''Coffea'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial n ...

flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. They include all forbs (flowering plants without a woody stem), grasses and grass-like plants, a vast majority of ...

s in the

family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...

Rubiaceae The Rubiaceae are a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the coffee, madder, or bedstraw family. It consists of terrestrial trees, shrubs, lianas, or herbs that are recognizable by simple, opposite leaves with interpetiolar stipules ...

. ''Coffea'' species are shrubs or small

tree In botany, a tree is a perennial plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, usually supporting branches and leaves. In some usages, the definition of a tree may be narrower, including only woody plants with secondary growth, plants that are ...

s native to tropical and southern

Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...

and tropical

Asia Asia (, ) is one of the world's most notable geographical regions, which is either considered a continent in its own right or a subcontinent of Eurasia, which shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with Africa. Asia covers an ...

. The

seed A seed is an embryonic plant enclosed in a protective outer covering, along with a food reserve. The formation of the seed is a part of the process of reproduction in seed plants, the spermatophytes, including the gymnosperm and angiosper ...

s of some species, called

coffee beans A coffee bean is a seed of the ''Coffea'' plant and the source for coffee. It is the pip inside the red or purple fruit often referred to as a coffee cherry. Just like ordinary cherries, the coffee fruit is also a so-called stone fruit. Even thou ...

, are used to flavor various beverages and products. The fruits, like the seeds, contain a large amount of

caffeine Caffeine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the methylxanthine class. It is mainly used recreationally as a cognitive enhancer, increasing alertness and attentional performance. Caffeine acts by blocking binding of adenosine t ...

, and have a distinct sweet taste and are often juiced. The plant ranks as one of the world's most valuable and widely traded

commodity crop A cash crop or profit crop is an agricultural crop which is grown to sell for profit. It is typically purchased by parties separate from a farm. The term is used to differentiate marketed crops from staple crop (or "subsistence crop") in subsis ...

s and is an important

export An export in international trade is a good produced in one country that is sold into another country or a service provided in one country for a national or resident of another country. The seller of such goods or the service provider is an ...

product of several countries, including those in Central and South America, the Caribbean and Africa.

Cultivation and use

There are over 120 species of ''Coffea'', which is grown from seed. The two most popular are ''

Coffea arabica ''Coffea arabica'' (), also known as the Arabic coffee, is a species of flowering plant in the coffee and madder family Rubiaceae. It is believed to be the first species of coffee to have been cultivated and is currently the dominant cultivar, r ...

'' (commonly known simply as "Arabica"), which accounts for 60–80% of the world's coffee production, and ''

Coffea canephora ''Coffea canephora'' (syn. ''Coffea robusta'', commonly known as ''robusta coffee'') is a species of coffee that has its origins in central and western sub-Saharan Africa. It is a species of flowering plant in the Family (biology), family Rubia ...

'' (known as "

Robusta ROBUSTA (Radiation on Bipolar for University Satellite Test Application) is a nano-satellite scientific experiment developed by the University of Montpellier students as part of a Centre National d'Études Spatiales (CNES) call for student projects ...

"), which accounts for about 20–40%. '' C. arabica'' is preferred for its sweeter taste, while ''C. canephora'' has a higher caffeine content. ''C. arabica'' has its origins in the highlands of Ethiopia and the Boma Plateau of Sudan, and was the result of a hybrid between ''C. canephora'' and ''C. eugenioides''. The trees produce edible red or purple fruits, which are described either as

epigynous berries In botany, a berry is a fleshy fruit without a stone (pit) produced from a single flower containing one ovary. Berries so defined include grapes, currants, and tomatoes, as well as cucumbers, eggplants (aubergines) and bananas, but exclude c ...

or as

indehiscent Dehiscence is the splitting of a mature plant structure along a built-in line of weakness to release its contents. This is common among fruits, anthers and sporangia. Sometimes this involves the complete detachment of a part; structures that o ...

drupe In botany, a drupe (or stone fruit) is an indehiscent fruit in which an outer fleshy part ( exocarp, or skin, and mesocarp, or flesh) surrounds a single shell (the ''pit'', ''stone'', or '' pyrena'') of hardened endocarp with a seed (''kerne ...

s. The fruit is often referred to as a "coffee cherry," and it contains two seeds, called "coffee beans." Despite these terms, coffee is neither a true

cherry A cherry is the fruit of many plants of the genus '' Prunus'', and is a fleshy drupe (stone fruit). Commercial cherries are obtained from cultivars of several species, such as the sweet '' Prunus avium'' and the sour '' Prunus cerasus''. The ...

