Chandogya

The ''Chandogya Upanishad'' (Sanskrit: , IAST: ''Chāndogyopaniṣad'') is a Sanskrit text embedded in the Chandogya Brahmana of the Sama Veda of Hinduism.Patrick Olivelle (2014), ''The Early Upanishads'', Oxford University Press; , pp. 166-169 It is one of the oldest Upanishads. In the Muktika canon of 108 Upanishads, it is listed as the ninth.

The Upanishad belongs to the ''Tandya'' school of the Samaveda. Like ''Brihadaranyaka Upanishad'', the Chandogya is an anthology of texts that must have pre-existed as separate texts, and were edited into a larger text by one or more ancient Indian scholars. The precise chronology of ''Chandogya Upanishad'' is uncertain, and it is variously dated to have been composed by the 8th to 6th century BCE in India.

As one of the most extensive Upanishadic compilations, it comprises eight ''Prapathakas'' (literally 'lectures' or 'chapters'), each divided into multiple sections containing numerous verses. The volumes include a diverse array of stories and themes. As part of the poetic and chants-focused Samaveda, the broad unifying theme of the Upanishad is the importance of speech, language, song and chants to man's quest for knowledge and salvation, to metaphysical premises and questions, as well as to rituals.

''Chandogya Upanishad'' is one of the most cited texts in later ''Bhasyas'' (reviews and commentaries) by scholars from the diverse schools of Hinduism, with chapter six verse 8-16 containing the famous dictum ''Tat Tvam Asi'', "that('s how) you are." According to Deutsch and Dalvi, "the entire sixth chapter is no doubt the most influential of the entire corpus of the Upanishads."

Etymology

The name of the Upanishad is derived from the word ''Chanda'' or ''chandas'', which means "poetic meter, prosody".Klaus Witz (1998), The Supreme Wisdom of the Upaniṣads: An Introduction, Motilal Banarsidass, , page 217 The nature of the text relates to the patterns of structure, stress, rhythm and intonation in language, songs and chants. The text is sometimes known as ''Chandogyopanishad''.

Chronology

''Chandogya Upanishad'' was in all likelihood composed in the earlier part of 1st millennium BCE, and is one of the oldest Upanishads. The exact century of the Upanishad composition is unknown, uncertain and contested.

The chronology of early Upanishads is difficult to resolve due to scant evidence, an analysis of archaism, style, and repetitions across texts, driven by assumptions about likely evolution of ideas, and on presumptions about which philosophy might have influenced which other Indian philosophies. Patrick Olivelle states, "in spite of claims made by some, in reality, any dating of these documents (early Upanishads) that attempts a precision closer than a few centuries is as stable as a house of cards".

The chronology and authorship of ''Chandogya Upanishad'', along with the ''Brihadaranyaka and Kaushitaki Upanishads'', is further complicated because they are compiled anthologies of literature that must have existed as independent texts before they became part of these Upanishads.

Scholars have offered different estimates ranging from 800 BCE to 600 BCE, all preceding Buddhism. According to a 1998 review by Patrick Olivelle. Chandogya was composed by 7th or 6th century BCE, give or take a century or so.Patrick Olivelle (2014), ''The Early Upanishads'', Oxford University Press; , pp. 12-13 Phillips states that Chandogya was completed after Brihadaranyaka, both probably in early part of the 8th century CE.Stephen Phillips (2009), ''Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy'', Columbia University Press; , Chapter 1

Structure

The text has eight ''Prapathakas'' (प्रपाठक, lectures, chapters), each with varying number of ''Khandas'' (खण्ड, volume).Robert Hume
"Chandogya Upanishad"
''The Thirteen Principal Upanishads'', Oxford University Press, pp. 177-274

Each ''Khanda'' has varying number of verses. The first chapter includes 13 volumes each with varying number of verses, the second chapter has 24 volumes, the third chapter contains 19 volumes, the fourth is composed of 17 volumes, the fifth has 24, the sixth chapter has 16 volumes, the seventh includes 26 volumes, and the eight chapter is last with 15 volumes.

The Upanishad comprises the last eight chapters of a ten chapter Chandogya Brahmana text.Max Muller
"Chandogya Upanishad"
''The Upanishads, Part I'', Oxford University Press, pp. LXXXVI-LXXXIX The first chapter of the Brahmana is short and concerns ritual-related hymns to celebrate a marriage ceremony and the birth of a child.

The second chapter of the Brahmana is short as well and its mantras are addressed to divine beings at life rituals. The last eight chapters are long, and are called the ''Chandogya Upanishad''.Paul Deussen, ''Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1'', Motilal Banarsidass; , pp. 63-64

A notable structural feature of ''Chandogya Upanishad'' is that it contains many nearly identical passages and stories also found in ''Brihadaranyaka Upanishad'', but in precise meter.Klaus Witz (1998), ''The Supreme Wisdom of the Upaniṣads: An Introduction'', Motilal Banarsidass; , pp. 217-219

The ''Chandogya Upanishad'', like other Upanishads, was a living document. Every chapter shows evidence of insertion or interpolation at a later age, because the structure, meter, grammar, style and content is inconsistent with what precedes or follows the suspect content and section. Additionally, supplements were likely attached to various volumes in a different age.

Klaus Witz structurally divides the ''Chandogya Upanishad'' into three natural groups. The first group comprises chapters I and II, which largely deal with the structure, stress and rhythmic aspects of language and its expression (speech), particularly with the syllable Om (, Aum).

The second group consists of chapters III-V, with a collection of more than 20 ''Upasanas'' and ''Vidyas'' on premises about the universe, life, mind and spirituality. The third group consists of chapters VI-VIII that deal with metaphysical questions such as the nature of reality and Self.

Content

First Prapāṭhaka

The chant of Om, the essence of all

The ''Chandogya Upanishad'' opens with the recommendation that "let a man meditate on Om".Max Muller
Chandogya Upanishad
''The Upanishads, Part I'', Oxford University Press, pp. 1-3 with footnotes. It calls the syllable Om the ''udgitha'' (उद्गीथ, song, chant), and asserts that the significance of the syllable is this: the essence of all beings is earth, the essence of earth is water, the essence of water are the plants, the essence of plants is man, the essence of man is speech, the essence of speech is the Rig Veda, the essence of the Rig Veda is the Sama Veda, and the essence of Sama Veda is ''udgitha''.

''Rik'' (ऋच्, Ṛc) is speech, states the text, and ''Sāman'' (सामन्) is breath; they are pairs, and because they have love and desire for each other, speech and breath find themselves together and mate to produce song. The highest song is Om, asserts volume 1.1 of ''Chandogya Upanishad''. It is the symbol of awe, of reverence, of threefold knowledge because '' Adhvaryu'' invokes it, the '' Hotr'' recites it, and '' Udgatr'' sings it.Paul Deussen, ''Sixty Upanishads of the Veda'', Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass; , pp. 68-70

In section 1.4, the text highlights the importance of Om in the High Chant.

