Taxonomy
''Calliphora vicina'' was described by the French entomologist Jean-Baptiste Robineau-Desvoidy in 1830. Its specific epithet is derived from the Latin ''vicinus'' 'neighbouring'. ''Calliphora vicina'' is closely related to ''Description
''Calliphora vicina'' is known as a blue bottle fly because of the metallic blue-gray coloration of its thorax and abdomen. It is distinguished from the commonly known '' C. vomitoria'' by its bright orange cheeks. The blue bottle fly is approximately 10–11 mm in length. The sclerites at the base of the coxa are yellow or orange. By chaetotaxy, the study of bristle arrangement, Calliphorids are characterized by having black bristles on theLifecycle
''Calliphora vicina'' goes through five generations in a year at a threshold temperature of 27˚ C (81˚ F). A female ''C. vicina'' can lay up to 300 eggs, on fresh carrion or on open wounds. The larvae go through three instar stages. The first instar hatches in approximately 24 hours after the eggs are laid. It goes through its second instar in 20 hours and its third instar in 48 hours. Under favorable conditions, the larvae feed for about three to four days. When the larvae complete their development, they disperse to find an adequate place to pupate. The ''C. vicina'' pupa stage last about 11 days. At 27˚ C, ''C. vicina''’s life cycle lasts approximately 18 days. Climatic factors, such as temperature, are known to influence egg-laying and development of instar-larvae. In warmer weather the life cycle can last a little less, and in cooler temperatures the life cycle takes a little longer. Knowing the duration between the three instars and pupa stage and post-feeding larval dispersal can be useful to determine the post mortem interval in a criminal case.Distribution
''Calliphora vicina'' are found throughout the U.S. in urban areas and are most abundant in early spring and fall where the temperatures are around 55-75˚F (13-24˚C). The species predominates in Europe and the New World, but has found its way into other countries via harbors and airports. It was first recorded in South Africa in 1965 when a specimen was collected near Johannesburg, but specimen collections have been few and sporadic since then. It also occurs as an exotic in Australia and New Zealand.Post mortem interval estimation
One of the key characteristics of using blow flies in developing a post mortem interval estimate is the succession of insects that colonize the body. Based on the insects present at the time, a reasonable time frame for death may be established. ''C. vicina'' has its own part in the succession of the corpse. ''Calliphora vicina'' plays a major role in corpse colonization during the winter months, with less of a presence during the warmer months when temperature is less of a constraint. This fly has a lower threshold temperature for flight activity than other blow-flies, allowing for greater prevalence during colder periods. This period of activity must be considered when evaluating the presence or absence of this fly. When using the age of maggots to determine the PMI, the time before arrival is an important factor. The succession of ''C. vicina'' involves the arrival of adults two days after death. Therefore, two days must be added to the maximum age determined for flies found on the body.Behavior
''Calliphora vicina'' play an integral part in post mortem interval determination. Factors such as region, weather temperatures, time of day and conditions under which the body was found all contribute to determining a post mortem interval (PMI). To complete the calculation the entomologist must consider what is commonly known about ''C. vicina'' and integrate it with experimental data gathered from a crime scene. The entomologist must know how the blow-fly behaves specifically in the area where the body was discovered. This involves recording environment temperatures at the crime scene as well as retrieving a history of the climate in the region. ''C. vicina'' in particular is adapted to cooler temperatures, appearing most commonly in winter and less often in the summer months. This puts their flight activity threshold at above 55-60 °F (13-16 °C), a lower temperature than most other blow-flies.Catts P, Haskell N, ''Entomology & Death: A Procedural Guide'', Joyce's Print Shop, Inc., 1990. Knowing the threshold temperature allows the entomologist to calculate accumulated degree days, which in turn helps determine PMI. Some knowledge regarding ''C. vicina'' behavior is well known. Case studies have shown that it is not the first species in arrival, although it does appear one to two days before '' Phaenicia sericata''.Arnaldos MI, García MD, Romera E, Presa JJ, Luna A. ''Estimation of postmortem interval in real cases based on experimentally obtained entomological evidence.'' Forensic Sci Int. 2005 Apr 20;149(1):57-65. Determining PMI is an intricate process because there is still much that we do not know about ''C. vicina'' behavior. For instance, it is a long held belief that the species is not nocturnally active. However, it has recently been shown that ''C. vicina'' is indeed active at night under certain experimental conditions.Gennard D, ''Forensic Entomology: An Introduction'', Wiley, John & Sons, Incorporated, 2007.Future research
As ''Calliphora vicina'' continues to be researched, more information about theReferences
External links
* * {{Taxonbar, from=Q1060187 Calliphoridae Diptera of New Zealand Insects described in 1830 Taxa named by Jean-Baptiste Robineau-Desvoidy