(the fruit of certain species in the genus ''

Prunus ''Prunus'' is a genus of trees and shrubs, which includes (among many others) the fruits plums, cherries, peaches, nectarines, apricots, and almonds. Native to the North American temperate regions, the neotropics of South America, and the p ...

'') nor a true

bean A bean is the seed of several plants in the family Fabaceae, which are used as vegetables for human or animal food. They can be cooked in many different ways, including boiling, frying, and baking, and are used in many traditional dishes t ...

(seeds from plants in the family '' Fabaceae''). In about 5–10% of any crop of coffee fruits, only a single bean is found. Called a

peaberry Peaberry, known in Spanish as caracolillo, is a type of coffee bean. Normally the fruit ("cherry") of the coffee plant contains two seeds ("beans") that develop with flattened facing sides, but sometimes only one of the two seeds is fertilized, ...

, it is smaller and rounder than a normal coffee bean. When grown in the tropics, coffee is a vigorous bush or small tree that usually grows to a height of . Most commonly cultivated coffee species grow best at high elevations, but do not tolerate freezing temperatures. The tree of ''Coffea arabica'' will grow fruits after three to five years, producing for an average of 50 to 60 years, although up to 100 is possible. The white flowers are highly scented. The fruit takes about nine months to ripen. Coffe flower

Ecology

The

in coffee beans serves as a

toxic Toxicity is the degree to which a chemical substance or a particular mixture of substances can damage an organism. Toxicity can refer to the effect on a whole organism, such as an animal, bacterium, or plant, as well as the effect on a subs ...

substance protecting the seeds of the plant, a form of natural

plant defense against herbivory Plant defense against herbivory or host-plant resistance (HPR) describes a range of adaptations evolved by plants which improve their survival and reproduction by reducing the impact of herbivores. Plants can sense being touched, and they c ...

Caffeine Caffeine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the methylxanthine class. It is mainly used recreationally as a cognitive enhancer, increasing alertness and attentional performance. Caffeine acts by blocking binding of adenosine t ...

simultaneously attracts pollinators, specifically honeybees, by creating an olfactory memory that signals bees to return to the plant's flowers. Not all ''Coffea'' species contain caffeine, and the earliest species had little or no caffeine content. Caffeine has evolved independently in multiple lineages of ''Coffea'' in Africa, perhaps in response to high pest predation in the humid environments of West-Central Africa. Caffeine has also evolved independently in the more distantly related genera ''

Theobroma ''Theobroma'' is a genus of flowering plants in the mallow family, Malvaceae, that is sometimes classified as a member of Sterculiaceae. It contains roughly 20 species of small understory trees native to the tropical forests of Central and So ...

'' ( cacao) and ''

Camellia ''Camellia'' (pronounced or ) is a genus of flowering plants in the family Theaceae. They are found in eastern and southern Asia, from the Himalayas east to Japan and Indonesia. There are more than 220 described species, with some controvers ...

'' (

tea Tea is an aromatic beverage prepared by pouring hot or boiling water over cured or fresh leaves of '' Camellia sinensis'', an evergreen shrub native to East Asia which probably originated in the borderlands of southwestern China and north ...

). This suggests that caffeine production is an

adaptive trait In biology, adaptation has three related meanings. Firstly, it is the dynamic evolutionary process of natural selection that fits organisms to their environment, enhancing their evolutionary fitness. Secondly, it is a state reached by the ...

in coffee and plant evolution. The fruit and leaves also contain caffeine, and can be used to make

coffee cherry tea Coffee cherry tea is a herbal tea made from the dried skins of the coffee fruit. Often it is more than the skins that are used, and include the dried berries (or "cherries") of the coffee plant that remain after the coffee beans have been coll ...

and

coffee-leaf tea Coffee-leaf tea is a herbal tea prepared from the leaves of the coffee plant (either '' Coffea robusta'' or ''Coffea arabica''). These leaves, after being roasted, can be ground up or crumpled, then brewed or steeped in hot water in a form similar ...

. The fruit is also used in many brands of soft drink as well as pre-packaged teas. Several insect pests affect coffee production, including the coffee borer beetle (''

Hypothenemus hampei ''Hypothenemus hampei'', the coffee berry borer or coffee borer beetle, is a small beetle native to Africa. It is among the most harmful pests to coffee crops across the world where coffee is cultivated. Spanish common names of the insect include ...

'') and the coffee leafminer (''

Leucoptera caffeina ''Leucoptera caffeina'' is a species of moth. This leaf miner is one of several related pests on '' Coffea'' species. It is found in Angola, Zaire, Kenya and Tanzania in Africa.Filho, O. G. (2006)Coffee leaf miner resistance ''Braz. J Plant Physi ...