Good and evil may be everywhere, yet life-principle is inherently good

The second volume of the first chapter continues its discussion of syllable Om, explaining its use as a struggle between '' Devas'' (gods) and ''Asuras'' (demons) – both being races derived from one ''Prajapati'' (creator of life). Max Muller states that this struggle between deities and demons is considered allegorical by ancient scholars, as good and evil inclinations within man, respectively.Max Muller
"Chandogya Upanishad"
''The Upanishads, Part I'', Oxford University Press, pp. 4-6 with footnotes. The ''Prajapati'' is man in general, in this allegory. The struggle is explained as a legend, that is also found in a more complete and likely original ancient version in the ''Brihadaranyaka Upanishad'' (chapter 1.3).Paul Deussen, ''Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1'', Motilal Banarsidass; , pp. 70-71 with footnotes

The legend in section 1.2 of ''Chandogya Upanishad'' states that gods took the ''Udgitha'' (song of Om) unto themselves, thinking, "with this ongwe shall overcome the demons".Robert Hume
"Chandogya Upanishad"
''The Thirteen Principal Upanishads'', Oxford University Press, pp. 178-180 The gods revered the Udgitha as sense of smell, but the demons cursed it and ever since one smells both good-smelling and bad-smelling, because it is afflicted with good and evil. The deities thereafter revered the Udgitha as speech, but the demons afflicted it and ever since one speaks both truth and untruth, because speech has been struck with good and evil. The deities next revered the Udgitha as sense of sight (eye), but the demons struck it and ever since one sees both what is harmonious, sightly and what is chaotic, unsightly, because sight is afflicted with good and evil. The gods then revered the Udgitha as sense of hearing (ear), but the demons afflicted it and ever since one hears both what is worth hearing and what is not worth hearing, because hearing is afflicted with good and evil. The gods thereafter revered the Udgitha as ''Manas'' (mind), but the demons afflicted it and therefore one imagines both what is worth imagining and what is not worth imagining, because mind is afflicted with good and evil. Then the gods revered the Udgitha as '' Prāṇa'' (vital breath, breath in the mouth, life-principle), and the demons struck it but they fell into pieces. Life-principle is free from evil, it is inherently good. The deities inside man – the body organs and senses of man are great, but they all revere the life-principle because it is the essence and the lord of all of them. Om is the Udgitha, the symbol of life-principle in man.

Space: the origin and the end of everything

The ''Chandogya Upanishad'', in eighth and ninth volumes of the first chapter, describes the debate between three men proficient in ''Udgitha'', about the origins and support of ''Udgitha'' and all of empirical existence.Robert Hume
"Chandogya Upanishad
1.8.7 - 1.8.8", ''The Thirteen Principal Upanishads'', Oxford University Press, pp. 185-186 The debaters summarize their discussion as,

Max Muller notes the term "space" above, was later asserted in the Vedanta Sutra verse 1.1.22 to be a symbolism for the Vedic concept of Brahman. Paul Deussen explains the term ''Brahman'' means the "creative principle which lies realized in the whole world".

A ridicule and satire on egotistic nature of priests

The tenth through twelfth volumes of the first "Prapathaka" of ''Chandogya Upanishad'' describe a legend about priests and it criticizes how they go about reciting verses and singing hymns without any idea what they mean or the divine principle they signify.Paul Deussen, ''Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1'', Motilal Banarsidass; , pp. 80-84 The 12th volume in particular ridicules the egotistical aims of priests through a satire, that is often referred to as "the Udgitha of the dogs".Robert Hume
"Chandogya Upanishad
1.12.1 - 1.12.5", ''The Thirteen Principal Upanishads'', Oxford University Press, pp. 188-189

The verses 1.12.1 through 1.12.5 describe a convoy of dogs who appear before ''Vaka Dalbhya'' (literally, sage who murmurs and hums), who was busy in a quiet place repeating Veda. The dogs ask, "Sir, sing and get us food, we are hungry". The Vedic reciter watches in silence, then the head dog says to other dogs, "come back tomorrow". Next day, the dogs come back, each dog holding the tail of the preceding dog in his mouth, just like priests do holding the gown of preceding priest when they walk in procession. After the dogs settled down, they together began to say, "Him" and then sang, "Om, let us eat! Om, let us drink! Lord of food, bring hither food, bring it!, Om!"

Such satire is not unusual in Indian literature and scriptures, and similar emphasis for understanding over superficial recitations is found in other ancient texts, such as chapter 7.103 of the Rig Veda.

John Oman, in his review of the satire in section 1.12 of the ''Chandogya Upanishad'', states, "More than once we have the statement that ritual doings only provide merit in the other world for a time, whereas the right knowledge rids of all questions of merit and secures enduring bliss".John Oman (2014), ''The Natural and the Supernatural'', Cambridge University Press; , pp. 490-491

Structure of language and cosmic correspondences

The 13th volume of the first chapter lists mystical meanings in the structure and sounds of a chant. The text asserts that ''hāu'', ''hāi'', ''ī'', ''atha'', ''iha'', ''ū'', ''e'', ''hiṅ'' among others correspond to empirical and divine world, such as Moon, wind, Sun, oneself, Agni, Prajapati, and so on. The thirteen syllables listed are "Stobhaksharas", sounds used in musical recitation of hymns, chants and songs.Max Muller
"Chandogya Upanishad 1.13.1 - 1.13.4"
''The Upanishads, Part I'', Oxford University Press, p. 22 This volume is one of many sections that does not fit with the preceding text or text that follows.

The fourth verse of the 13th volume uses the word ''Upanishad'', which Max Muller translates as "secret doctrine", and Patrick Olivelle translates as "hidden connections".Patrick Olivelle (2014), ''The Early Upanishads'', Oxford University Press; , p. 185

Second Prapāṭhaka

The significance of chant

The first volume of the second chapter states that the reverence for entire ''Sāman'' (साम्न, chant) is ''sādhu'' (साधु, good), for three reasons. These reasons invoke three different contextual meanings of ''Saman'', namely abundance of goodness or valuable (सामन), friendliness or respect (सम्मान), property goods or wealth (सामन्, also समान).Robert Hume
"Chandogya Upanishad
2.1.1 - 2.1.4", ''The Thirteen Principal Upanishads'', Oxford University Press, p. 190 The ''Chandogya Upanishad'' states that the reverse is true too, that people call it ''a-sāman'' when there is deficiency or worthlessness (ethics), unkindness or disrespect (human relationships), and lack of wealth (means of life, prosperity).

Everything in Universe chants

Volumes 2 through 7 of the second Prapathaka present analogies between various elements of the Universe and elements of a chant.Robert Hume
"Chandogya Upanishad
2.2.1 - 2.7.2", ''The Thirteen Principal Upanishads'', Oxford University Press, pp. 191–193 The latter include ''Hinkāra'' (हिङ्कार, preliminary vocalizing), ''Prastāva'' (प्रस्ताव, propose, prelude, introduction), ''Udgītha'' (उद्गीत, sing, chant), ''Pratihāra'' (प्रतिहार, response, closing) and ''Nidhana'' (निधन, finale, conclusion). The sets of mapped analogies present interrelationships and include cosmic bodies, natural phenomena, hydrology, seasons, living creatures and human physiology. For example, chapter 2.3 of the Upanishad states,

The eighth volume of the second chapter expands the five-fold chant structure to seven-fold chant structure, wherein ''Ādi'' and ''Upadrava'' are the new elements of the chant. The day and daily life of a human being is mapped to the seven-fold structure in volumes 2.9 and 2.10 of the Upanishad.

Thereafter, the text returns to five-fold chant structure in volumes 2.11 through 2.21, with the new sections explaining the chant as the natural template for cosmic phenomena, psychological behavior, human copulation, human body structure, domestic animals, divinities and others.Max Muller
"Chandogya Upanishad 2.11.1 - 2.22.5"
''The Upanishads, Part I'', Oxford University Press, pp. 28-34 The metaphorical theme in this volume of verses, asserts Paul Deussen, is that the Universe is an embodiment of Brahman, that the "chant" (Saman) is interwoven into this entire Universe and every phenomenon is a fractal manifestation of the ultimate reality.Paul Deussen, ''Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1'', Motilal Banarsidass; , pp. 91-96 The 22nd volume of the second chapter discusses the structure of vowels (''svara''), consonants (''sparsa'') and sibilants (''ushman'').

