''Charidotella sexpunctata'', the golden tortoise beetle, is a species of

beetle Beetles are insects that form the order Coleoptera (), in the superorder Endopterygota. Their front pair of wings are hardened into wing-cases, elytra, distinguishing them from most other insects. The Coleoptera, with about 400,000 describ ...

in the

leaf beetle The insects of the beetle family Chrysomelidae are commonly known as leaf beetles, and include over 37,000 (and probably at least 50,000) species in more than 2,500 genera, making up one of the largest and most commonly encountered of all beetle ...

family, Chrysomelidae. It is native to the Americas, and very broadly distributed.GBIF
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Taxonomy

There are two subspecies, ssp. ''bicolor'' and ssp. ''sexpunctata''.''Charidotella sexpunctata'' (Fabricius, 1781).
ITIS.

Description

Adult ''C. sexpunctata'' measure 5–7 mm in length. They are variable in color from reddish-brown with black spots to brilliant, mirror-like gold, earning it the nickname "goldbug".Barrows, E. M. 1979. Life cycles, mating and color change in tortoise beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae). Coleopterists Bulletin 33: 9–16. Elytral margins are expanded and nearly transparent. The color changes through its development, during mating, and during times of disturbance, such as when it is touched by a human researcher. Scientists have not examined the color-change mechanism in this species. However, color change in the related Panamanian '' Charidotella egregia'' (also called 'golden tortoise beetle') occurs when this beetle's

elytra An elytron (; ; , ) is a modified, hardened forewing of beetles (Coleoptera), though a few of the true bugs ( Hemiptera) such as the family Schizopteridae are extremely similar; in true bugs, the forewings are called hemelytra (sometimes altern ...

hydrate and dehydrate.Vigneron J. P., Pasteels J. M., Windsor D. M., Vértesy Z., Rassart M., Seldrum T., Dumont J., Deparis O., Lousse V., Biró L. P., Ertz D., Welch V. 2007. Switchable reflector in the Panamanian tortoise beetle Charidotella egregia (Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae). Phys. Rev. E. Stat. Nonlin. Soft Matter Phys. 2007 Sep;76(3 Pt 1):031907. Epub 2007 Sept. 11. http://www.nanotechnology.hu/reprint/pre_76_031907_TortoiseBeetle_2007.pdf Adults of both species can turn from shiny gold through reddish-brown when disturbed.Murray, T
Golden Tortoise Beetle.
Garden Friends and Foes. Washington State University, Whatcom County Extension.

Life cycle

Female ''Charidotella sexpunctata'' lay clusters of eggs on stems and on the undersides of host leaves. A spiny, yellowish or reddish brown larva emerges from its egg in 5 through 10 days. A larva accumulates its shed skins and

frass Frass refers loosely to the more or less solid excreta of insects, and to certain other related matter. Definition and etymology ''Frass'' is an informal term and accordingly it is variously used and variously defined. It is derived from the G ...

on a structure called an anal fork, which it positions over its body as a

fecal shield The fecal shield is a structure formed by the larvae of many species of beetles in the leaf beetle family, Chrysomelidae.Nogueira-de-Sá, F. and J. R. Trigo. (2002)Do fecal shields provide physical protection to larvae of the tortoise beetles ' ...

, evidently hiding the larva from predators. This is usually effective against smaller insect predators such as ants, but not larger ones, such as hemipterans. After two to three weeks, a larval ''Charidotella sexpunctata'' becomes a spiny brown frass-covered

pupa A pupa ( la, pupa, "doll"; plural: ''pupae'') is the life stage of some insects undergoing transformation between immature and mature stages. Insects that go through a pupal stage are holometabolous: they go through four distinct stages in their ...

, and in one to two weeks later it emerges as an adult.

Behaviour and diet

This beetle consumes foliage of plants in the family

Convolvulaceae Convolvulaceae (), commonly called the bindweeds or morning glories, is a family of about 60 genera and more than 1,650 species. These species are primarily herbaceous vines, but also include trees, shrubs and herbs. The tubers of several spec ...

, including bindweeds,

morning glory Morning glory (also written as morning-glory) is the common name for over 1,000 species of flowering plants in the family Convolvulaceae, whose current taxonomy and systematics are in flux. Morning glory species belong to many genus, genera, ...

and

sweet potato The sweet potato or sweetpotato ('' Ipomoea batatas'') is a dicotyledonous plant that belongs to the bindweed or morning glory family, Convolvulaceae. Its large, starchy, sweet-tasting tuberous roots are used as a root vegetable. The young ...

. Both adults and

larva A larva (; plural larvae ) is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle. Th ...

e feed on foliage.Golden tortoise beetle.

University of Florida The University of Florida (Florida or UF) is a public land-grant research university in Gainesville, Florida. It is a senior member of the State University System of Florida, traces its origins to 1853, and has operated continuously on its ...

Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences The University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (UF/IFAS) is a teaching, research and Extension scientific organization focused on agriculture and natural resources. It is a partnership of federal, state, and county governm ...

. These beetles play dead when disturbed.

Parasitoids

Parasitoids of this species include the

eulophid The Eulophidae are a large family of hymenopteran insects, with over 4,300 described species in some 300 genera. The family includes the genus ''Elasmus'', which used to be treated as a separate family, "Elasmidae", and is now treated as a subf ...

wasp A wasp is any insect of the narrow-waisted suborder Apocrita of the order Hymenoptera which is neither a bee nor an ant; this excludes the broad-waisted sawflies (Symphyta), which look somewhat like wasps, but are in a separate suborder. Th ...

'' Tetrastichus cassidus'' and the

tachinid The Tachinidae are a large and variable family of true flies within the insect order Diptera, with more than 8,200 known species and many more to be discovered. Over 1,300 species have been described in North America alone. Insects in this fami ...

fly Flies are insects of the order Diptera, the name being derived from the Greek δι- ''di-'' "two", and πτερόν ''pteron'' "wing". Insects of this order use only a single pair of wings to fly, the hindwings having evolved into advanced m ...

'' Eucelatoriopsis dimmocki''. Other predators, especially of the larvae, include ladybird beetles,

damsel bugs The insect family Nabidae contains the damsel bugs. There are over 500 species in 20 genera. They are soft-bodied, elongate, winged terrestrial predators. Many damsel bugs catch and hold prey with their forelegs, similar to mantids. They are ...

shield bugs The Pentatomoidea are a superfamily of insects in the Heteroptera suborder of the Hemiptera order. As Hemiptera, they share a common arrangement of sucking mouthparts. The roughly 7000 species under Pentatomoidea are divided into 21 families (1 ...

and

assassin bugs The Reduviidae are a large cosmopolitan family of the order Hemiptera (true bugs). Among the Hemiptera and together with the Nabidae almost all species are terrestrial ambush predators: most other predatory Hemiptera are aquatic. The main exampl ...

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q775222 Beetles described in 1781 Cassidinae