''). Coffee is used as a food plant by the larvae of some Lepidoptera (

butterfly Butterflies are insects in the macrolepidopteran clade Rhopalocera from the order Lepidoptera, which also includes moths. Adult butterflies have large, often brightly coloured wings, and conspicuous, fluttering flight. The group comprises ...

and

moth Moths are a paraphyletic group of insects that includes all members of the order Lepidoptera that are not butterflies, with moths making up the vast majority of the order. There are thought to be approximately 160,000 species of moth, many of ...

) species, '' Dalcera abrasa'',

turnip moth ''Agrotis segetum'', sometimes known as the turnip moth, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by Michael Denis and Ignaz Schiffermüller in 1775. It is a common European species and it is found in Africa and across ...

and some members of the genus ''

Endoclita ''Endoclita'' is a genus of moths of the family Hepialidae. There are 60 described species found in eastern and southeast Asia and the Indian subcontinent. Species *''Endoclita aboe'' – India *''Endoclita absurdus'' – China *''Endocli ...

'', including ''E. damor'' and ''E. malabaricus''.

Research

New species of ''Coffea'' are still being identified in the 2000s. In 2008 and 2009, researchers from the

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew is a non-departmental public body in the United Kingdom sponsored by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. An internationally important botanical research and education institution, it employs 1,10 ...

named seven from the mountains of northern

Madagascar Madagascar (; mg, Madagasikara, ), officially the Republic of Madagascar ( mg, Repoblikan'i Madagasikara, links=no, ; french: République de Madagascar), is an island country in the Indian Ocean, approximately off the coast of East Africa ...

, including ''C. ambongensis'', ''C. boinensis'', ''C. labatii'', ''C. pterocarpa'', ''C. bissetiae,'' and ''C. namorokensis.'' In 2008, two new species were discovered in

Cameroon Cameroon (; french: Cameroun, ff, Kamerun), officially the Republic of Cameroon (french: République du Cameroun, links=no), is a country in west- central Africa. It is bordered by Nigeria to the west and north; Chad to the northeast; th ...

. ''

Coffea charrieriana ''Coffea charrieriana'', also known as Charrier coffee, is a species of flowering plant from the ''Coffea'' genus. It is a caffeine-free coffee plant endemic to Cameroon in Central Africa. It is the first recorded caffeine-free ''Coffea'' in Cent ...

'', which is caffeine-free, and '' Coffea anthonyi''. By crossing the new species with other known coffees, two new features might be introduced to cultivated coffee plants: beans without

and

self-pollination Self-pollination is a form of pollination in which pollen from the same plant arrives at the stigma of a flower (in flowering plants) or at the ovule (in gymnosperms). There are two types of self-pollination: in autogamy, pollen is transferred t ...

. In 2011, ''Coffea'' absorbed the twenty species of the former genus ''Psilanthus'' due to the morphological and genetic similarities between the two genera. Historically, the two have been considered distinct genera due to differences in the length of the

corolla Corolla may refer to: *Corolla (botany), the petals of a flower, considered as a unit *Toyota Corolla, an automobile model name * Corolla (headgear), an ancient headdress in the form of a circlet or crown * ''Corolla'' (gastropod), a genus of moll ...

tube and the anther arrangement: ''Coffea'' with a short corolla tube and exserted style and anthers; ''Psilanthus'' with a long corolla tube and included anthers. However, these characteristics were not present in all species of either respective genus, making the two genera overwhelmingly similar in both morphology and genetic sequence. This transfer expanded ''Coffea'' from 104 species to 124, and extended its native distribution to tropical Asia and Australasia. In 2014, the coffee

genome In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is all the genetic information of an organism. It consists of nucleotide sequences of DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses). The nuclear genome includes protein-coding genes and non-coding ...

was published, with more than 25,000

gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "... Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation'' or ''birth'' or ''gender'') can have several different meanings. The Mendelian gene is a b ...

s identified. This revealed that coffee plants make caffeine using a different set of genes from those found in

, cacao and other such plants. In 2017, a robust and almost fully resolved phylogeny of the entire genus was published. In addition to resolving the relationships of ''Coffea'' species, this study's results suggest Africa or Asia as the likely ancestral origin of Coffea and point to several independent radiations across Africa, Asia, and the Western Indian Ocean Islands. In 2020 a technique of DNA fingerprinting, or genetic authentication of plant material was proven effective for coffee. For the study, scientists used DNA extraction and SSR marker analysis. This technique or ones similar may allow for several improvements to coffee production such as improved information for farmers as to the susceptibility of their coffee plants to pests and disease, a professionalized coffee seed system, and transparency and traceability for buyers of green, un-roasted coffee.

