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''Cheonmin'' (), or "vulgar commoners", were the lowest caste of commoners in dynastical Korea. They abounded during the
Goryeo Goryeo (; ) was a Korean state founded in 918, during a time of national division called the Later Three Kingdoms period, that unified and ruled the Korea, Korean Peninsula until the establishment of Joseon in 1392. Goryeo achieved what has b ...
(918–1392) and
Joseon Joseon ( ; ; also romanized as ''Chosun''), officially Great Joseon (), was a dynastic kingdom of Korea that existed for 505 years. It was founded by Taejo of Joseon in July 1392 and replaced by the Korean Empire in October 1897. The kingdom w ...
(1392–1897) periods of Korea's agrarian bureaucracy.


Social class system

In the caste system in Korea, this social class was largely hereditary and based on certain professions considered "unclean" by the upper classes. This list of unclean professions included butchers, shamans, shoemakers, metalworkers, prostitutes, magicians, sorcerers, jail-keepers, and performers (like the '' kisaeng''). '' Nobi'' (slaves) were servants taken from the cheonmin class to serve '' yangban'' (aristocracy) and royalty, but like slaves, they were considered the property of their owners and could be given away to other high-ranking people. '' Kisaeng'', female entertainers for ''yangban'', were in this class, educated but not respected by others in society. The hereditary nature of the caste system bred institutionalized discrimination and prejudice early on in Korea's history, as the ''cheonmin'' were barred from most forms of social advancement, including entry into government service or taking the '' gwageo'' civil service examinations. The ''cheonmin'', although a step above the traditional caste of untouchables or outcasts called the '' baekjeong'', lived segregated lives, like the ''baekjeong'', isolated from the rest of society and shunted away in ghettoes far away from the rest of society. While the ''cheonmin'' performed tasks that other Koreans considered unclean or undignified, they still had an essential function and role within dynastic Korean society. Their work as butchers, shoemakers, low-class entertainers, performing unclean jobs, provided services to the other classes that were unavailable from anyone else.


Legacy

While the class and caste system of dynastical Korea no longer exists and has largely disappeared in the modern era, remnants of such social discrimination based solely on one's occupation or a forebear's previous line of work continue to shape traditional Korean thinking and values today.


Exceptions

In all the history of the Joseon Dynasty there are only a few extraordinary examples of a ''cheonmin'' who overcame their class status. Royal Noble Consort Sukbin Choe gained the highest rank of a royal noble consort in Joseon, just one step under the Queen. Choe, the mother of King Yeongjo, originally entered the Palace as a ''musuri'' or a slave-girl. Due to his mother's humble origins, Yeongjo suffered multiple attempts on his life when he was named Crown Prince during the reign of his half brother. Although he was adopted by Queen Inwon and was under her protection, many nobles were against a low-born prince ruling the country as king. Jang Geum (
fl. ''Floruit'' ( ; usually abbreviated fl. or occasionally flor.; from Latin for 'flourished') denotes a date or period during which a person was known to have been alive or active. In English, the unabbreviated word may also be used as a noun indic ...
early 16th century), originally an '' uinyeo'' of the ''cheonmin'' class, became the first female Royal Physician in Korean history. According to the ''
Annals of the Joseon Dynasty The ''Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty'', sometimes called ''sillok'' () for short, are state-compiled and published records, called Veritable Records, documenting the reigns of the kings of the Joseon dynasty in Korea. Kept from 1392 to ...
'' King Jungjong recognized Jang Geum's medical knowledge and entrusted her the royal care of all royal family members. King Jungjong promoted Jang Geum to become the third highest-ranking officer in the Court, and she was granted the use of ''Dae'' () (which means "great" in Korean) before her first name.


See also

*
Korean culture The traditional culture of Korea is the shared cultural and historical heritage of Korea before the division of Korea in 1945. Since the mid-20th century, Korea has been split between the North Korean and South Korean sovereign state, stat ...
* Untouchable (social system) * Yangban * Chungin * Sangmin * Nobi * Baekjeong


References

{{Authority control Korean caste system Society of Goryeo Society of Joseon Social class in Asia