The nature of Dharma and Ashramas (stages) theory

The ''Chandogya Upanishad'' in volume 23 of chapter 2 provides one of the earliest expositions on the broad, complex meaning of Vedic concept ''dharma''. It includes as dharma – ethical duties such as charity to those in distress (Dāna, दान), personal duties such as education and self study (svādhyāya, स्वाध्याय, brahmacharya, ब्रह्मचर्य), social rituals such as yajna (यज्ञ).''Chandogya Upanishad'' with Shankara Bhashya
Ganganath Jha (Translator), pp. 103-116 The Upanishad describes the three branches of dharma as follows:

This passage has been widely cited by ancient and medieval Sanskrit scholars as the fore-runner to the '' asrama'' or age-based stages of dharmic life in Hinduism.Patrick Olivelle (1993), ''The Āśrama System: The History and Hermeneutics of a Religious Institution'', Oxford University Press; , pp. 1-30, 84-111 The four ''asramas'' are: Brahmacharya (student), Grihastha (householder), Vanaprastha (retired) and Sannyasa (renunciation).RK Sharma (1999), Indian Society, Institutions and Change, , page 28 Olivelle disagrees however, and states that even the explicit use of the term ''asrama'' or the mention of the "three branches of dharma" in section 2.23 of ''Chandogya Upanishad'' does not necessarily indicate that the ''asrama'' system was meant.

Paul Deussen notes that the ''Chandogya Upanishad'', in the above verse, is not presenting these stages as sequential, but rather as equal. Only three stages are explicitly described, Grihastha first, Vanaprastha second and then Brahmacharya third. Yet the verse also mentions the person in ''Brahmasamstha'' – a mention that has been a major topic of debate in the Vedanta sub-schools of Hinduism.

The Advaita Vedanta scholars state that this implicitly mentions the Sannyasa, whose goal is to get "knowledge, realization and thus firmly grounded in Brahman". Other scholars point to the structure of the verse and its explicit "three branches" declaration. In other words, the fourth state of ''Brahmasamstha'' among men must have been known by the time this Chandogya verse was composed, but it is not certain whether a formal stage of ''Sannyasa'' life existed as a ''dharmic asrama'' at that time. Beyond chronological concerns, the verse has provided a foundation for Vedanta school's emphasis on ethics, education, simple living, social responsibility, and the ultimate goal of life as moksha through Brahman-knowledge.

The discussion of ethics and moral conduct in man's life re-appears in other chapters of ''Chandogya Upanishad'', such as in section 3.17.

Third Prapāṭhaka

Brahman is the sun of all existence, Madhu Vidya

The ''Chandogya Upanishad'' presents the "Madhu Vidya" ("Honey Knowledge" or "Nectar of Knowledge") in first eleven volumes of the third chapter. Sun is praised as source of all light and life, and stated as worthy of meditation in a symbolic representation of Sun as "honey" of all Vedas."Chandogya Upanishad with Shankara Bhashya"
Ganganath Jha (Translator), pp. 122-138 The Brahman is stated in these volume of verses to be the sun of the Universe, and the 'natural sun' is a phenomenal manifestation of the Brahman.Paul Deussen, ''Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1'', Motilal Banarsidass; , pp. 101-106 with preface and footnotes.

The simile of "honey" is extensively developed, with Vedas, the ''Itihasa'' and mythological stories, and the Upanishads are described as flowers. The Rig hymns, the Yajur maxims, the Sama songs, the Atharva verses and deeper, secret doctrines of Upanishads are represented as the vehicles of '' rasa'' (nectar), that is the bees.Robert Hume
"Chandogya Upanishad
3.1.1 - 3.11.1", ''The Thirteen Principal Upanishads'', Oxford University Press, pp. 203-207 The nectar itself is described as "essence of knowledge, strength, vigor, health, renown, splendor".Max Muller
"Chandogya Upanishad 3.1.1 - 3.11.5"
''The Upanishads, Part I'', Oxford University Press, pp. 38-44 with footnotes. The Sun is described as the honeycomb laden with glowing light of honey. The rising and setting of the Sun is likened to man's cyclic state of clarity and confusion, while the spiritual state of knowing Upanishadic insight of Brahman is described by ''Chandogya Upanishad'' as being one with Sun, a state of permanent day of perfect knowledge, the day which knows no night.

Gayatri mantra: symbolism of all that is

Gayatri Mantra is the symbol of the Brahman - the essence of everything, states volume 3.12 of the ''Chandogya Upanishad''.Paul Deussen, ''Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1'', Motilal Banarsidass; , pp. 106-108 with preface Gayatri as speech sings to everything and protects them, asserts the text.

The Ultimate exists within oneself

The first six verses of the thirteenth volume of Chandogya's third chapter state a theory of ''Svarga'' (heaven) as human body, whose doorkeepers are eyes, ears, speech organs, mind and breath. To reach ''Svarga'', asserts the text, understand these doorkeepers. The ''Chandogya Upanishad'' then states that the ultimate heaven and highest world exists within oneself, as follows,

This premise, that the human body is the heaven world, and that Brahman (highest reality) is identical to the Atman (Self) within a human being is at the foundation of Vedanta philosophy.Paul Deussen, ''Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1'', Motilal Banarsidass; , pp. 108-110 with preface The volume 3.13 of verses, goes on to offer proof in verse 3.13.8 that the highest reality is inside man, by stating that body is warm and this warmth must have an underlying hidden principle manifestation of the Brahman. Max Muller states, that while this reasoning may appear weak and incomplete, but it shows that Vedic era human mind had transitioned from "revealed testimony" to "evidence-driven and reasoned knowledge". This Brahman-Atman premise is more consciously and fully developed in section 3.14 of the ''Chandogya Upanishad''.

Individual Self and the infinite Brahman is same, one's Self is God, Sandilya Vidya

The Upanishad presents the Śāṇḍilya doctrine in volume 14 of chapter 3.Robert Hume
"Chandogya Upanishad
3.14.1-3.14.4", ''The Thirteen Principal Upanishads'', Oxford University Press, pp. 209-210 This, states Paul Deussen,Paul Deussen, ''Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1'', Motilal Banarsidass; , pp. 110-111 with preface and footnotes is with Satapatha Brahmana 10.6.3, perhaps the oldest passage in which the basic premises of the Vedanta philosophy are fully expressed, namely – Atman (Self inside man) exists, the Brahman is identical with Atman, God is inside man. The ''Chandogya Upanishad'' makes a series of statements in section 3.14 that have been frequently cited by later schools of Hinduism and modern studies on Indian philosophies."Chandogya Upanishad with Shankara Bhashya"
Ganganath Jha (Translator), pp. 150-157 These are,

The teachings in this section re-appear centuries later in the words of the 3rd century CE Neoplatonic Roman philosopher Plotinus in "Enneads 5.1.2".

The Universe is an imperishable treasure chest

The Universe, states the ''Chandogya Upanishad'' in section 3.15, is a treasure-chest and the refuge for man.Robert Hume
"Chandogya Upanishad
3.15.1-3.15.7", ''The Thirteen Principal Upanishads'', Oxford University Press, pp. 210-211 This chest is where all wealth and everything rests states verse 3.15.1, and it is imperishable states verse 3.15.3.Max Muller
"Chandogya Upanishad 3.15"
''The Upanishads, Part I'', Oxford University Press, p. 49 with footnotes. The best refuge for man is this Universe and the Vedas, assert verses 3.15.4 through 3.15.7. This section incorporates a benediction for the birth of a son.

