Bonneville Lock and Dam consists of several

run-of-the-river Run-of-river hydroelectricity (ROR) or run-of-the-river hydroelectricity is a type of hydroelectric generation plant whereby little or no water storage is provided. Run-of-the-river power plants may have no water storage at all or a limited amou ...

dam A dam is a barrier that stops or restricts the flow of surface water or underground streams. Reservoirs created by dams not only suppress floods but also provide water for activities such as irrigation, human consumption, industrial use, a ...

structures that together complete a span of the

Columbia River The Columbia River ( Upper Chinook: ' or '; Sahaptin: ''Nch’i-Wàna'' or ''Nchi wana''; Sinixt dialect'' '') is the largest river in the Pacific Northwest region of North America. The river rises in the Rocky Mountains of British Columbia, ...

between the

U.S. state In the United States, a state is a constituent political entity, of which there are 50. Bound together in a political union, each state holds governmental jurisdiction over a separate and defined geographic territory where it shares its sov ...

s of Oregon and

Washington Washington commonly refers to: * Washington (state), United States * Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States ** A metonym for the federal government of the United States ** Washington metropolitan area, the metropolitan area centered o ...

at River Mile 146.1. The dam is located east of Portland, Oregon, in the

Columbia River Gorge The Columbia River Gorge is a canyon of the Columbia River in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. Up to deep, the canyon stretches for over as the river winds westward through the Cascade Range, forming the boundary between the state ...

. The primary functions of Bonneville Lock and Dam are

electrical power generation Electricity generation is the process of generating electric power from sources of primary energy. For utilities in the electric power industry, it is the stage prior to its delivery (transmission, distribution, etc.) to end users or its storag ...

and river navigation. The dam was built and is managed by the United States Army Corps of Engineers. At the time of its construction in the 1930s it was the largest water impoundment project of its type in the nation, able to withstand flooding on an unprecedented scale. Electrical power generated at Bonneville is distributed by the

Bonneville Power Administration The Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) is an American federal agency operating in the Pacific Northwest. BPA was created by an act of Congress in 1937 to market electric power from the Bonneville Dam located on the Columbia River and to constr ...

. Bonneville Lock and Dam is named for Army Capt.

Benjamin Bonneville Benjamin Louis Eulalie de Bonneville (April 14, 1796 – June 12, 1878) was an American officer in the United States Army, fur trapper, and explorer in the American West. He is noted for his expeditions to the Oregon Country and the Great Basin, a ...

, an early explorer credited with charting much of the Oregon Trail. The Bonneville Dam Historic District was designated a National Historic Landmark District in 1987.

History

In 1896, prior to this damming of the river, the

Cascade Locks and Canal The Cascade Locks and Canal was a navigation project on the Columbia River between the U.S. states of Oregon and Washington, completed in 1896. It allowed the steamboats of the Columbia River to bypass the Cascades Rapids, and thereby opened a p ...

were constructed, allowing ships to pass the

Cascades Rapids The Cascades Rapids (sometimes called Cascade Falls or Cascades of the Columbia) were an area of rapids along North America's Columbia River, between the U.S. states of Washington and Oregon. Through a stretch approximately wide, the river d ...

, located several miles upstream of Bonneville. Prior to the New Deal, development of the

to provide flood control, hydroelectricity, navigation, and irrigation was deemed to be important. In 1929, the

US Army Corps of Engineers , colors = , anniversaries = 16 June (Organization Day) , battles = , battles_label = Wars , website = , commander1 = ...

published the Columbia River 308 Report that recommended ten dams on the river, but no action was taken until the

Franklin D. Roosevelt Franklin Delano Roosevelt (; ; January 30, 1882April 12, 1945), often referred to by his initials FDR, was an American politician and attorney who served as the 32nd president of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. As th ...

administration and the New Deal. During this period, America was in the Great Depression, and the dam's construction provided jobs and other economic benefits to the Pacific Northwest. Inexpensive hydroelectricity gave rise to a strong

aluminum Aluminium (aluminum in American and Canadian English) is a chemical element with the symbol Al and atomic number 13. Aluminium has a density lower than those of other common metals, at approximately one third that of steel. It h ...

industry in the area (which has totally shut down since then). With funding from the

