Conflict (narrative)

Conflict is a major element of narrative or dramatic structure in literature, particularly European and European diaspora literature starting in the 20th century, that adds a goal and opposing forces to add uncertainty as to whether the goal will be achieved. In narrative, conflict delays the characters and events from reaching a goal or set of goals. This may include main characters or it may include characters around the main character.

Despite this, conflict as a concept in stories is not universal as there are story structures that are noted to not center conflict such as griot, morality tale, kishōtenketsu, ta'zieh and so on.

History

Conflict, as a concept about literature, and centering it as a driver for character motivation and event motivation mainly started with the introduction of Conflict Theory from the 19th century. It moved to literature with Percy Lubbock in Craft of Fiction in 1921. He spends the majority of his treaties on fiction arguing past stories were all about conflict, particularly Leo Tolstoy's War and Peace, though it was previously classed as a "Morality Tale" using what would later be coined in 1967 as The Death of the Author, as his main literary theory. He mainly focused on conflict in events, rather than in characters.

This later gained traction with the introduction of character having conflicts with Lajos Egri's work on character throughout his body of instructive manuals on writing. He attempted to apply the idea of psychology to characters using mainly Sigmund Freud. Freud also drew heavily from ideas of conflict from Friedrich Nietzsche. Nietzsche's idea about conflict are often cited by his soft readers as promoting agons, or a measured mode of struggle, as a cornerstone.

Though this work has been attributed to Aristotle's Poetics, Aristotle himself did not promote conflict as a major force in narrative works. He argued for morality through pity and fear being the main point of the tale. This error was mainly because of Syd Field's Screenplay: The Foundations of Screenwriting where he invokes Aristotle's name in his arguments about conflict.

By the time of the 1980's, conflict was considered a cornerstone of all fiction, though this was not true in the 19th century. The 19th century had morality tales, realism, absurdism, etc. All previous literature was often retconned to be about conflict, and argued into being about conflict, even if contemporaries didn't say it was. The main targets of this were often Shakespeare and Aristotle.

In the 1980's conflict was justified, rather than with conflict theory, with saying that it added interest to the story. The idea is that conflict brings tension to the story. The theory is tension adds interest.

Bertolt Brecht didn't think that conflict was the point of the plot, but conflict should be a starting point to a point of transformation, of uplift to transform the whole point of theater into being about fun. He was known for hating Aristotle, commenting: " Aristotle's definition the difference between the dramatic and epic forms was attributed to their different methods of construction."From an essay by Brecht probably written in 1936; Brecht (1964, 70).

Still there were critics of the idea that stories were all about conflict well into the 1980's, which mainly came from women, such as Jean Mandler and Nancy S. Johnson who argued for development as the center of stories. There were equal complaints from people of color that conflict didn't reflect what they thought story was about, such as Utako K. Matsuyama and Toni Morrison who commented to Charlie Rose that she didn't base Beloved around conflict, but that for her, it was about memory. Griots, who tell stories in West Africa, are a core source for memory of the history for their tribes.

Basic nature

Conflict in literature refers to two different things. One is conflict in events. And the other is conflict in character. These were later conceptualized as internal or external.

When conflict is about events, these are often called Act of God, or sometimes Deus ex machina. The variety of these are not always in the character's control, which means they are external, or reactive.

When conflict is about character, this can be external or internal. External would be because it's in the purview of another character to decide and the character lacks agency. Internal is where the character is struggling with themselves. These struggles with the character doesn't always have to be with a proscribed villain, or even an antagonist from moment to moment.

There may be multiple points of conflict in a single story, as characters may have more than one desire or may struggle versus more than one opposing force. When a conflict is resolved and the reader discovers which force or character succeeds, it creates a sense of closure. Conflicts may resolve at any point in a story, particularly where more than one conflict exists, but stories do not always resolve every conflict. If a story ends without resolving the main or major conflict(s), it is said to have an "open" ending. Open endings, which can serve to ask the reader to consider the conflict more personally, may not satisfy them, but obvious conflict resolution may also leave readers disappointed in the story.