Life is a festival, ethics is one's donation to it

The section 3.17 of ''Chandogya Upanishad'' describes life as a celebration of a Soma-festival, whose ''dakshina'' (gifts, payment) is moral conduct and ethical precepts that includes non-violence, truthfulness, non-hypocrisy and charity unto others, as well as simple introspective life.Paul Deussen, ''Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1'', Motilal Banarsidass; , pp. 114-115 with preface and footnotes. This is one of the earliest statement of the Ahimsa principle as an ethical code of life, that later evolved to become the highest virtue in Hinduism.

The metaphor of man's life as a Soma-festival is described through steps of a yajna (fire ritual ceremony) in section 3.17. The struggles of an individual, such as hunger, thirst and events that make him unhappy, states the Upanishad, is Diksha (preparation, effort or consecration for the ceremony/festival). The prosperity of an individual, such as eating, drinking and experiencing the delights of life is ''Upasada'' (days during the ceremony/festival when some foods and certain foods are consumed as a community). When an individual lives a life of laughs, feasts and enjoys sexual intercourse, his life is akin to becoming one with ''Stuta'' and ''Sastra'' hymns of a Soma-festival (hymns that are recited and set to music), states verse 3.17.3 of the text."Chandogya Upanishad with Shankara Bhashya"
Ganganath Jha (Translator), pp. 164-166 Death is like ablution after the ceremony.

The volumes 3.16 and 3.17 of the ''Chandogya Upanishad'' are notable for two additional assertions. One, in verse 3.16.7, the normal age of man is stated to be 116 years, split into three stages of 24, 44 and 48 year each. These verses suggest a developed state of mathematical sciences and addition by about 800-600 BCE. Secondly, verse 3.17.6 mentions ''Krishna Devakiputra'' (Sanskrit: कृष्णाय देवकीपुत्रा) as a student of sage Ghora Angirasa. This mention of "Krishna as the son of Devaki", has been studied by scholars as potential source of fables and Vedic lore about the major deity Krishna in the Mahabharata and other ancient literature. Scholars have also questionedMax Muller
"Chandogya Upanishad 3.16-3.17"
''The Upanishads, Part I'', Oxford University Press, pp. 50-53 with footnotes. whether this part of the verse is an interpolation, or just a different Krishna Devikaputra than deity Krishna, because the much later age ''Sandilya Bhakti Sutras'', a treatise on Krishna, cites later age compilations such as Narayana Upanishad and Atharvasiras 6.9, but never cites this verse of ''Chandogya Upanishad''. Others state that the coincidence that both names, of Krishna and Devika, in the same verse cannot be dismissed easily and this Krishna may be the same as one found later, such as in the Bhagavad Gita.

The verse 3.17.6 states that Krishna Devikaputra after learning the theory of life is a Soma-festival, learnt the following Vedic hymn of refuge for an individual on his death bed,

Fourth Prapāṭhaka

Samvargavidya

The fourth chapter of the ''Chandogya Upanishad'' opens with the story of king ''Janasruti'' and "the man with the cart" named Raikva. The moral of the story is called, ''Samvarga'' (Sanskrit: संवर्ग, devouring, gathering, absorbing) ''Vidya'', summarized in volume 4.3 of the text.Paul Deussen, ''Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1'', Motilal Banarsidass; , pp. 118-122 with preface and footnotes. Air, asserts the Upanishad, is the "devourer unto itself" of divinities because it absorbs fire, n at sunset, on when it sets, water when it dries up.Robert Hume
"Chandogya Upanishad
4.1 - 4.3", ''The Thirteen Principal Upanishads'', Oxford University Press, pp. 215-217 In reference to man, ''Prana'' (vital breath, life-principle) is the "devourer unto itself" because when one sleeps, ''Prana'' absorbs all deities inside man such as eyes, ears and mind.Max Muller
"Chandogya Upanishad 4.1 - 4.3"
''The Upanishads, Part I'', Oxford University Press, pp. 55-59 with footnotes. The ''Samvarga Vidya'' in Chandogya is found elsewhere in Vedic canon of texts, such as chapter 10.3.3 of ''Shatapatha Brahmana'' and sections 2.12 - 2.13 of '' Kaushitaki Upanishad''. Paul Deussen states that the underlying message of ''Samvarga Vidya'' is that the cosmic phenomenon and the individual physiology are mirrors, and therefore man should know himself as identical with all cosmos and all beings.

The story is notable for its characters, charity practices, and its mention and its definitions of ''Brāhmaṇa'' and ''Ṡūdra''. King ''Janasruti'' is described as pious, extremely charitable, feeder of many destitutes, who built rest houses to serve the people in his kingdom, but one who lacked the knowledge of Brahman-Atman. '' Raikva'', is mentioned as "the man with the cart", very poor and of miserable plight (with sores on his skin), but he has the Brahman-Atman knowledge that is, "his self is identical with all beings". The rich generous king is referred to as ''Ṡūdra'', while the poor working man with the cart is called ''Brāhmaṇa'' (one who knows the Brahman knowledge). The story thus declares knowledge as superior to wealth and power. The story also declares the king as a seeker of knowledge, and eager to learn from the poorest. Paul Deussen notes that this story in the Upanishad, is strange and out of place with its riddles.

Satyakama's education

The Upanishad presents another symbolic conversational story of Satyakama, the son of Jabala, in volumes 4.4 through 4.9.Robert Hume
"Chandogya Upanishad
4.4 - 4.9", ''The Thirteen Principal Upanishads'', Oxford University Press, pp. 218-221 Satyakama's mother reveals to the boy, in the passages of the Upanishad, that she went about in many places in her youth, and he is of uncertain parentage.Paul Deussen, ''Sixty Upanishads of the Veda'', Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass; , pp. 122-126 with preface and footnotes The boy, eager for knowledge, goes to the sage Haridrumata Gautama, requesting the sage's permission to live in his school for Brahmacharya. The teacher asks, "my dear child, what family do you come from?" Satyakama replies that he is of uncertain parentage because his mother does not know who the father is. The sage declares that the boy's honesty is the mark of a "Brāhmaṇa, true seeker of the knowledge of the Brahman".Max Muller
"Chandogya Upanishad 4.4 - 4.9"
''The Upanishads, Part I'', Oxford University Press, pp. 60-64 with footnotes. The sage accepts him as a student in his school."Chandogya Upanishad with Shankara Bhashya"
Ganganath Jha (Translator), pp. 189-198

The sage sends Satyakama to tend four hundred cows, and come back when they multiply into a thousand. The symbolic legend then presents conversation of Satyakama with a bull, a fire, a swan (''Hamsa'', हंस) and a diver bird (''Madgu'', मद्गु), which respectively are symbolism for ''Vayu'', ''Agni'', '' Āditya'' and '' Prāṇa''. Satyakama then learns from these creatures that forms of Brahman is in all cardinal directions (north, south, east, west), world-bodies (earth, atmosphere, sky and ocean), sources of light (fire, Sun, Moon, lightning), and in man (breath, eye, ear and mind). Satyakama returns to his teacher with a thousand cows, and humbly learns the rest of the nature of Brahman.

