Subulininae is a

subfamily In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end botanical subfamily names with "-oideae", and zo ...

of small

tropical The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the equator, where the sun may shine directly overhead. This contrasts with the temperate or polar regions of Earth, where the Sun can never be directly overhead. This is because of Earth's ax ...

air-breathing

land snail A land snail is any of the numerous species of snail that live on land, as opposed to the sea snails and freshwater snails. ''Land snail'' is the common name for terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks that have gastropod shell, shel ...

terrestrial Terrestrial refers to things related to land or the planet Earth, as opposed to extraterrestrial. Terrestrial may also refer to: * Terrestrial animal, an animal that lives on land opposed to living in water, or sometimes an animal that lives on o ...

pulmonate Pulmonata or pulmonates is an informal group (previously an order, and before that, a subclass) of snails and slugs characterized by the ability to breathe air, by virtue of having a pallial lung instead of a gill, or gills. The group inclu ...

gastropod Gastropods (), commonly known as slugs and snails, belong to a large Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, freshwater, and fro ...

mollusk Mollusca is a phylum of protostomic invertebrate animals, whose members are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 76,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized, making it the second-largest animal phylum after Arthropoda. The ...

s in the family

Achatinidae Achatinidae (New Latin, from Greek "''agate''") is a family of medium to large sized tropical land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks from Africa. Well known species include '' Achatina achatina'' the Giant African Snail, and '' L ...

Taxonomy

The taxonomy of the Subulinnae remains a source of discussion. It has been raised to the level of family under the name Achatinacea ((Fischer and Crosse 1877; Thiele 1931: 549), later followed by Zilch (1959) and Vaught (1989). This systematic classification was later revealed as

polyphyletic A polyphyletic group is an assemblage that includes organisms with mixed evolutionary origin but does not include their most recent common ancestor. The term is often applied to groups that share similar features known as Homoplasy, homoplasies ...

(Fontanilla et al. 2017). Molluscabase still considers it as a subfamily of Achatinidae.

Distribution

Worldwide."Family summary for Subulinidae"

AnimalBase AnimalBase is a project brought to life in 2004 and is maintained by the University of Göttingen, Germany. The goal of the AnimalBase project is to digitize early zoological literature, provide copyright-free open access to zoological works, and p ...

, last modified 21-02-2006, accessed 15 March 2011.

Anatomy

In this subfamily, the number of

haploid Ploidy () is the number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell (biology), cell, and hence the number of possible alleles for Autosome, autosomal and Pseudoautosomal region, pseudoautosomal genes. Here ''sets of chromosomes'' refers to the num ...

chromosome A chromosome is a package of DNA containing part or all of the genetic material of an organism. In most chromosomes, the very long thin DNA fibers are coated with nucleosome-forming packaging proteins; in eukaryotic cells, the most import ...

s lies between 26 and 35.Barker G. M.: Gastropods on Land: ''Phylogeny, Diversity and Adaptive Morphology''. in Barker G. M. (ed.):
The biology of terrestrial molluscs
'. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, 2001, . 1-146, cited pages: 139 and 142.

Genera

Genera in the subfamily Subulininae include: * ''

Allopeas ''Allopeas'', common name the "awl snails", is a genus of small, tropical, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Achatinidae. Species The genus ''Allopeas'' includes the following species: * '' Allo ...

'' H. B. Baker, 1935 * ''

Beckianum ''Beckianum'' is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks. This genus in the family Achatinidae. Species Species within the genus ''Beckianum'' include: * '' Beckianum beckianum'' (Pfeiffer, 1846) Referenc ...

'' Baker, 1961"Mollusca"
. Diversidad Biológica Cubana, accessed 23 March 2011. * '' Curvella'' Chaper, 1885 * '' Dysopeas'' Baker, 1927Baker, Horace B. 1930: The mollusca collected by the University of Michigan – Williamson expedition in Venezuela. Occasional Paper of Museum of zoology. 210:1-51 * '' Euonyma'' Melvill & Ponsonby, 1896 * ''

Hypolysia ''Hypolysia'' is a genus of small tropical air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Achatinidae Achatinidae (New Latin, from Greek "''agate''") is a family of medium to large sized tropical land snails ...

'' Melvill & Ponsonby, 1901 * ''

Lamellaxis ''Allopeas'', common name the "awl snails", is a genus of small, tropical, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Achatinidae. Species The genus ''Allopeas'' includes the following species: * '' Allo ...

'' Strebel & Pfeffer, 1882 * ''

Leptinaria ''Leptinaria'' is a genus of small tropical air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Achatinidae. Species Species within the genus ''Leptinaria'' include: * '' Leptinaria ambigua'' Martens, 1898 * '' L ...

'' Beck, 1837 * '' Leptopeas'' Baker, 1927 * '' Micropeas'' Connolly, 1923 * '' Neoglessula'' Pilsbry, 1909 * ''

Opeas ''Opeas'' is a genus of small, tropical, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Achatinidae. ''Opeas'' is the type genus In biological taxonomy, the type genus (''genus typica'') is the genus which d ...

'' Albers, 1850 * ''

Paropeas ''Paropeas'' is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Achatinidae Achatinidae (New Latin, from Greek "''agate''") is a family of medium to large sized tropical land snails, terrestrial p ...

'' Pilsbry, 1906Naggs F. (1994). "The reproductive anatomy of ''Paropeas achatinaceum'' and a new concept of ''Paropeas'' (Pulmonata: Achatinoidea: Subulinidae)". ''

Journal of Molluscan Studies The ''Journal of Molluscan Studies'' is the peer-reviewed scientific journal of the Malacological Society of London, covering research in malacology.

'' 60(2): 175-191. . * '' Pelatrinia'' Pilsbry, 1907 * ''

Prosopeas ''Prosopeas'' is a genus of gastropods belonging to the family Achatinidae Achatinidae (New Latin, from Greek "''agate''") is a family of medium to large sized tropical land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks from Africa. Well ...

'' Mörch, 1876 * '' Pseudarinia'' Yen, 1952 * ''

Pseudoglessula ''Pseudoglessula'' is a genus of small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial animal, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Achatinidae. Species Species within the genus ''Pseudoglessula'' include: * ''Pseudoglessula acutissim ...

'' Boettger, 1892 * '' Pseudopeas'' Putzeys, 1899 * '' Striosubulina'' Thiele, 1933 * '' Subulina'' Beck, 1837 - type genus of the subfamily Subulininae * '' Vegrandinia'' Salvador, Cunha & Simone, 2013 * '' Zootecus'' Westerlund, 1887"Genus summary for ''Zootecus''"
AnimalBase, accessed 11 october 2010.

References

External links