''Calanus hyperboreus'' is a

copepod Copepods (; meaning "oar-feet") are a group of small crustaceans found in nearly every freshwater and saltwater habitat. Some species are planktonic (inhabiting sea waters), some are benthic (living on the ocean floor), a number of species have p ...

found in the Arctic and northern Atlantic. It occurs from the surface to depths of .

Description

The size of ''C. hyperboreus'' varies with its geography; individuals located in more temperate waters usually range from just over in more temperate waters, whereas those in colder areas usually range from . The length of its prosome can vary anywhere from . The antennae are longer or of equal length to the body. This copepod is very clear, and is generally colourless. The gut walls and posterior may be orange to dark red in colour, with a prominent lipid sac that is usually red-orange. The borders between segments have a deep red pigment.

Distribution

''Calanus hyperboreus'' is found in the Arctic, north of the Bering Strait in the Pacific and the

Lofoten Islands Lofoten () is an archipelago and a traditional district in the county of Nordland, Norway. Lofoten has distinctive scenery with dramatic mountains and peaks, open sea and sheltered bays, beaches and untouched lands. There are two towns, Svolvæ ...

in the Atlantic. It occurs as deep as .

Ecology

Reproduction and life-cycle

This copepod spawns between October and March (winter), using lipid-reserves to fuel reproduction (making it a capital breeder). The male is most abundant during the breeding season, found between in depth at this time. The females lay clutches at depths between , usually at intervals of 9 to 10 days, generally containing 51 to 150 eggs. Life spans from one to two years to four to six years have been suggested for ''C. hyperboreus'' based on food availability. After the plankton bloom, the eggs develop into stage II and III copepodites and feed actively near the surface from May to October (summer). They then overwinter, generally at depths from , as stage III copepodites, and grow to stage IV copepodites over the next summer. After overwintering again, they grow to stage V during the next summer, increasing their dry mass by a factor of seven, and expanding their lipid content to be more than 65% of their dry mass. The development into an adult occurs over another winter, after which ''C. hyperboreus'' breeds. In some areas, such as the West Spitsbergen Current, stage V copepodites likely moult (below depths of to males and females before their third-year of overwintering. During this winter, some mature females are found near the surface. This shows a life cycle of three years (in the case of the male, which is not found during the summer) and three to four years (for the female). In other areas, like the Greenland Sea Gyre, development into adults may occur in the second year of development, indicating a likely life cycle of two to three years. Compared to the congeneric '' C. finmarchicus'', ''C. hyperboreus'' has a higher concentration of lipids as a percentage of dry mass. Additionally, its lipid stores have a higher concentration of wax esters than ''C. finmarchicus'' and '' C. glacialis''. ''C. hyperboreus'' also has longer chained fatty alcohols and (albeit to a lesser extent) fatty acids than the two other species. This is likely due to the higher concentration of energy per unit mass of longer chained fatty alcohols and acids. Finally, this species also has higher concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids than either ''C. finmarchicus'' or ''C. glacialis''.

Feeding

This species is a

herbivore A herbivore is an animal anatomically and physiologically adapted to eating plant material, for example foliage or marine algae, for the main component of its diet. As a result of their plant diet, herbivorous animals typically have mouthp ...

and a filter feeder, feeding on

phytoplankton Phytoplankton () are the autotrophic (self-feeding) components of the plankton community and a key part of ocean and freshwater ecosystems. The name comes from the Greek words (), meaning 'plant', and (), meaning 'wanderer' or 'drifter'. P ...

and

protist A protist () is any eukaryotic organism (that is, an organism whose cells contain a cell nucleus) that is not an animal, plant, or fungus. While it is likely that protists share a common ancestor (the last eukaryotic common ancestor), the e ...

s, especially diatoms.

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q6552508 Calanoida Crustaceans of the Atlantic Ocean Fauna of the Arctic Ocean Crustaceans of the Pacific Ocean Crustaceans described in 1838 Taxa named by Henrik Nikolai Krøyer