The story is notable for declaring that the mark of a student of Brahman is not parentage, but honesty. The story is also notable for the repeated use of the word Bhagavan to mean teacher during the Vedic era.

Penance is unnecessary, Brahman as life bliss joy and love, the story of Upakosala

The volumes 4.10 through 4.15 of ''Chandogya Upanishad'' present the third conversational story through a student named 'Upakosala'. The boy Satyakama Jabala described in volumes 4.4 through 4.9 of the text, is declared to be the grown up ''Guru'' (teacher) with whom Upakosala has been studying for twelve years in his ''Brahmacharya''.Robert Hume
"Chandogya Upanishad
4.10 - 4.15", ''The Thirteen Principal Upanishads'', Oxford University Press, pp. 221-224

Upakosala has a conversation with sacrificial fires, which inform him that Brahman is life, Brahman is joy and bliss, Brahman is infinity, and the means to Brahman is not through depressing, hard penance.Paul Deussen, ''Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1'', Motilal Banarsidass; , pp. 126-129 with preface and footnotes. The fires then enumerate the manifestations of Brahman to be everywhere in the empirically perceived world.Max Muller
"Chandogya Upanishad 4.10 - 4.15"
''The Upanishads, Part I'', Oxford University Press, pp. 64-68 with footnotes. Satyakama joins Upakosala's education and explains, in volume 4.15 of the text,"Chandogya Upanishad with Shankara Bhashya"
Ganganath Jha (Translator), pp. 198-212

The Upanishad asserts in verses 4.15.2 and 4.15.3 that the Atman is the "stronghold of love", the leader of love, and that it assembles and unites all that inspires love. Those who find and realize the Atman, find and realize the Brahman, states the text.

Fifth Prapāṭhaka

The noblest and the best

The fifth chapter of the Chandogya Upanishad opens with the declaration,Robert Hume
Chandogya Upanishad
5.1 - 5.15, The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pages 226-228

The first volume of the fifth chapter of the text tells a fable and prefaces each character with the following maxims,

The fable, found in many other principal Upanishads, describes a rivalry between eyes, ears, speech, mind. They all individually claim to be "most excellent, most stable, most successful, most homely". They ask their father, Prajapati, as who is the noblest and best among them. Prajapati states, "he by whose departure, the body is worst off, is the one".Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, , pages 134-136 Each rivaling organ leaves for a year, and the body suffers but is not worse off. Then, ''Prana'' (breath, life-principle) prepares to leave, and all of them insist that he stay. ''Prana'', they acknowledge, empowers them all.

The section 5.2 is notable for its mention in a ritual the use of ''kañsa'' (goblet-like musical instrument) and ''chamasa'' (spoon shaped object).

The five fires and two paths theory

Volumes 5.3 through 5.10 of ''Chandogya Upanishad'' present the "Pancagnividya", or the doctrine of "five fires and two paths in after-life".David Knipe (1972)
"One Fire, Three Fires, Five Fires: Vedic Symbols in Transition"
''History of Religions, Vol. 12, No. 1'' (August 1972), pp. 28-41 These sections are nearly identical to those found in section 14.9.1 of ''Sathapatha Brahmana'', in section 6.2 of ''Brihadaranyaka Upanishad'', and in chapter 1 of ''Kaushitaki Upanishad''.Paul Deussen, ''Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1'', Motilal Banarsidass; , pp. 138-146 with prefaceDominic Goodall (1996), ''Hindu Scriptures'', University of California Press; , pp. 124-128 Paul Deussen states that the presence of this doctrine in multiple ancient texts suggests that the idea is older than these texts, established and was important concept in the cultural fabric of the ancient times. There are differences between the versions of manuscript and across the ancient texts, particularly relating to reincarnation in different caste based on "satisfactory conduct" and "stinking conduct" in previous life, which Deussen posits may be a supplement inserted only into the ''Chandogya Upanishad'' later on.

The two paths of after-life, states the text, are ''Devayana'' – the path of the ''Devas'' (gods), and ''Pitryana'' – the path of the fathers.Max Muller
"Chandogya Upanishad 5.1"
''The Upanishads, Part I'', Oxford University Press, pp. 76-84 with footnotes. The path of the fathers, in after-life, is for those who live a life of rituals, sacrifices, social service and charity – these enter heaven, but stay there in proportion to their merit in their just completed life, then they return to Earth to be born as rice, herbs, trees, sesame, beans, animals or human beings depending on their conduct in past life.Robert Hume
"Chandogya Upanishad
5.3-5.10", ''The Thirteen Principal Upanishads'', Oxford University Press, pp. 230-234 The path of the ''Devas'', in after-life, is for those who live a life of knowledge or those who enter the forest life of Vanaprastha and pursue knowledge, faith and truthfulness – these do not return, and in their after-life join unto the Brahman.

All existence is a cycle of fire, asserts the text, and the five fires are: the cosmos as altar where the fuel is Sun from which rises the Moon, the cloud as altar where the fuel is air from which rises the rain, the Earth as altar where the fuel is time (year) from which rises the food (crops), the man as altar where the fuel is speech from which rises the semen, and the woman as altar where the fuel is sexual organ from which rises the fetus. The baby is born in the tenth month, lives a life, and when deceased, they carry him and return him to the fire because fire is where he arose, whence he came out of.

The verse 5.10.8 of ''Chandogya Upanishad'' is notable for two assertions. One, it adds a third way for tiny living creatures (flies, insects, worms) that neither take the ''Devayana'' nor the ''Pitryana'' path after their death. Second, the text asserts that the rebirth is the reason why the yonder-world never becomes full (world where living creatures in their after-life stay temporarily). These assertions suggest an attempt to address rationalization, curiosities and challenges to the reincarnation theory.

Who is our Atman (Self), what is the Brahman

The ''Chandogya Upanishad'' opens volume 5.11 with five adults seeking knowledge. The adults are described as five great householders and great theologians who once came together and held a discussion as to what is our Self, and what is Brahman?Paul Deussen, ''Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1'', Motilal Banarsidass; , pp. 146-155 with preface.

The five householders approach a sage named ''Uddalaka Aruni'', who admits his knowledge is deficient, and suggests that they all go to king ''Asvapati Kaikeya'', who knows about Atman Vaishvanara. When the knowledge seekers arrive, the king pays his due respect to them, gives them gifts, but the five ask him about ''Vaisvanara Self''.

The answer that follows is referred to as the "doctrine of Atman Vaishvanara", where ''Vaisvanara'' literally means "One in the Many". The entire doctrine is also found in other ancient Indian texts such as the ''Satapatha Brahmana'' (section 10.6.1). The common essence of the theory, as found in various ancient Indian texts, is that "the inner fire, the Self, is universal and common in all men, whether they are friends or foe, good or bad". The Chandogya narrative is notable for stating the idea of unity of the Universe, of realization of this unity within man, and that there is unity and oneness in all beings. This idea of universal oneness of all Selfs, seeing others as oneself, seeing Brahman as Atman and Atman as Brahman, became a foundational premise for Vedanta theologians."Chandogya Upanishad with Shankara Bhashya"
Ganganath Jha (Translator), pp. 273-285

Sixth Prapāṭhaka

Atman exists, Svetaketu's education on the key to all knowledge - Tat Tvam Asi

According to Deutsch and Dalvi, "the entire sixth chapter is no doubt the most influential of the entire corpus of the Upanishads." It contains the famous dictum "Tat Tvam Asi," traditionally interpreted as "That Thou Art," and as such the most influential of the Upanishadic statements, though the correct translation is "That's how you are."

