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CODEN – according to
ASTM ASTM International, formerly known as American Society for Testing and Materials, is an international standards organization that develops and publishes voluntary consensus technical standards for a wide range of materials, products, systems, an ...
standard E250 – is a six-character, alphanumeric bibliographic code that provides concise, unique and unambiguous identification of the titles of
periodicals A periodical literature (also called a periodical publication or simply a periodical) is a published work that appears in a new edition on a regular schedule. The most familiar example is a newspaper, but a magazine or a Academic journal, journal ...
and non-serial publications from all subject areas. CODEN became particularly common in the scientific community as a citation system for periodicals cited in technical and chemistry-related publications and as a search tool in many bibliographic catalogues.


History

The CODEN, designed by Charles Bishop (of the Chronic Disease Research Institute at the
University at Buffalo The State University of New York at Buffalo, commonly called the University at Buffalo (UB) and sometimes called SUNY Buffalo, is a public research university with campuses in Buffalo and Amherst, New York. The university was founded in 1846 ...
,
State University of New York The State University of New York (SUNY, , ) is a system of public colleges and universities in the State of New York. It is one of the largest comprehensive system of universities, colleges, and community colleges in the United States. Led by c ...
, retired), was initially thought as a memory aid for the publications in his reference collection. Bishop took initial letters of words from periodical titles, thereby using a code, which helped him arranging the collected publications. In 1953 he published his documentation system, originally designed as a four-letter CODEN system; volume and page numbers have been added, in order to cite and locate exactly an article in a magazine. Later, a variation was published in 1957. After Bishop had assigned about 4,000 CODEN, the four-letter CODEN system was further developed since 1961 by L. E. Kuentzel at the American Society for Testing of Material (ASTM). He also introduced the fifth character to CODEN. In the beginning of the computer age the CODEN was thought as a machine-readable identification system for periodicals. In several updates since 1963, CODEN were registered and published in the ''CODEN for Periodical Titles'' by ASTM, counting to about 128,000 at the end of 1974. Although it was soon recognized in 1966 that a five-character CODEN would not be sufficient to provide all future periodical titles with CODEN, it was still defined as a five-character code as given in ASTM standard E250 until 1972. In 1976 the ASTM standard E250-76 defined a six-character CODEN. Beginning in the year 1975, the CODEN system was within the responsibility of the
American Chemical Society The American Chemical Society (ACS) is a scientific society based in the United States that supports scientific inquiry in the field of chemistry. Founded in 1876 at New York University, the ACS currently has more than 155,000 members at all d ...
. Today, the first four characters of the six-character CODEN for a periodical are taken from the initial letters of the words from its title, followed by a fifth letter—one of the first six letters (A–F) of the alphabet. The sixth and last character of the CODEN is an alphanumeric check character calculated from the preceding letters. CODEN always uses capital letters. In contrast to a periodical CODEN, the first two characters of a CODEN assigned to a non-serial publication (e.g. conference proceedings) are digits. The third and fourth characters are letters. The fifth and sixth character corresponds to the serial CODEN, but differs in that the fifth character is taken from all letters of the alphabet. In 1975, the ''International CODEN Service'' located at
Chemical Abstracts Service CAS (formerly Chemical Abstracts Service) is a division of the American Chemical Society. It is a source of chemical information. CAS is located in Columbus, Ohio, United States. Print periodicals ''Chemical Abstracts'' is a periodical index tha ...
(CAS) became responsible for further development of the CODEN. The CODEN is automatically assigned to all publications referred on CAS. On request of publishers the ''International CODEN Service'' also assigns CODEN for non-chemistry-related publications. For this reason CODEN may also be found in other
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s (e.g. RTECS, or
BIOSIS BIOSIS Previews is an English-language, bibliographic database service, with abstracts and citation indexing. It is part of ''Clarivate Analytics Web of Science'' suite. BIOSIS Previews indexes data from 1926 to the present. BIOSIS Previews is ...
) and are assigned also to serials or magazines, which are not referred in CAS.


