Cinnamon Hummingbird

The cinnamon hummingbird (''Amazilia rutila'') is a species of hummingbird in the "emeralds", tribe Trochilini of subfamily Trochilinae. It is found from northwestern Mexico to Costa Rica.

Taxonomy

The cinnamon hummingbird was formally described in 1842 by the French naturalist René Lesson from a specimen he had collected near Acapulco in southwest Mexico. Lesson placed the new species in the genus ''Ornismya'' and coined the binomial name ''Ornismya cinnamomea''. Unfortunate the epithet was preoccupied as Paul Gervais had in 1835 used ''Ornismya cinnamomeus'' for a different species of hummingbird. A year later, in 1843, the French ornithologist Adolphe Delattre introduced ''Ornismya rutila'' as a replacement name for Lesson's hummingbird. The cinnamon hummingbird is now placed in the genus '' Amazilia'' that was introduced by Lesson in 1843. The genus name comes from the Inca heroine in Jean-François Marmontel's novel ''Les Incas, ou la destruction de l'Empire du Pérou''. The specific epithet is from Latin ''rutilus'' which means "golden", "red" or "aubun".

Four subspecies are recognised:
*''A. r. diluta'' Van Rossem, 1938
*''A. r. graysoni'' Lawrence, 1867
*''A. r. rutila'' ( DeLattre, 1843)
*''A. r. corallirostris'' ( Bourcier & Mulsant, 1846)

It has been suggested that ''graysoni'' be treated as a separate species and that ''diluta'' should be included in ''rutila'' because they intergrade.HBW and BirdLife International (2020) ''Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world'' Version 5. Available at: http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v5_Dec20.zip xls zipped 1 MBretrieved May 27, 2021

Description

The cinnamon hummingbird is long and on average weighs about . Adults of the nominate subspecies ''A. r. rutila'' have metallic bronze green upperparts and cinnamon to cinnamon rufous underparts that are paler on the chin and upper throat. The tail is deep cinnamon rufous to rufous chestnut; the feathers have dark metallic bronze tips and the outermost have dark metallic bronze outer edges. The wings are a dark brownish slate. Males' bills are red with a black tip and females' mostly black with red at the base. Juveniles are similar to adults but have rufous edges to the face, crown, and rump feathers and an all black bill.Arizmendi, M. d. C., C. I. Rodríguez-Flores, C. A. Soberanes-González, and T. S. Schulenberg (2020). Cinnamon Hummingbird (''Amazilia rutila''), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.cinhum1.01 retrieved February 14, 2022

The song is "varied, high, thin, slightly squeaky chips, ''si ch chi-chit'' or ''tsi si si-si-sit'', or ''chi chi-chi chi chi'', etc." Its call has been described as "a buzzy, scratchy ''tzip''" and "a hard to sharp ''chik''".

''A. r. diluta'' is similar to the nominate, with slightly less intense green upperparts and paler and pinker underparts. ''A. r. corallirostris'' is also similar to the nominate but overall its colors are richer and deeper. ''A. r. graysoni'' is significantly larger and darker than the nominate but otherwise similar.

Distribution and habitat

The cinnamon hummingbird is resident throughout its range. The subspecies of cinnamon hummingbird are found thus:

*''A. r. diluta'', the northwestern Mexican states of Sinaloa and Nayarit
*''A. r. graysoni'', Isla María Madre in Islas Marías off the coast of western Mexico
*''A. r. rutila'', from Jalisco in western Mexico south through El Salvador and western Honduras and Nicaragua into northwestern Costa Rica.
*''A. r. corallirostris'', from Chiapas in Mexico south to El Salvador

The populations in Mexico's Yucatán state, northeastern Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica are usually attributed to ''A. r. rutila'' but have sometimes been considered to be part of ''A. r. corallirostris''.

The cinnamon hummingbird inhabits primary and secondary deciduous and semi-deciduous forests and thorn forest. It ranges from sea level to about of elevation.

Behavior

Feeding

The cinnamon hummingbird usually forages from the understory to the mid-story, but also will visit taller flowering trees. It feeds on nectar from a very wide variety of flowering plants and also eats insects. It is territorial and defends feeding sites from intrusion by other hummingbirds, bees, and butterflies.

Breeding

The cinnamon hummingbird's breeding season varies throughout its range; every month is represented somewhere. Its nest is a cup made of plant material and spider web placed on a horizontal branch. Three nests in western Mexico had a small platform of wood pieces under the cup. The cup was made of kapok seed fibers with grass, bits of wood, and lichens on the outside. All three were in semi-deciduous forest. The clutch size is two eggs, but little more is known about the species' breeding phenology.

Status

The IUCN has assessed the cinnamon hummingbird as being of Least Concern. It has a large range and its population is estimated to be at least 500,000 mature individuals and stable. Localized habitat destruction appears to be its only threat.

References

External links

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cinnamon hummingbird
Hummingbird species of Central America
cinnamon hummingbird
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot