''Copelandia'' is a now deprecated genus of

mushrooms A mushroom or toadstool is the fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting body of a fungus, typically produced above ground on soil or another food source. ''Toadstool'' generally refers to a poisonous mushroom. The standard for the name "mushroom" is ...

consisting of at least 12 species. Many American

mycologist Mycology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of fungi, including their taxonomy, genetics, biochemical properties, and use by humans. Fungi can be a source of tinder, food, traditional medicine, as well as entheogens, poison, and ...

s previously placed members of '' Panaeolus'' which stain blue into ''Copelandia'', whilst European mycologists generally used the name ''Panaeolus'' instead. Now all mushrooms previously categorised under ''Copelandia'' are universally classified in ''Panaeolus''. The genus ''Copelandia'' was created as a

subgenus In biology, a subgenus ( subgenera) is a taxonomic rank directly below genus. In the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, a subgeneric name can be used independently or included in a species name, in parentheses, placed between the ge ...

of ''Panaeolus'' by Abbé Giacomo Bresadola (1847–1929) in honor of Edwin Bingham Copeland (1873–1964), an American who gathered fungi in the

Philippines The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is an Archipelagic state, archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. Located in the western Pacific Ocean, it consists of List of islands of the Philippines, 7,641 islands, with a tot ...

and sent some collections to Bresadola. ''Copelandia'' species are white to gray or tan, usually with long, thin fragile stem and are delicate. They are found in the

tropics The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the equator, where the sun may shine directly overhead. This contrasts with the temperate or polar regions of Earth, where the Sun can never be directly overhead. This is because of Earth's ax ...

and

neotropics The Neotropical realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms constituting Earth's land surface. Physically, it includes the tropical terrestrial ecoregions of the Americas and the entire South American temperate zone. Definition In biogeog ...

of both hemispheres, growing in

grassland A grassland is an area where the vegetation is dominance (ecology), dominated by grasses (Poaceae). However, sedge (Cyperaceae) and rush (Juncaceae) can also be found along with variable proportions of legumes such as clover, and other Herbaceo ...

s, on dead

moss Mosses are small, non-vascular plant, non-vascular flowerless plants in the taxonomic phylum, division Bryophyta (, ) ''sensu stricto''. Bryophyta (''sensu lato'', Wilhelm Philippe Schimper, Schimp. 1879) may also refer to the parent group bryo ...

, dead grass, sand dunes, decayed wood, and dung. Blue staining on the caps and stems can often be observed where the mushroom has been bruised due to

psilocin Psilocin, also known as 4-hydroxy-''N'',''N''-dimethyltryptamine (4-HO-DMT), is a substituted tryptamine alkaloid and a serotonergic psychedelic. It is present in most psychedelic mushrooms together with its phosphorylated counterpart psilocy ...

content. The cap is never viscid and often develops a cracked appearance as it dries out. None of the mushrooms in ''Copelandia'' have a partial veil and the gills always have thick walled pseudocystidia, often with crystals at the ends. Chrysocystidia are never present. All species of ''Copelandia'' are known to contain the hallucinogens

and

psilocybin Psilocybin, also known as 4-phosphoryloxy-''N'',''N''-dimethyltryptamine (4-PO-DMT), is a natural product, naturally occurring tryptamine alkaloid and Investigational New Drug, investigational drug found in more than List of psilocybin mushroom ...

Species list

*'' C. affinis'' (E. Horak) *'' C. bispora'' (Malençon & Bertault)

Singer Singing is the art of creating music with the voice. It is the oldest form of musical expression, and the human voice can be considered the first musical instrument. The definition of singing varies across sources. Some sources define singi ...

*'' C. cambodginiensis'' (Ola'h & R. Heim)

*'' C. chlorocystis''

& R.A. Weeks *'' C. cyanescens'' ( Berkeley & Broome)

*'' C. lentisporus'' (Ew. Gerhardt) Guzmán *'' C. mexicana'' Guzmán *'' C. tirunelveliensis'' Natarajan & Raman *'' C. tropica'' Natarajan & Raman *'' C. tropicalis'' (Ola'h)

& R.A. Weeks

References

Bibliography

Copelandia and other Psychoactive Mushrooms in Hawaii
* Pollock. S. 1974. A novel experience with Panaeolus: A case study from Hawaii. Journal of Psychedelic Drugs vol. 6(1): 85–89.

* Taxonomische Revision der Gattungen Panaeolus und Panaeolina, by Ew. Gerhardt, 1996 {{Taxonbar, from=Q2886493 Bolbitiaceae Entheogens Psychoactive fungi Psychedelic tryptamine carriers Obsolete fungus taxa

Species list

See also

References

Bibliography