conhydrine

Conhydrine is a poisonous alkaloid found in poison hemlock (''Conium maculatum'') in small quantities.

Isolation and properties

This oxygenated alkaloid was isolated by Wertheim from ''C. maculatum''. It crystallises in colourless leaflets, has a coniine-like odour, can be sublimed, and is strongly basic. It crystallises readily from ether. The salts are crystalline; the aurichloride small rhombs or prisms, mp. 133 °C; the benzoyl derivative mp. 132 °C.

Constitution

On oxidation with chromic acid, conhydrine yields L-piperidyl-2-carboxylic acid. It is converted into L-coniine either by reduction of the iodo-derivative (iodoconiine), C₈H₁₆IN, formed by the action of hydriodic acid and phosphorus at 180 °C or by hydrogenation of the mixture of coniceines produced, when it is dehydrated by phosphorus pentoxide in toluene.

These and other observations indicate that the oxygen atom must occur as a hydroxyl group, in the ''n-''propyl side chain in either the α- or β-position, since the γ-position would involve the production of piperidyl-2-propionic acid on oxidation. 2-β-Hydroxypropyl-piperidine suggested by Willstätter seemed to be excluded, since neither of the two forms of this product prepared by Löffler and Tschunke resembled conhydrine, and these authors suggested the α-position as probably representing the alkaloid. Support for this view was provided by Hess and coworkers
, who showed that DL--''N-''methylconhydrone is ''N-''methyl-2-piperidyl ethyl ketone, that DL-conhydrine (mp. 69–70 °C), produced by a somewhat indirect method, is identical with the product, mp. 69.5–71.5 °C, prepared by Engler and Bauer by the reduction with sodium in ethyl alcohol of 2-pyridyl ethyl ketone, and that conhydrine on dehydrogenation over platinum or palladium asbestos gives rise to a mixture of tetrahydropyridyl 2-ethyl ketone and 2-α-hydroxypropyl-pyridine. Späth and Adler have shown that conhydrine can be degraded in two stages by exhaustive methylation to trimethylamine, and a mixture of two products, an oil, C₈H₁₄O, bp. 157–159 °C@744 mmHg, and a crystalline substance, C₈H₁₆O₂, mp. 75–76 °C. The oil, when heated with water at 170 °C is converted, by addition of a molecule of water, into the crystalline substance. The latter contains two active hydrogen atoms (Zerewitinoff estimation), and on exposure to hydrogen over Pd/C absorbs enough to saturate one double bond producing a new substance, mp. 94–96 °C. On oxidation with permanganate in dilute sulfuric acid, propionaldehyde and succinic acid are produced, whilst the saturated substance, mp. 94–96 °C, is oxidised to ''n-'' valeric acid. These results indicate that the substance of mp. 75–76 °C is εζ-dihydroxy-Δ^α-''n''-octene, that the oil, C₈H₁₄O, is the corresponding oxide, and that the representation of conhydrine as 2-α-hydroxypropyl-pyridine accounts for their production.

References

{{Reflist, 2

Piperidine alkaloids
Neurotoxins
2-Piperidinyl compounds