Classification

The basic types of conflict in fiction have been commonly codified as "man versus man", "man versus nature", and "man versus self." Although frequently cited, these three types of conflict are not universally accepted. Sometimes a fourth basic conflict is described, "man versus society". Some of the other types of conflict referenced include "man versus machine" (''The Terminator'', ''Brave New World''), "man versus fate" (''Oedipus Rex''), "man versus the supernatural" ('' The Shining'') and "man versus God" ('' A Canticle for Leibowitz'').

Man versus nature

"Man versus nature" originally came from the "Nature versus nurture" argument, which was credited to be pioneered in the European canon by Philosopher John Locke'''s An Essay Concerning Human Understanding'' (1690). The coinage came from Victorian polymath Francis Galton, the modern founder of eugenics and behavioral genetics when he was discussing the influence of heredity and environment on social advancement. Galton was influenced by ''On the Origin of Species'' written by his half-cousin, the evolutionary biologist Charles Darwin.

This debate eventually became part of the Social Sciences milieu in the 20th century. With questions about it put forth in particularly Socioilogy with the introduction of Conflict theory by Lester F. Ward favoring more nature and the father of Anthropology, Franz Boas'. He outlined his theory in '' The Mind of Primitive Man'' (1911) established a program that would dominate American anthropology for the next 15 years. In this study, he established that in any given population, biology, language, material, and symbolic culture, are autonomous; that each is an equally important dimension of human nature, but that none of these dimensions is reducible to another.

This debate might have jumped to writing with Ayn Rand, a fiction writer and a philosopher, who argued that "man versus nature" is not a conflict because nature has no free will and thus can make no choices. Though she argued against it, she still mentioned it as a possibility.

The conflict in this explanation is imaged as an external struggle positioning the character versus an animal or a force of nature, such as a storm or tornado or snow. The "man versus nature" conflict is central to Ernest Hemingway's '' The Old Man and the Sea'', where the protagonist contends versus a marlin. It is also common in adventure stories, including ''Robinson Crusoe.'' The TV show '' Man vs. Wild'' takes its name from this conflict, featuring Bear Grylls and his attempts to survive nature.

Man versus man

"Man versus man" conflict involves stories where characters are versus each other. This is an external conflict. The conflict may be direct opposition, as in a gunfight or a robbery, or it may be a more subtle conflict between the desires of two or more characters, as in a romance or a family epic. This type of conflict is very common in traditional literature, fairy tales and myths. One example of the "man versus man" conflict is the relationship struggles between the protagonist and the antagonist stepfather in '' This Boy's Life''. Other examples include Dorothy's struggles with the Wicked Witch of the West in '' The Wonderful Wizard of Oz'' and Tom Sawyer's confrontation with Injun Joe in ''The Adventures of Tom Sawyer''.

Man versus self

With "man versus self" conflict, the struggle is internal. A character must overcome their own nature or make a choice between two or more paths—good and evil; logic and emotion. A serious example of "man versus himself" is offered by Hubert Selby Jr.'s 1978 novel '' Requiem for a Dream'', which centers around stories of addiction.Ballon (2011), p. 133. In the novel ''Fight Club'' by Chuck Palahniuk, published in 1994, as well as in its 1999 film adaptation, the unnamed protagonist struggles versus himself in what is revealed to be a case of dissociative identity disorder. '' Bridget Jones's Diary'' also focuses on internal conflict, as the titular character deals with her own neuroses and self-doubts.

Man versus society

Sometimes a fourth basic conflict is described, "man versus society". Where man stands versus a man-made institution (such as slavery or bullying), "man versus man" conflict may shade into "man versus society". In such stories, characters are forced to make moral choices or frustrated by social rules in meeting their own goals. ''The Handmaid's Tale'', '' The Man in the High Castle'' and ''Fahrenheit 451'' are examples of "man versus society" conflicts. So is ''Charlotte's Web'', in which the pig Wilbur fights for his survival versus a society that raises pigs for food.

See also

* Deus ex machina
* Mythos (Aristotle)
* Theme (narrative)
* Kishotenketsu
* Morality play
* Theatre of the absurd

References

External links

* Literary terms Dictionary Online

* The "Basic" Plots In Literature. Information on the most common divisions of the basic plots from the Internet Public Library organization


{{Fiction writing

Conflict (narrative),
Narratology