The statement is repeated nine times at the end of sections 6.8 through 6.16 of the Upanishad,

The traditional translation is "That you are":
* "This iverse consists of what that finest essence is, it is the real, it is the Self, ''that thou art'', O Śvetaketu!"
* "That which is the finest essence – this whole world has that as its Self. That is Reality. That is Atman (Self). ''That art thou'', Śvetaketu."Robert Hume
"Chandogya Upanishad
5.1", ''The Thirteen Principal Upanishads'', Oxford University Press, pp. 240-250

Yet, according to Brereton, followed by Olivelle and Doniger, the correct translation is "That's how you are":
* "That which is this finest essence, that the whole world has as its self. That is the truth. That is the self. ''In that way are you'', Śvetaketu."Joel Brereton (1986), ''Tat Tvam Asi in Context, Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenlandischen Gesellschaft, Vol, 136'', pp. 98-109
* "The finest essence he existenthere — that constitutes the self of this whole world; that is the truth; that is the self (atman). ''And that's how you are'', Śvetaketu."

The ''Tat Tvam Asi'' dictum emerges in a tutorial conversation between a father and son, Uddalaka Aruni and 24-year-old Śvetaketu Aruneya respectively, after the father sends his boy to study the Vedas, saying "take up the celibate life of a student, for there is no one in our family, my son, who has not studied ad is the kind of Brahmin who is so only because of birth." The son returns after studying the Vedas for twelve years, "swell-headed ndarrogant." The father inquires if Śvetaketu has asked about that by which "we perceive what cannot be perceived, we know what cannot be known"? Śvetaketu admits he hasn't, and asks what that is. His father, through 16 volumes of verses of ''Chandogya Upanishad'', explains.

Uddalaka states in volume 1 of chapter 6 of the Upanishad, that the essence of clay, gold, copper and iron each can be understood by studying a pure lump of clay, gold, copper and iron respectively.Robert Hume
"Chandogya Upanishad
6.1 - 6.16", ''The Thirteen Principal Upanishads'', Oxford University Press, pp. 240-240 The various objects produced from these materials do not change the essence, they change the form. Thus, to understand something, studying the essence of one is the path to understanding the numerous manifested forms.Paul Deussen, ''Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1'', Motilal Banarsidass;, pp. 162-172

In volume 2 Uddalaka, rejects the idea that the world was born from the non-existent 'a-sat'' asserting that "in the beginning this world was simply what is existent 'sat'' one only, without a second." The existent thought "let me become many," emitting heat. From the heat emitted water, which in turn emitted food.

In the verses of volume 3, Uddalaka asserts that life emerges through three routes: an egg, direct birth of a living being, and as life sprouting from seeds. The ''Sat'' enters these and gives them individuality, states the Upanishad. Heat, food and water nourish all living beings, regardless of the route they are born. Each of these nourishment has three constituents, asserts the Upanishad in volumes 4 through 7 of the sixth chapter. It calls it the coarse, the medium and the finest essence. These coarse becomes waste, the medium builds the body or finest essence nourishes the mind. Section 6.7 states that the mind depends on the body and proper food, breath depends on hydrating the body, while voice depends on warmth in the body, and that these cannot function without.

In 8.1 to 6, after setting this foundation of premises, in 6.8.1 to 6.8.6, Uddalaka states that heat, food, water, mind, breath and voice have ultimately the existent (''sat'') as their root. This existent is the root of each living being. To say that there is no root, no core is incorrect, because "nothing is without a root cause", assert verses 6.8.3 through 6.8.6 of the Upanishad.

The translations and interpretations diverge on the famous dictum ''tat tvam asi'' in 6.8.7. While ''tat'' is traditionally interpreted as referring to either 'the existent' (''sat'') or 'finest essence' (''animan''), Brereton has argued that this is grammatically incorrect, and that the phrase, as explained by Olivelle, "does not establish the identity between the individual and the ultimate being (''sat'') but rather shows that Svetaketu lives in the same manner as all other creatures, that is, by means of an invisible and subtle essence," which is also the cause of his existence. In the traditional interpretation, 6.8.7 then states that Sat, Existence, Being is this root, it is the essence (''atman''), it is at the core of all living beings. It is True, it is Real, it is the Self (''atman''), and Thou Art That, Śvetaketu.Max Muller
'Chandogya Upanishad 6.1-6.16"
''The Upanishads, Part I'', Oxford University Press, pp. 92-109 with footnotes. In Brereton's interpretation, followed by Olivelle and Doniger, Uddalaka states that "that's how you are," Śvetaketu.

The "Tat Tvam Asi" phrase is a Mahavakya, a statement which leads directly to knowledge of Brahman.

Oneness in the world, the immanent reality and of Man

The ''Chandogya Upanishad'' in volume 6.9, states that all Selfs are interconnected and one. The inmost essence of all beings is same, the whole world is One Truth, One Reality, One Self.

Living beings are like rivers that arise in the mountains, states the Upanishad, some rivers flow to the east and some to the west, yet they end in an ocean, become the ocean itself, and realize they are not different but are same, and thus realize their Oneness. Uddalaka states in volume 6.10 of the Upanishad, that there comes a time when all human beings and all creatures know not, "I am this one, I am that one", but realize that they are One Truth, One Reality, and the whole world is one ''Atman''.

Living beings are like trees, asserts the Upanishad, that bleed when struck and injured, yet the tree lives on with its Self as resplendent as before. It is this ''Atman'', that despite all the suffering inflicted on a person, makes him to stand up again, live and rejoice at life. Body dies, life doesn't."Chandogya Upanishad with Shankara Bhashya"
Ganganath Jha (Translator), pp. 342-356

The Self and the body are like salt and water, states the Upanishad in volume 6.13. Salt dissolves in water, it is everywhere in the water, it cannot be seen, yet it is there and exists forever no matter what one does to the water. The ''Sat'' is forever, and this ''Sat'' is the Self, the essence, it exists, it is true, asserts the text.

Man's journey to self-knowledge and self-realization, states volume 6.14 of ''Chandogya Upanishad'', is like a man who is taken from his home in ''Gandharas'', with his eyes covered, into a forest full of life-threatening dangers and delicious fruits, but no human beings. He lives in confusion, till one day he removes the eye cover. He then finds his way out of the forest, then finds knowledgeable ones for directions to ''Gandharas''.Dominic Goodall (1996), ''Hindu Scriptures'', University of California Press; , pp. 139-141 He receives the directions, and continues his journey on his own, one day arriving home and to happiness. The commentators to this section of ''Chandogya Upanishad'' explain that in this metaphor, the home is ''Sat'' (Truth, Reality, Brahman, Atman), the forest is the empirical world of existence, the "taking away from his home" is symbolism for man's impulsive living and his good and evil deeds in the empirical world, eye cover represent his impulsive desires, removal of eye cover and attempt to get out of the forest represent the seekings about meaning of life and introspective turn to within, the knowledgeable ones giving directions is symbolism for spiritual teachers and guides.