Public Works Administration The Public Works Administration (PWA), part of the New Deal of 1933, was a large-scale public works construction agency in the United States headed by Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes. It was created by the National Industrial Reco ...

in 1934, two of the larger projects were started, the

Grand Coulee Dam Grand Coulee Dam is a concrete gravity dam on the Columbia River in the U.S. state of Washington, built to produce hydroelectric power and provide irrigation water. Constructed between 1933 and 1942, Grand Coulee originally had two powerho ...

and the Bonneville Dam. Working in non-stop eight-hour shifts, 3,000 laborers from the relief or welfare rolls were paid 50 cents an hour for the work on the dam and raising local roads for the reservoir. To create the Bonneville Dam and Lock, the Army Corps of Engineers first built one of the largest scale models in history of the proposed dam, the section of river on which it was to be located, and its various components to aid in the study of the construction. First a new

lock Lock(s) may refer to: Common meanings *Lock and key, a mechanical device used to secure items of importance *Lock (water navigation), a device for boats to transit between different levels of water, as in a canal Arts and entertainment * ''Lock ...

and a powerhouse were constructed on the south (Oregon) side of Bradford Island, and a

spillway A spillway is a structure used to provide the controlled release of water downstream from a dam or levee, typically into the riverbed of the dammed river itself. In the United Kingdom, they may be known as overflow channels. Spillways ensure th ...

on the north (Washington) side.

Cofferdam A cofferdam is an enclosure built within a body of water to allow the enclosed area to be pumped out. This pumping creates a dry working environment so that the work can be carried out safely. Cofferdams are commonly used for construction or re ...

s were built to block half of the river and clear a construction site where the foundation could be reached. These projects, part of the Bonneville Dam, were completed in 1937. Both the cascades and the old lock structure were submerged by the Bonneville Reservoir, also known as Lake Bonneville, the reservoir that formed behind the dam. The original navigation lock at Bonneville opened in 1938 and was, at that time, the highest single-lift lock in the world, with a vertical lift of 60 feet. Although the dam began to produce hydroelectricity in 1937, commercial electricity began its transfer from the dam in 1938. A second powerhouse and dam structure were started in 1974 and completed in 1981. The second powerhouse was built by widening the river channel on the Washington side, creating Cascades Island between the new powerhouse and the original spillway. The combined rated capacity electrical output of the two power houses at Bonneville is now 1.2 gigawatts. Despite its world record size in 1938, Bonneville Lock became the smallest of eight locks, including seven built subsequently at different locations upstream on the Columbia and Snake rivers. Eventually a new lock was needed at Bonneville; this new structure was built on the Oregon shore, opening to ship and barge traffic in 1993. The old lock is still present, but it is no longer used. The largest fish hatchery in Oregon, called Bonneville Fish Hatchery, is located next to Bonneville Dam. It is a tourist destination that is often connected to Bonneville Dam tourism.

Dimensions and statistics

*Owner:

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers , colors = , anniversaries = 16 June (Organization Day) , battles = , battles_label = Wars , website = , commander1 = ...

, Portland District *Location: On

about 40 miles upstream from Portland, Oregon *First Powerhouse – Constructed in 1933–37; Dam long x high forebay; 10 generators with a nominal total output capacity of 526.7 MW; Overload capacity 577 MW. *Spillway – Constructed 1933–37; 18 gates over a length of ; maintains the reservoir (upriver) usually above the river on the downstream side; *Second Powerhouse – Constructed 1974–82; Dam long x high forebay; 8 generators (plus two at fish ladders) with a nominal total generating capacity of 558.2 MW; Overload capacity 612 MW. *Bonneville Lock – Constructed from 1987 to 1993 at a cost of $341 million; wide, long; transit time is approx. 30 minutes. Replaced earlier smaller lock built 1938. *Lake Bonneville – long reservoir on the Columbia River created by Bonneville Dam; part of the Columbia-Snake Inland Waterway. It was declared a

National Historic Landmark A National Historic Landmark (NHL) is a building, district, object, site, or structure that is officially recognized by the United States government for its outstanding historical significance. Only some 2,500 (~3%) of over 90,000 places listed ...

