The collared delma or adorned delma (''Delma torquata'') is the smallest species of

lizard Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group is paraphyletic since it excludes the snakes and Amphisbaenia al ...

in the

Pygopodidae Pygopodidae, commonly known as legless lizards, snake-lizards, or flap-footed lizards, is a family of squamates with reduced or absent limbs, and are a type of gecko. At least 35 species are placed in two subfamilies and eight genera. They have u ...

family

endemic Endemism is the state of a species being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found els ...

to Australia. Pygopopdids are legless lizards, so are commonly mistaken for snakes. They are distributed mainly across south-east Queensland and northern New South Wales, in both forests and some suburban areas. They are active during the day, seen foraging and hunting for small insects.

Physical appearance

The colour of the collared delma changes between its tail, body, and head, having a bluish/grey tinge, with its body being brown while its head is black with cream/yellow, ringed interspaces. These rings are a distinctive feature of the collared delma, and it usually has one around its head and two to three rings around its neck. In size, the snout-vent length of a collared delma can range from 50 to about 70 mm, with its tail length ranging from 103 to 126 mm and having an average weight of around 1.36 kg.

Scales

Like all lizards from the

family, the collared delma has overlapping body scales, with the collared delma having body scales in rows of 16.

Distribution and habitat

Distribution

The collared delma is mostly located in the areas of south-east Queensland but they have been recorded within northern New South Wales. Due to its vulnerability, the collared delma's distribution across Queensland is highly fragmented and only found in specific areas of south-east Queensland; these fragmented habitats are extremely restricted. This fragmentation can be divided into two areas based on phylogeographical changes, costal and inland. These areas include the Bunya Mountains, Blackdown Tablelands National Park, Expedition National Park, Western Creek, near Millmerran, and Toowoomba Range. Large concentrations of the collared delma have been reported in Western Brisbane suburbs, which include Kenmore, Pinjarra Hills, Anstead, Mt Crosby, Lake Manchester, and Karana Downs.

Habitat

Within the Queensland region, collared delmas are mainly inhabitants of eucalypt and

acacia ''Acacia'', commonly known as the wattles or acacias, is a large genus of shrubs and trees in the subfamily Mimosoideae of the pea family Fabaceae. Initially, it comprised a group of plant species native to Africa and Australasia. The genus n ...

heave woodlands and open forests. They have been found to prefer inhabiting west-facing ridge lines, within the midstory area of open forests under a layer of fallen leaves and loose rock.

Canopy

The species of canopy under which the collared delma resides also differ based on different area of its distribution. Within the eastern areas of its distribution, the species of canopy are silver-leaved ironbark,

Moreton Bay ash ''Corymbia tessellaris'', commonly known as carbeen or Moreton Bay ash, is a species of tree that is endemic to north-eastern Australia. It has rough, tessellated bark on the lower trunk abruptly changing to smooth, whitish bark above, narrow la ...

, gum top box, tallowwood, and

Queensland blue gum ''Eucalyptus tereticornis'', commonly known as forest red gum, blue gum or red irongum, is a species of tree that is native to eastern Australia and southern New Guinea. It has smooth bark, lance-shaped to curved adult leaves, flower buds in grou ...

. In the areas west of Brisbane, the canopy comprises red ash and different wattles such as Brisbane wattle and the hickory wattle.

Grass and soil

No specific type of soil is preferred by the collared delma; they have been found to inhabit sandy loams, grey and black cracking clays, stony lithsols, and basalt-derived podzolics. The stony lithsol soil type was mainly abundant in Mt Crosby and Moggill State Forest sites, and the Pinjarra Hills and Anstead areas consisted of podzolic soil and basalt rocks. The soil is usually covered by grasses such as

kangaroo grass } ''Themeda triandra'' is a species of perennial tussock-forming grass widespread in Africa, Australia, Asia and the Pacific. In Australia it is commonly known as kangaroo grass and in East Africa and South Africa it is known as red grass and re ...

barbed-wire grass ''Cymbopogon'', also known as lemongrass, barbed wire grass, silky heads, Cochin grass, Malabar grass, oily heads, citronella grass or fever grass, is a genus of Asian, African, Australian, and tropical island plants in the grass family. Some s ...

, wiregrass, and ''

Lomandra ''Lomandra'', commonly known as mat rushes, is a genus of perennial, herbaceous monocots in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Lomandroideae. There are 51 species, all of which are native to Australia; two of them also extend into New Guin ...

''.

Microhabitat

The microhabitat of a collared delma usually consists of logs, rocks, bark, and other woody debris. The leaf litter thickness where it resides usually ranges from 30 to 100 mm.

Ecology and behaviour

Breeding/reproduction

The collared delma, like all pygonid lizards, have a breeding season in the Australian summer, producing two eggs during December, which hatch late February to early March.

Diet

The collared delma is purely insectivorous, feeding on small cockroaches and spiders. They are diurnal creatures, actively foraging during the day, and have only been observed to forage alone.

Conservation

Endangered species

Under both the ''Environment Projection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999'' and the ''Endangered Species Protection Act 1992;'' the collared delma is listed as vulnerable. It is also listed under the vulnerable status in both the action plan for Australian reptilesand the ''Queensland Nature Conservation Regulation 1994''. No direct documented study or investigation has quantified its population decline. However, based on the scarcity of its sightings and the nature of its fragmented distribution, the collared delma population vulnerable to both environmental and human pressures. This include land clearing and urbanisation of its habitat, particularly in south-east Queensland. Other threats to the collared delma population include clearing of land for agriculture, habitat degradation, removal of rocks and ground litter, agricultural chemicals, predation by feral cats and foxes, and weed invasion.

Conservation actions

The disturbance and modification of collared delma habitat due to

agricultural expansion Agricultural expansion describes the growth of agricultural land ( arable land, pastures, etc.) especially in the 20th and 21st centuries. The agricultural expansion is often explained as a direct consequence of the global increase in food and e ...

and urbanisation has posed a threat at both regional and local levels. Actions taken by regional and local governments include the monitoring and protection of areas of high occurrence of collared delmas. Furthermore, road measures, such as ensuring road widening has no disturbance in its environment and restricting road routes to the public to reduce human disturbance. Governments have also discouraged the public removal of rocks in areas of potential habitat.

Fires

The overall Queensland government's fire restrictions at both a regional and local level are to preserve the habitat of all animals in the areas, including the collared delma.

Invasive weeds

Public encouragement in the identification and removal of weeds, such as the dwarf lantana in their local area, will help reduce its threat to the collared delma.

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q3727533 Delma Vulnerable fauna of Australia Pygopodids of Australia Reptiles of Queensland Reptiles of New South Wales Endemic fauna of Australia Reptiles described in 1974 Taxa named by Arnold G. Kluge Taxonomy articles created by Polbot