Species

# ''

Coffea abbayesii ''Coffea abbayesii'' is an endangered species of flowering plant in the family Rubiaceae. It is endemic to Madagascar. It was described by Jean-François Leroy in 1961. Range and habitat ''Coffea abbayesii'' is native to Andohahela National Par ...

'' J.-F.Leroy # ''

Coffea affinis ''Coffea affinis'' is a species of plant from the family Rubiaceae. It is a largely unknown coffee bean found in West Africa. References

Coffea, affinis Flora of West Tropical Africa Taxa named by Émile Auguste Joseph De Wildeman {{Co ...

'' De Wild. # ''

Coffea alleizettii ''Coffea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. ''Coffea'' species are shrubs or small trees native to tropical and southern Africa and tropical Asia. The seeds of some species, called coffee beans, are used to flavor variou ...

'' Dubard # ''

Coffea ambanjensis ''Coffea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. ''Coffea'' species are shrubs or small trees native to tropical and southern Africa and tropical Asia. The seeds of some species, called coffee beans, are used to flavor variou ...

'' J.-F.Leroy # ''

Coffea ambongenis ''Coffea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. ''Coffea'' species are shrubs or small trees native to tropical and southern Africa and tropical Asia. The seeds of some species, called coffee beans, are used to flavor vari ...

'' J.-F.Leroy ex A.P.Davis # ''

Coffea andrambovatensis ''Coffea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. ''Coffea'' species are shrubs or small trees native to tropical and southern Africa and tropical Asia. The seeds of some species, called coffee beans, are used to flavor vario ...

'' J.-F.Leroy # '' Coffea ankaranensis'' J.-F.Leroy ex A.P.Davis # '' Coffea anthonyi'' Stoff. & F.Anthony # ''

'' L. # '' Coffea arenesiana'' J.-F.Leroy # ''

Coffea augagneurii ''Coffea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. ''Coffea'' species are shrubs or small trees native to tropical and southern Africa and tropical Asia. The seeds of some species, called coffee beans, are used to flavor variou ...

'' Dubard # ''

Coffea bakossii ''Coffea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. ''Coffea'' species are shrubs or small trees native to tropical and southern Africa and tropical Asia. The seeds of some species, called coffee beans, are used to flavor vario ...

'' Cheek & Bridson # '' Coffea benghalensis'' B.Heyne ex

Schult. Josef (Joseph) August Schultes (15 April 1773 in Vienna – 21 April 1831 in Landshut) was an Austrian botanist and professor from Vienna. Together with Johann Jacob Roemer (1763–1819), he published the 16th edition of Linnaeus' ''Systema ...

# '' Coffea bertrandii'' A.Chev. # ''

Coffea betamponensis ''Coffea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. ''Coffea'' species are shrubs or small trees native to tropical and southern Africa and tropical Asia. The seeds of some species, called coffee beans, are used to flavor variou ...

'' Portères & J.-F.Leroy # '' Coffea bissetiae'' A.P.Davis & Rakotonas. # '' Coffea boinensis'' A.P.Davis & Rakotonas. # '' Coffea boiviniana'' A.P.Davis & Rakotonas. # '' Coffea bonnieri'' Dubard # ''

Coffea brassii ''Coffea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. ''Coffea'' species are shrubs or small trees native to tropical and southern Africa and tropical Asia. The seeds of some species, called coffee beans, are used to flavor vari ...

'' ( J.-F.Leroy) A.P.Davis # '' Coffea brevipes''

Hiern Hiern is a British surname. Notable people with the surname include: * Barry Hiern (born 1951), Australian cricketer *Ross Hiern (1922–1999), Australian cricketer *William Philip Hiern (1839–1925), British mathematician and botanist See also * ...

# ''

Coffea bridsoniae ''Coffea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. ''Coffea'' species are shrubs or small trees native to tropical and southern Africa and tropical Asia. The seeds of some species, called coffee beans, are used to flavor vario ...

'' A.P.Davis & Mvungi # '' Coffea buxifolia'' A.Chev. # ''

'' (''"Coffea robusta"'') Pierre ex A.Froehner # ''

Coffea carrissoi ''Coffea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. ''Coffea'' species are shrubs or small trees native to tropical and southern Africa and tropical Asia. The seeds of some species, called coffee beans, are used to flavor vari ...