Seventh Prapāṭhaka

From knowledge of the outer world to the knowledge of the inner world

The seventh chapter of the ''Chandogya Upanishad'' opens as a conversation between Sanatkumara and Narada.Paul Deussen, ''Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1'', Motilal Banarsidass; , pp. 176-189 The latter asks, "teach me, Sir, the knowledge of Self, because I hear that anyone who knows the Self, is beyond suffering and sorrow".Robert Hume
"Chandogya Upanishad
7.1 - 7.16", ''The Thirteen Principal Upanishads'', Oxford University Press, pp. 250-262

Sanatkumara first inquires from Narada what he already has learned so far. Narada says, he knows the Rig Veda, the Sama Veda, the Yajur Veda, the Atharva Veda, the epics and the history, the myths and the ancient stories, all rituals, grammar, etymology, astronomy, time keeping, mathematics, politics and ethics, warfare, principles of reasoning, divine lore, prayer lore, snake charming, ghosts lore and fine arts.Max Muller
"Chandogya Upanishad 7.1-7.16"
''The Upanishads, Part I'', Oxford University Press, pp. 109-125 with footnotes. Narada admits to Sanatkumara that none of these have led him to Self-knowledge, and he wants to know about Self and Self-knowledge.Dominic Goodall (1996), ''Hindu Scriptures'', University of California Press; , pp. 141-151

Sanatkumara states that Narada, with the worldly knowledge, has so far focussed on name. Adore and revere the worldly knowledge asserts Sanatkumara in section 7.1 of the Upanishad, but meditate on all that knowledge as the name, as Brahman.Paul Deussen, ''Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1'', Motilal Banarsidass; , pp. 172-176 Narada asks Sanatkumara to explain, and asks what is better than the worldly knowledge. In volumes 2 through 26 of the seventh chapter, the Upanishad presents, in the words of Sanatkumara, a hierarchy of progressive meditation, from outer worldly knowledge to inner worldly knowledge, from finite current knowledge to infinite Atman knowledge, as a step-wise journey to Self and infinite bliss. This hierarchy, as per Paul Deussen, is strange, convoluted possibly to incorporate divergent prevailing ideas in the ancient times. Yet in its full presentation, Deussen remarks, "it is magnificent, excellent in construction, and commands an elevated view of man's deepest nature".

Narada's education on progressive meditation

In its exposition of progressive meditation for Self-knowledge, the ''Chandogya Upanishad'' starts by referring to the outer worldly knowledges as name.

Deeper than this name, is speech asserts verse 7.2.1, because speech is what communicates all outer worldly knowledge as well as what is right and what is wrong, what is true and what is false, what is good and what is bad, what is pleasant and what is unpleasant. Without speech, men can't share this knowledge, and one must adore and revere speech as manifestation of Brahman.

More elevated than Speech, asserts section 7.3 of the Upanishad, is ''Manas'' (मनस्, mind) because Mind holds both Speech and Name (outer worldly knowledges). One must adore and revere Mind as Brahman. Deeper than Mind, asserts section 7.4 of the Upanishad, is ''Sankalpa'' (सङ्कल्प, will, conviction, intention) because when a man Wills he applies his Mind, when man applies his Mind he engages Speech and Name. One must adore and revere Will as manifestation of Brahman. Higher than Will, states section 7.5 of the Upanishad, is '' Chitta'' (चित्त, thought, consciousness) because when a man Thinks he forms his Will. One must adore and revere Thought as manifestation of Brahman. Greater than Thought, asserts section 7.6 of the Upanishad, is '' Dhyanam'' (ध्यान, meditation, reflection, contemplation) because when a man Meditates he Thinks. One must adore and revere Meditation as the manifestation of Brahman. Deeper than Meditation, states section 7.7 of the Upanishad, is '' Vijñana'' (विज्ञान, knowledge, understanding, discernment) because when a man Understands he continues Meditating. One must adore and revere Understanding as the Brahman.

Thereafter, for a few steps, the Upanishad asserts a hierarchy of progressive meditation that is unusual and different from the broader teachings of the Upanishads. The text states in section 7.8, that higher than Understanding is ''Bala'' (बल, strength, vigor) because a Strong man physically prevails over the men with Understanding. "By strength does the world stand", states verse 7.8.1 of ''Chandogya Upanishad''. One must adore and revere Strength as the manifestation of Brahman. Higher than Strength, states section 7.9 of the Upanishad, is ''Anna'' (अन्नं, food, nourishment) because with proper Food, man becomes Strong. One must adore and revere Food as manifestation of Brahman. Greater than Food, states section 7.10 of the Upanishad, is ''Āpah'' (आप, water) because without Water one cannot grow Food, famines strike and living creatures perish. One must adore and revere Water as the Brahman. Higher than Water, asserts section 7.11 of the Upanishad, is ''Tejas'' (तेजस्, heat, fire) because it is Heat combined with Wind and Atmosphere that bring Rain Water. One must adore and revere Heat as the manifestation of Brahman. Higher than Heat, states section 7.12 of the Upanishad, is '' Ākāsa'' (आकाश, space, ether) because it is Space where the Sun, Moon, stars and Heat reside. One must adore and revere the Space as the Brahman.

The Upanishad thereafter makes an abrupt transition back to inner world of man. The text states in section 7.13, that deeper than Space is ''Smara'' (स्मरो, memory) because without Memory iverse to man would be as if it did not exist. One must adore and revere Memory as the manifestation of Brahman, states the text. Deeper than Memory is ''Asha'' (आशा, hope), states section 7.14 of the Upanishad, because kindled by Hope the Memory learns and man acts. One must adore and revere Hope as the Brahman. Still deeper than Hope is ''Prāna'' (प्राणो, vital breath, life-principle), because life-principle is the hub of all that defines a man, and not his body. That is why, asserts the text, people cremate a dead body and respect a living person with the same body. The one who knows life-principle, states the Upanishad, becomes ''Ativadin'' (speaker with inner confidence, speaker of excellence).

From Ativadin to self-knowledge

The ''Chandogya Upanishad'', in sections 7.16 through 7.26 presents a series of connected statements relayed from Sage Sanatkumara to Narada, as followsMax Muller
"Chandogya Upanishad 7.16-7.26"
''The Upanishads, Part I'', Oxford University Press, pp. 120-125 with footnotes. (a paraphrase below)

To one who sees, perceives and understands Self as Truth, asserts the Upanishad in section 7.26, the life-principle springs from the Self, hope springs from the Self, memory springs from the Self, as does mind, thought, understanding, reflection, conviction, speech, and all outer worldly knowledges.Dominic Goodall (1996), ''Hindu Scriptures'', University of California Press; , pp. 149-152Max Muller
"Chandogya Upanishad 7.25-7.26"
''The Upanishads, Part I'', Oxford University Press, pp. 124-125 with footnotes."Chandogya Upanishads"
S Radhakrishnan (Translator), pp. 488-489

Eighth Prapāṭhaka

The nature of knowledge and Atman (Self)

The eighth chapter
of the ''Chandogya Upanishad'' opens by declaring the body one is born with as the "city of Brahman", and in it is a palace that is special because the entire Universe is contained within it. Whatever has been, whatever will be, whatever is, and whatever is not, is all inside that palace asserts the text, and the resident of the palace is the Brahman, as Atman – the Self, the Self.Dominic Goodall (1996), ''Hindu Scriptures'', University of California Press; , pp. 152-153 Those who do not discover that Self within themselves are unfree, states the text, those who do discover that Self-knowledge gain the ultimate freedom in all the worlds.Max Muller
"Chandogya Upanishad 8.1"
''The Upanishads, Part I'', Oxford University Press, pp. 125-127 with footnotes. The Upanishad describes the potential of self-knowledge with the parable of hidden treasure, as follows,