Current sources

CODEN assigned until 1966 can be looked up at the two-volume ''CODEN for Periodical Titles'' issued by L. E. Kuentzel. CODEN assigned until 1974 were published by J. G. Blumenthal.Blumenthal, Jennifer G. (ed.): "CODEN for periodical titles; Suppl. 2". In: ''ASTM data series publication'', American Society for Testing and Materials (), vol. 23 B (1974). CODEN assigned until 1998 and their disintegration can be found at the ''International CODEN Directory'' (ISSN 0364-3670), which has been published since 1980 as a
microfiche Microforms are scaled-down reproductions of documents, typically either films or paper, made for the purposes of transmission, storage, reading, and printing. Microform images are commonly reduced to about 4% or of the original document size. F ...
s issue. Finding a current CODEN is now best done with the online database of CASSI (''
Chemical Abstracts Service Source Index CAS (formerly Chemical Abstracts Service) is a division of the American Chemical Society. It is a source of chemical information. CAS is located in Columbus, Ohio, United States. Print periodicals ''Chemical Abstracts'' is a periodical index th ...
''), covering all registered titles, CODEN, ISSN, ISBN, abbreviations for publications indexed by CAS since 1907, including serial and non-serial scientific and technical publications. CASSI online is the replacement for CASSI as a printed serial issue (, CODEN CASSE2), or as the Collective Index (0001-0634, CODEN CASSI6). CASSI will no longer be published in print. Only the
CD-ROM A CD-ROM (, compact disc read-only memory) is a type of read-only memory consisting of a pre-pressed optical compact disc that contains data. Computers can read—but not write or erase—CD-ROMs. Some CDs, called enhanced CDs, hold both comput ...
issue of CASSI (, CODEN CACDFE) will be published furthermore.


Examples

* To the journal ''
Nature Nature, in the broadest sense, is the physics, physical world or universe. "Nature" can refer to the phenomenon, phenomena of the physical world, and also to life in general. The study of nature is a large, if not the only, part of science. ...
'' the CODEN "NATUAS" is assigned. * To ''
Technology Review ''MIT Technology Review'' is a bimonthly magazine wholly owned by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and editorially independent of the university. It was founded in 1899 as ''The Technology Review'', and was re-launched without "The" in ...
'' the CODEN "TEREAU" is assigned. * The ''Proceedings of the International Conference on Food Factors, Chemistry and Cancer Prevention'' () uses the CODEN "66HYAL". * To ''Recent Advances in Natural Products Research, 3rd International Symposium on Recent Advances in Natural Products Research'' the CODEN "69ACLK" is assigned. * US patent applications use CODEN "USXXDP". * German patent applications use CODEN "GWXXBX".


See also

*
ISO 4 ISO 4 (Information and documentation – Rules for the abbreviation of title words and titles of publications) is an international standard which defines a uniform system for the abbreviation of serial publication titles, i.e., titles of publica ...
*
International Standard Serial Number An International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication, such as a magazine. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title. ISSNs a ...
(ISSN) *
International Standard Book Number The International Standard Book Number (ISBN) is a numeric commercial book identifier that is intended to be unique. Publishers purchase ISBNs from an affiliate of the International ISBN Agency. An ISBN is assigned to each separate edition an ...
(ISBN) *
Library of Congress Control Number The Library of Congress Control Number (LCCN) is a serially based system of numbering cataloged records in the Library of Congress, in the United States. It is not related to the contents of any book, and should not be confused with Library of ...
(LCCN)


References

* Hammer, Donald P.: "A review of the ASTM CODEN for Periodical Titles". ''Library Resources & Technical Services'' (ISSN 0024-2527), vol. 12, p. 359–365 (1968). * Saxl, Lea: "Some thoughts about CODEN". In: ''Special Libraries'' (ISSN 0038-6723), vol. 59, p. 279–280 (1968). * Pflueger, Magaret: "A vote for CODEN". In: ''Special Libraries'' (ISSN 0038-6723), vol. 60, p. 173 (1969). * Groot, Elizabeth H.: "Unique identifiers for serials: an annotated, comprehensive bibliography". In: ''The Serials Librarian'' (, CODEN SELID4), vol. 1 (no. 1), p. 51–75 (1976). * Groot, Elizabeth H.: "Unique identifiers for serials: 1977 update". In: ''The Serials Librarian'' (, CODEN SELID4), vol. 2 (no. 3), p. 247–255 (1978). {{refend


External links


CAS Source Index (CASSI) Search Tool
Library science Identifiers Unique identifiers