'' A.Chev. # ''

'' Stoff. & F.Anthony # '' Coffea cochinchinensis'' Pierre ex Pit. # ''

Coffea commersoniana ''Coffea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. ''Coffea'' species are shrubs or small trees native to tropical and southern Africa and tropical Asia. The seeds of some species, called coffee beans, are used to flavor vari ...

'' (

Baill. Henri Ernest Baillon was a French botanist and physician. He was born in Calais on 30 November 1827 and died in Paris on 19 July 1895. Baillon spent his professional life as a professor of natural history, and he published numerous works on b ...

) A.Chev. # '' Coffea congensis'' A.Froehner # '' Coffea costatifructa'' Bridson # ''

Coffea coursiana ''Coffea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. ''Coffea'' species are shrubs or small trees native to tropical and southern Africa and tropical Asia. The seeds of some species, called coffee beans, are used to flavor vari ...

'' J.-F.Leroy # '' Coffea dactylifera'' Robbr. & Stoff. # '' Coffea decaryana'' J.-F.Leroy # '' Coffea dubardii'' Jum. # ''

Coffea ebracteolata ''Coffea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. ''Coffea'' species are shrubs or small trees native to tropical and southern Africa and tropical Asia. The seeds of some species, called coffee beans, are used to flavor vari ...

'' (

) Brenan # '' Coffea eugenioides''

S.Moore Spencer Le Marchant Moore (1 November 1850 – 14 March 1931) was an English botanist. Biography Moore was born in Hampstead. He worked at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, from about 1870 to 1879, wrote a number of botanical papers, and then wo ...

# ''

Coffea fadenii ''Coffea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. ''Coffea'' species are shrubs or small trees native to tropical and southern Africa and tropical Asia. The seeds of some species, called coffee beans, are used to flavor vari ...

'' Bridson # ''

Coffea farafanganensis ''Coffea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. ''Coffea'' species are shrubs or small trees native to tropical and southern Africa and tropical Asia. The seeds of some species, called coffee beans, are used to flavor vari ...

'' J.-F.Leroy # '' Coffea floresiana'' Boerl. # '' Coffea fotsoana'' Stoff. & Sonké # '' Coffea fragilis'' J.-F.Leroy # ''

Coffea fragrans ''Coffea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. ''Coffea'' species are shrubs or small trees native to tropical and southern Africa and tropical Asia. The seeds of some species, called coffee beans, are used to flavor vari ...

Wall. Nathaniel Wolff Wallich FRS FRSE (28 January 1786 – 28 April 1854) was a surgeon and botanist of Danish origin who worked in India, initially in the Danish settlement near Calcutta and later for the Danish East India Company and the British ...

ex Hook.f. # ''

Coffea gallienii ''Coffea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. ''Coffea'' species are shrubs or small trees native to tropical and southern Africa and tropical Asia. The seeds of some species, called coffee beans, are used to flavor vari ...

'' Dubard # ''

Coffea grevei ''Coffea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. ''Coffea'' species are shrubs or small trees native to tropical and southern Africa and tropical Asia. The seeds of some species, called coffee beans, are used to flavor vari ...

Drake Drake may refer to: Animals * A male duck People and fictional characters * Drake (surname), a list of people and fictional characters with the family name * Drake (given name), a list of people and fictional characters with the given name ...

ex A.Chev. # ''

Coffea heimii ''Coffea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. ''Coffea'' species are shrubs or small trees native to tropical and southern Africa and tropical Asia. The seeds of some species, called coffee beans, are used to flavor vari ...

'' J.-F.Leroy # '' Coffea homollei'' J.-F.Leroy # '' Coffea horsfieldiana''

Miq. Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel (24 October 1811 – 23 January 1871) was a Dutch botanist, whose main focus of study was on the flora of the Dutch East Indies. Early life Miquel was born in Neuenhaus and studied medicine at the University of Gro ...

# ''

Coffea humbertii ''Coffea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. ''Coffea'' species are shrubs or small trees native to tropical and southern Africa and tropical Asia. The seeds of some species, called coffee beans, are used to flavor vari ...

'' J.-F.Leroy # '' Coffea humblotiana''

# ''

Coffea humilis ''Coffea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. ''Coffea'' species are shrubs or small trees native to tropical and southern Africa and tropical Asia. The seeds of some species, called coffee beans, are used to flavor vario ...

'' A.Chev. # '' Coffea jumellei'' J.-F.Leroy # '' Coffea kapakata'' ( A.Chev.) Bridson # '' Coffea kianjavatensis'' J.-F.Leroy # ''

Coffea kihansiensis ''Coffea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. ''Coffea'' species are shrubs or small trees native to tropical and southern Africa and tropical Asia. The seeds of some species, called coffee beans, are used to flavor vari ...