Man has many desires of food and drink and song and music and friends and objects, and fulfillment of those desires make him happy states the ''Chandogya Upanishad'' in sections 8.2 and 8.3; but those desires are fleeting, and so is the happiness that their fulfillment provides because both are superficial and veiled in untruth. Man impulsively becomes a servant of his unfulfilled superficial desires, instead of reflecting on his true desires. Serenity comes from knowing his true desire for Self, realizing the Self inside oneself, asserts the text.Robert Hume
"Chandogya Upanishad
8.1-8.3", ''The Thirteen Principal Upanishads'', Oxford University Press, pp. 262-265

Theosophist Charles Johnston calls this section to be a ''Law of Correspondence'', where the macrocosm of the Universe is presented as microcosm within man, that all that is infinite and divine is within man, that man is the temple and God dwells inside him.Charles Johnston
"Chandogya Upanishad"
Part VIII, ''Theosophical Quarterly'', pp. 142-144

The means to knowledge and Atman

The Upanishad in section 8.5 and 8.6 states that the life of student (''Brahmacharin'', see Brahmacharya) guided by a teacher is the means to knowledge, and the process of meditation and search the means of realizing Atman. The verse 8.5.1 asserts that such life of a student is same as the yajna (fire ritual), the ''istam'' (oblations offered during the fire ritual), the ''sattrayanam'' (community fire ritual festival), the ''maunam'' (ritual of ascetic silence), the ''anasakayanam'' (fasting ritual), and the ''aranyayanam'' (a hermit life of solitude in the forest).Robert Hume
"Chandogya Upanishad
8.5-8.6", ''The Thirteen Principal Upanishads'', Oxford University Press, pp. 266-267 The section thus states all external forms of rituals are equivalently achievable internally when someone becomes a student of sacred knowledge and seeks to know the Brahman-Atman.Paul Deussen, ''Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1'', Motilal Banarsidass; , pp. 190-196 The section is notable for the mention of "hermit's life in the forest" cultural practice, in verse 8.5.3.

The false and true in relation to the Atman

The sections 8.7 through 8.12 of the ''Chandogya Upanishad'' return to the question, "what is true Self, and what is not"?Paul Deussen, ''Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1'', Motilal Banarsidass;, pp. 196-198 The opening passage declares Self as the one that is eternally free of grief, suffering and death; it is happy, serene being that desires, feels and thinks what it ought to."Chandogya Upanishad with Shankara Bhashya"
Ganganath Jha (Translator), pp. 447-484 Thereafter, the text structures its analysis of true and false Atman as four answers. The three Self, which are false Self, asserts the text are the material body,Paul Deussen explains the phrase 'seen in the eye' as, "the seer of seeing, the subject of knowledge, the soul within"; see page 127 preface of Paul Deussen, ''Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1'', Motilal Banarsidass; corporeal self in dreams, individual self in deep sleep, while the fourth is the true Self – the self in beyond deep sleep state that is one with others and the entire Universe.Max Muller
"Chandogya Upanishad 8.7 - 8.12"
''The Upanishads, Part I'', Oxford University Press, pp. 134-142 with footnotes.

This theory is also known as the "four states of consciousness", explained as the awake state, dream-filled sleep state, deep sleep state, and beyond deep sleep state.PT Raju (1985), ''Structural Depths of Indian Thought'', State University New York Press; , pp. 32-33

A paean for the learning, a reverence for the Self

With the knowledge of the Brahman, asserts the text, one goes from darkness to perceiving a spectrum of colors and shakes off evil.Robert Hume,
"Chandogya Upanishad
8.13 - 8.15", ''The Thirteen Principal Upanishads'', Oxford University Press, pp. 273-274 This knowledge of Self is immortal, and the one who knows his own self joins the glory of the Brahman-knowers, the glory of ''Rajas'' (kings) and the glory of the people. The one who knows his Self, continues to study the Vedas and concentrates on his Self, who is harmless towards all living beings, who thus lives all his life, reaches the Brahma-world and does not return, states the ''Chandogya Upanishad'' in its closing chapter.

Influence

According to Max Muller, the ''Chandogya Upanishad'' is notable for its lilting metric structure, its mention of ancient cultural elements such as musical instruments, and embedded philosophical premises that later served as foundation for Vedanta school of Hinduism. According to Deutsch and Dalvi, "the entire sixth chapter is no doubt the most influential of the entire corpus of the Upanishads."

''Chandogya Upanishad'' is one of the most cited texts in later ''Bhasyas'' (reviews and commentaries) by scholars from the diverse schools of Hinduism. Several major "Bhasyas" (reviews, commentaries) on ''Chandogya Upanishad'' have been written by Sanskrit scholars of ancient and medieval India. These include those by Adi Shankaracharya, Madhvacharya, Dramidacharya, Brahmanandi Tankacharya, and Ramanujacharya. Adi Shankaracharya, for example, cited ''Chandogya Upanishad'' 810 times in his ''Vedanta Sutra Bhasya'', more than any other ancient text.

Max Muller has translated, commented and compared ''Chandogya Upanishad'' with ancient texts outside India. For example, the initial chapters of the Upanishad is full of an unusual and fanciful etymology section, but Muller notes that this literary stage and similar etymological fancy is found in scriptures associated with Moses and his people in their Exodus across the Red Sea, as well as in Christian literature related to Saint Augustine of 5th century CE.

Klaus Witz in his review of the ''Chandogya Upanishad'' states, "the opulence of its chapters is difficult to communicate: the most diverse aspects of the iverse, life, mind and experience are developed into inner paths. (...) Chapters VI-VII consist of ''vidyas'' of great depth and profundity".

John Arapura states, "The ''Chandogya Upanishad'' sets forth a profound philosophy of language as chant, in a way that expresses the centrality of the Self and its non-duality".

The philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer admired and often quoted from Chandogya Upanishad, particularly the phrase "Tat tvam asi", which he would render in German as "Dies bist du", and equates in English to “This art thou.”DE Leary (2015), Arthur Schopenhauer and the Origin & Nature of the Crisis, William James Studies, Vol. 11, p. 6 One important teaching of ''Chandogya Upanishad'', according to Schopenhauer is that compassion sees past individuation, comprehending that each individual is merely a manifestation of the one will; you are the world as a whole.D. Cartwright (2008), "Compassion and solidarity with sufferers: The metaphysics of mitleid", ''European Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 16, No. 2'', pp. 292-310 Each and every living creature is understood, in this ''Chandogya Upanishad''-inspired fundamental doctrine of Hinduism, to be a manifestation of the same underlying nature, where there is a deep sense of interconnected oneness in every person and every creature, and that singular nature renders each individual being identical to every other.Christopher Janaway (1999), ''Willing and Nothingness: Schopenhauer as Nietzsche's Educator''; Oxford University Press; , pp. 3-4

See also

* Isha Upanishad
*Katha Upanishad
*Mahāvākyas

Notes

References

Sources

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External links

;Translations

Chandogya Upanishad
Max Muller (Translator), Oxford University Press
Chandogya Upanishad
Robert Hume (Translator), Oxford University Press
Chandogya Upanishad
S Radhakrishnan (Translator), George Allen & Unwin Ltd, London

;Commentaries
Chandogya Upanishad with Shankara Bhashya
Ganganath Jha (Translator), Oriental Book Agency, Poona
Chandogya Upanishad
Multiple translations (Johnston, Nikhilānanda, Swahananda)
Commentary on Chandogya Upanishad
Charles Johnston
The Mandukya, Taittiriya and Chandogya Upanishads
Section 6.3, M Ram Murty (2012), Queen's University

;Recitation

Swami Krishnananda, Divine Life Society
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Resources

Video/Audio classes, Reference texts, Discussions and other Study material on Chandogya Upanishad at Vedanta Hub

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Upanishads