion tamarins or maned marmosets make up the genus ''Leontopithecus''. They are small New World monkeys named for the mane surrounding their face, similar to the mane of a lion. Description Living in the eastern rainforests ...

'' ***

Golden lion tamarin The golden lion tamarin (''Leontopithecus rosalia'', pt, mico-leão-dourado , ), also known as the golden marmoset, is a small New World monkey of the family Callitrichidae. Native to the Atlantic coastal forests of Brazil, the golden lion ta ...

, ''Leontopithecus rosalia'' ***

Golden-headed lion tamarin The golden-headed lion tamarin (''Leontopithecus chrysomelas''), also the golden-headed tamarin, is a lion tamarin endemic to Brazil. It is found only in the lowland and premontane tropical forest fragments in the state of Bahia, and therefore is ...

, ''Leontopithecus chrysomelas'' ***

Black lion tamarin The black lion tamarin (''Leontopithecus chrysopygus''), also known as the golden-rumped lion tamarin, is a lion tamarin endemic to the Brazilian state of São Paulo, almost exclusively at the Morro do Diabo State Park. Its limited geographical ...

, ''Leontopithecus chrysopygus'' *** Superagui lion tamarin, ''Leontopithecus caissara'' ** Genus '' Micodon'' *** '' Micodon kiotensis'' ** Genus '' Callimico'' ***

Goeldi's marmoset The Goeldi's marmoset or Goeldi's monkey (''Callimico goeldii'') is a small, South American New World monkey that lives in the upper Amazon basin region of Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, and Peru. It is the only species classified in the genus ''Cal ...

, ''Callimico goeldii'' ** Genus ''

Mico People * Mićo Janić (born 1979), Croatian sprint canoer * Mićo Ljubibratić (1839–1889), Serbian revolutionary * Mico Palanca (1978–2019), Filipino actor * Mićo Smiljanić (born 1974), Serbian/Montenegrin footballer * Mićo Stanišić ( ...

'' *** Silvery marmoset, ''Mico argentatus'' ***

Roosmalens' dwarf marmoset The Roosmalens' dwarf marmoset (''Mico humilis''), also known as the black-crowned dwarf marmoset, is a small New World monkey native to the Amazon Rainforest, on the east bank of the lower Madeira River, and the west bank of the Aripuanã River ...

, ''Mico humilis'' *** White marmoset, ''Mico leucippe'' *** Black-tailed marmoset, ''Mico melanurus'' ***

Schneider's marmoset Schneider's marmoset (''Mico schneideri'') is a species of marmoset of the genus ''Mico'' in the family Callitrichidae. Endemic to Brazil, it is found in the Amazon rainforest of Mato Grosso state. It is found on the interfluve between the Jurue ...

, ''Mico schneideri'' *** Hershkovitz's marmoset, ''Mico intermedia'' *** Emilia's marmoset, ''Mico emiliae'' *** Black-headed marmoset, ''Mico nigriceps'' *** Marca's marmoset, ''Mico marcai'' *** Santarem marmoset, ''Mico humeralifer'' *** Gold-and-white marmoset, ''Mico chrysoleucos'' *** Maués marmoset, ''Mico mauesi'' *** Sateré marmoset, ''Mico saterei'' *** Rio Acarí marmoset, ''Mico acariensis'' *** Rondon's marmoset, ''Mico rondoni'' *** Munduruku marmoset, ''Mico munduruku'' ** Genus '' Cebuella'' ***

Western pygmy marmoset The western pygmy marmoset (''Cebuella pygmaea'') is a marmoset species, a very small New World monkey found in the northwestern Amazon rainforest in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. It was formerly regarded as conspecific with the similar e ...

, ''Cebuella pygmaea'' ***

Eastern pygmy marmoset The eastern pygmy marmoset (''Cebuella niveiventris'') is a marmoset species, a very small New World monkey, found in the southwestern Amazon Rainforest in Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru. It was formerly regarded as conspecific with the simil ...

, ''Cebuella niveiventris'' ** Genus '' Callithrix'' *** Common marmoset, ''Callithrix jacchus'' ***

Black-tufted marmoset The black-tufted marmoset (''Callithrix penicillata''), also known as Mico-estrela in Portuguese, is a species of New World monkey that lives primarily in the Neo-tropical gallery forests of the Brazilian Central Plateau. It ranges from Bahia ...

, ''Callithrix penicillata'' ***

Wied's marmoset Wied's marmoset (''Callithrix kuhlii''), also known as Wied's black-tufted-ear marmoset, is a New World monkey that lives in tropical and subtropical forests of eastern Brazil. Unlike other marmosets, Wied's marmoset lives in groups consisting of ...

, ''Callithrix kuhlii'' ***

White-headed marmoset The white-headed marmoset (''Callithrix geoffroyi''), also known as the tufted-ear marmoset, Geoffroy's marmoset, or Geoffrey's marmoset, is a marmoset endemic to forests in eastern Brazil, where it is native to Bahia, Espírito Santo, and Minas ...

, ''Callithrix geoffroyi'' *** Buffy-tufted marmoset, ''Callithrix aurita'' *** Buffy-headed marmoset, ''Callithrix flaviceps''

References

External links

{{Taxonbar, from=Q574338 Primate families Taxa named by Oldfield Thomas Taxa described in 1903