'' A.P.Davis & Mvungi # '' Coffea kimbozensis'' Bridson # '' Coffea kivuensis'' Lebrun # ''

Coffea labatii ''Coffea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. ''Coffea'' species are shrubs or small trees native to tropical and southern Africa and tropical Asia. The seeds of some species, called coffee beans, are used to flavor vario ...

'' A.P.Davis & Rakotonas. # ''

Coffea lancifolia ''Coffea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. ''Coffea'' species are shrubs or small trees native to tropical and southern Africa and tropical Asia. The seeds of some species, called coffee beans, are used to flav ...

'' A.Chev. # ''

Coffea lebruniana ''Coffea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. ''Coffea'' species are shrubs or small trees native to tropical and southern Africa and tropical Asia. The seeds of some species, called coffee beans, are used to flavor vari ...

'' Germ. & Kester # '' Coffea leonimontana'' Stoff. # ''

Coffea leroyi ''Coffea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. ''Coffea'' species are shrubs or small trees native to tropical and southern Africa and tropical Asia. The seeds of some species, called coffee beans, are used to flavor vari ...

'' A.P.Davis # ''

Coffea liaudii ''Coffea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. ''Coffea'' species are shrubs or small trees native to tropical and southern Africa and tropical Asia. The seeds of some species, called coffee beans, are used to flavor vari ...

'' J.-F.Leroy ex A.P.Davis # ''

Coffea liberica ''Coffea liberica'', commonly known as the Liberian coffee, is a species of flowering plant in the family Rubiaceae from which coffee is produced. It is native to western and central Africa from Liberia to Uganda and Angola, and has become natu ...

# ''

Coffea ligustroides ''Coffea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. ''Coffea'' species are shrubs or small trees native to tropical and southern Africa and tropical Asia. The seeds of some species, called coffee beans, are used to flavor vari ...

# '' Coffea littoralis'' A.P.Davis & Rakotonas. # ''

Coffea lulandoensis ''Coffea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. ''Coffea'' species are shrubs or small trees native to tropical and southern Africa and tropical Asia. The seeds of some species, called coffee beans, are used to flavor vari ...

'' Bridson # '' Coffea mabesae'' (Elmer) J.-F.Leroy # '' Coffea macrocarpa'' A.Rich. # '' Coffea madurensis'' Teijsm. & Binn. ex Koord. # ''

Coffea magnistipula ''Coffea magnistipula'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Rubiaceae. It is a shrub species of ''Coffea'' that is endemic to the Lower Guinean forests of tropical West Africa, specifically the South Cameroon Plateau and the Chaillu Mas ...

'' Stoff. & Robbr. # ''

Coffea malabarica ''Coffea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. ''Coffea'' species are shrubs or small trees native to tropical and southern Africa and tropical Asia. The seeds of some species, called coffee beans, are used to flavor vari ...

'' (Sivar., Biju & P.Mathew) A.P.Davis # ''

Coffea mangoroensis ''Coffea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. ''Coffea'' species are shrubs or small trees native to tropical and southern Africa and tropical Asia. The seeds of some species, called coffee beans, are used to flavor vari ...

'' Portères # ''

Coffea mannii ''Coffea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. ''Coffea'' species are shrubs or small trees native to tropical and southern Africa and tropical Asia. The seeds of some species, called coffee beans, are used to flavor vari ...

'' ( Hook.f.) A.P.Davis # ''

Coffea manombensis ''Coffea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. ''Coffea'' species are shrubs or small trees native to tropical and southern Africa and tropical Asia. The seeds of some species, called coffee beans, are used to flavor vari ...

'' A.P.Davis # ''

Coffea mapiana ''Coffea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. ''Coffea'' species are shrubs or small trees native to tropical and southern Africa and tropical Asia. The seeds of some species, called coffee beans, are used to flavor vari ...

'' Sonké, Nguembou & A.P.Davis # ''

Coffea mauritiana ''Coffea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. ''Coffea'' species are shrubs or small trees native to tropical and southern Africa and tropical Asia. The seeds of some species, called coffee beans, are used to flavor vari ...

'' Lam. # ''

Coffea mayombensis ''Coffea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. ''Coffea'' species are shrubs or small trees native to tropical and southern Africa and tropical Asia. The seeds of some species, called coffee beans, are used to flavor vari ...

'' A.Chev. # '' Coffea mcphersonii'' A.P.Davis & Rakotonas. # ''

Coffea melanocarpa ''Coffea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. ''Coffea'' species are shrubs or small trees native to tropical and southern Africa and tropical Asia. The seeds of some species, called coffee beans, are used to flavor vari ...

'' Welw. ex

# '' Coffea merguensis'' Ridl. # ''

Coffea millotii ''Coffea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the Family (biology), family Rubiaceae. ''Coffea'' species are shrubs or small trees native to tropical and southern Africa and tropical Asia. The seeds of some species, called coffee beans, are use ...

'' J.-F.Leroy # '' Coffea minutiflora'' A.P.Davis & Rakotonas. # ''

Coffea mogenetii ''Coffea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. ''Coffea'' species are shrubs or small trees native to tropical and southern Africa and tropical Asia. The seeds of some species, called coffee beans, are used to flavor vari ...

'' Dubard # '' Coffea mongensis'' Bridson # ''

Coffea montekupensis ''Coffea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. ''Coffea'' species are shrubs or small trees native to tropical and southern Africa and tropical Asia. The seeds of some species, called coffee beans, are used to flavor vari ...

'' Stoff. # ''

Coffea montis-sacri ''Coffea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. ''Coffea'' species are shrubs or small trees native to tropical and southern Africa and tropical Asia. The seeds of some species, called coffee beans, are used to flavor vario ...

'' A.P.Davis # ''

Coffea moratii ''Coffea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. ''Coffea'' species are shrubs or small trees native to tropical and southern Africa and tropical Asia. The seeds of some species, called coffee beans, are used to flavor vario ...

'' J.-F.Leroy ex A.P.Davis & Rakotonas. # ''

Coffea mufindiensis ''Coffea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. ''Coffea'' species are shrubs or small trees native to tropical and southern Africa and tropical Asia. The seeds of some species, called coffee beans, are used to flavor vari ...

'' Hutch. ex Bridson # ''

Coffea myrtifolia ''Coffea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. ''Coffea'' species are shrubs or small trees native to tropical and southern Africa and tropical Asia. The seeds of some species, called coffee beans, are used to flavor vari ...

'' ( A.Rich. ex

DC. Augustin Pyramus (or Pyrame) de Candolle (, , ; 4 February 17789 September 1841) was a Swiss botanist. René Louiche Desfontaines launched de Candolle's botanical career by recommending him at a herbarium. Within a couple of years de Candolle ...

) J.-F.Leroy # '' Coffea namorokensis'' A.P.Davis & Rakotonas. # ''

Coffea neobridsoniae ''Coffea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. ''Coffea'' species are shrubs or small trees native to tropical and southern Africa and tropical Asia. The seeds of some species, called coffee beans, are used to flavor vari ...

'' A.P.Davis # '' Coffea neoleroyi'' A.P.Davis # '' Coffea perrieri''

ex Jum. & H.Perrier # '' Coffea pervilleana'' (

)

# ''

Coffea pocsii ''Coffea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. ''Coffea'' species are shrubs or small trees native to tropical and southern Africa and tropical Asia. The seeds of some species, called coffee beans, are used to flavor vari ...

'' Bridson # ''

Coffea pseudozanguebariae ''Coffea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. ''Coffea'' species are shrubs or small trees native to tropical and southern Africa and tropical Asia. The seeds of some species, called coffee beans, are used to flavor vari ...

'' Bridson # ''

Coffea pterocarpa ''Coffea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. ''Coffea'' species are shrubs or small trees native to tropical and southern Africa and tropical Asia. The seeds of some species, called coffee beans, are used to flavor vari ...

'' A.P.Davis & Rakotonas. # ''

Coffea racemosa ''Coffea racemosa'', also known as racemosa coffee and Inhambane coffee, is a species of flowering plant in the family Rubiaceae. It has naturally low levels of caffeine, less than half of that found in ''Coffea arabica'', and a quarter of that ...

'' Lour. # ''

Coffea rakotonasoloi ''Coffea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. ''Coffea'' species are shrubs or small trees native to tropical and southern Africa and tropical Asia. The seeds of some species, called coffee beans, are used to flavor vari ...

'' A.P.Davis # ''

Coffea ratsimamangae ''Coffea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. ''Coffea'' species are shrubs or small trees native to tropical and southern Africa and tropical Asia. The seeds of some species, called coffee beans, are used to flavor vari ...

'' J.-F.Leroy ex A.P.Davis & Rakotonas. # '' Coffea resinosa'' ( Hook.f.) Radlk. # ''

Coffea rhamnifolia ''Coffea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. ''Coffea'' species are shrubs or small trees native to tropical and southern Africa and tropical Asia. The seeds of some species, called coffee beans, are used to flavor vari ...

'' ( Chiov.) Bridson # '' Coffea richardii'' J.-F.Leroy # ''

Coffea sahafaryensis ''Coffea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. ''Coffea'' species are shrubs or small trees native to tropical and southern Africa and tropical Asia. The seeds of some species, called coffee beans, are used to flavor variou ...

'' J.-F.Leroy # '' Coffea sakarahae'' J.-F.Leroy # ''

Coffea salvatrix ''Coffea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. ''Coffea'' species are shrubs or small trees native to tropical and southern Africa and tropical Asia. The seeds of some species, called coffee beans, are used to flavor vari ...

'' Swynn. & Philipson # '' Coffea sambavensis'' J.-F.Leroy ex A.P.Davis & Rakotonas. # ''

Coffea sapinii ''Coffea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. ''Coffea'' species are shrubs or small trees native to tropical and southern Africa and tropical Asia. The seeds of some species, called coffee beans, are used to flavor vari ...

'' ( De Wild.) A.P.Davis # ''

Coffea schliebenii ''Coffea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. ''Coffea'' species are shrubs or small trees native to tropical and southern Africa and tropical Asia. The seeds of some species, called coffee beans, are used to flavor vari ...

'' Bridson # ''

Coffea semsei ''Coffea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. ''Coffea'' species are shrubs or small trees native to tropical and southern Africa and tropical Asia. The seeds of some species, called coffee beans, are used to flavor vari ...

'' ( Bridson) A.P.Davis # '' Coffea sessiliflora'' Bridson # ''

Coffea stenophylla ''Coffea stenophylla'', also known as highland coffee or Sierra Leone coffee, is a species of ''Coffea'' originating from West Africa. It is currently not commercially cultivated due to its low yield and small berries, which makes it inferior to ...

'' G.Don # ''

Coffea tetragona ''Coffea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. ''Coffea'' species are shrubs or small trees native to tropical and southern Africa and tropical Asia. The seeds of some species, called coffee beans, are used to flavor variou ...

'' Jum. & H.Perrier # ''

Coffea togoensis ''Coffea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. ''Coffea'' species are shrubs or small trees native to tropical and southern Africa and tropical Asia. The seeds of some species, called coffee beans, are used to flavor vari ...

'' A.Chev. # '' Coffea toshii'' A.P.Davis & Rakotonas. # ''

Coffea travancorensis ''Coffea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. ''Coffea'' species are shrubs or small trees native to tropical and southern Africa and tropical Asia. The seeds of some species, called coffee beans, are used to flavor vari ...

Wight A wight ( Old English: ''wiht'') is a mythical sentient being, often undead. In its original use the word ''wight'' described a living human being, but has come to be used in fictional works in the fantasy genre to describe certain immortal bei ...

Arn. George Arnott Walker Arnott of Arlary (6 February 1799 – 17 April 1868) was a Scottish botanist. Early life George Arnott Walker Arnott was born in Edinburgh in 1799, the son of David Walker Arnott of Arlary. He attended Milnathort Parish ...

# '' Coffea tricalysioides'' J.-F.Leroy # ''

Coffea tsirananae ''Coffea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. ''Coffea'' species are shrubs or small trees native to tropical and southern Africa and tropical Asia. The seeds of some species, called coffee beans, are used to flavor vari ...

'' J.-F.Leroy # ''

Coffea vatovavyensis ''Coffea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. ''Coffea'' species are shrubs or small trees native to tropical and southern Africa and tropical Asia. The seeds of some species, called coffee beans, are used to flavor vari ...

'' J.-F.Leroy # ''

Coffea vavateninensis ''Coffea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. ''Coffea'' species are shrubs or small trees native to tropical and southern Africa and tropical Asia. The seeds of some species, called coffee beans, are used to flavor vari ...

'' J.-F.Leroy # '' Coffea vianneyi'' J.-F.Leroy # '' Coffea vohemarensis'' A.P.Davis & Rakotonas. # ''

Coffea wightiana ''Coffea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. ''Coffea'' species are shrubs or small trees native to tropical and southern Africa and tropical Asia. The seeds of some species, called coffee beans, are used to flavor vari ...

# '' Coffea zanguebariae'' Lour.

References

External links

World Checklist of Rubiaceae

Coffee & Conservation
{{Authority control Fruits originating in Africa Medicinal plants of Asia Medicinal plants of Africa Rubiaceae genera Crops Herbal and fungal stimulants