in 1987. and * both powerhouses - output capacity: 1.2 GW

Environmental and social implications

The Bonneville Dam blocked the migration of

white sturgeon White sturgeon (''Acipenser transmontanus'') is a species of sturgeon in the family Acipenseridae of the order Acipenseriformes. They are an anadromous fish species ranging in the Eastern Pacific; from the Gulf of Alaska to Monterey, California. ...

to their upstream spawning areas. Sturgeon still spawn in the area below the dam, and the lower Columbia River supports a healthy sturgeon population. Small, very depressed populations of white sturgeon persist in the various reservoirs upstream. To cope with fish migration problems, the dam features fish ladders to help native salmon and

steelhead Steelhead, or occasionally steelhead trout, is the common name of the anadromous form of the coastal rainbow trout or redband trout (O. m. gairdneri). Steelhead are native to cold-water tributaries of the Pacific basin in Northeast Asia and ...

get past the dam on their journey upstream to spawn. The large concentrations of fish swimming upstream serve as a tourist attraction during the spawning season.

California sea lion The California sea lion (''Zalophus californianus'') is a coastal eared seal native to western North America. It is one of six species of sea lions. Its natural habitat ranges from southeast Alaska to central Mexico, including the Gulf of Califo ...

s are also attracted to the large number of fish, and are often seen around the base of the dam during the spawning season. By 2006, the growing number of sea lions and their impact on the salmon population had become worrisome to the Army Corps of Engineers and environmentalists. Historically,

pinniped Pinnipeds (pronounced ), commonly known as seals, are a widely distributed and diverse clade of carnivorous, fin-footed, semiaquatic, mostly marine mammals. They comprise the extant families Odobenidae (whose only living member is the walr ...

s such as sea lions and seals have hunted salmon in the Columbia River as far as The Dalles and

Celilo Falls Celilo Falls (Wyam, meaning "echo of falling water" or "sound of water upon the rocks," in several native languages) was a tribal fishing area on the Columbia River, just east of the Cascade Mountains, on what is today the border between the U.S ...

, farther upstream from Bonneville, as remarked upon by people such as George Simpson in 1841. online a
Google Books
/ref>

Electricity controversy

Creating electricity was a sensitive issue at the time of the Bonneville Dam's construction, which was funded with federal dollars. The

administration wanted the electricity produced to be a public source of power and prevent energy

monopolies A monopoly (from Greek el, μόνος, mónos, single, alone, label=none and el, πωλεῖν, pōleîn, to sell, label=none), as described by Irving Fisher, is a market with the "absence of competition", creating a situation where a speci ...

. Advocates for private sale of the electricity were opposed to this, and they did not want the government to interfere. In 1937, the Bonneville Project Act was signed by Roosevelt, giving the dam's power over to the public and creating the

(BPA). A rate of $17.50 per kilowatt-year (about 0.2 cents/kWh) was maintained by the BPA for the next 28 years. Power production is the primary function of the Bonneville Dam. The two Bonneville powerhouses generate about 5 billion kWh of electricity each year. The Bonneville Dam supplies nearly 500,000 homes with electricity, assuming each household consumes 10,000 kWh of electricity per year. In 1998, its generation costs were about 1.2 cents/kWh, which was much higher than historic costs mainly because the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) was still paying off the second powerhouse which was built in 1982. Consumers were charged 2.3 cents/kWh to account for transmission and other costs.

Gallery

Bonneville Dam second powerhouse.jpg, Generators inside the second powerhouse Bonneville Dam Powerhouse Two Interior.jpg, View inside of powerhouse two of Bonneville Dam Bonneville Ladder.jpg, Fish ladder at Bonneville Dam Fish Viewing Window, Bonneville Dam.jpg, Children watch fish through a viewing window Lamprey - Bonneville Dam.jpg,

Pacific lamprey The Pacific lamprey (''Entosphenus tridentatus'') is an anadromous parasitic lamprey from the Pacific Coast of North America and Asia. It is a member of the Petromyzontidae family. The Pacific lamprey is also known as the three-tooth lamprey and ...

attached to glass Corps-engineers-archives bonneville dam looking east.jpg, Aerial view of spillway flanked by powerhouses, Bonneville Lock (near right) and Lake Kaplan turbine bonneville.jpg, A Bonneville Dam Kaplan turbine after 61 years of service BonnevilleDam.jpg, View of Bonneville Dam BonnevilleSpillway.jpg, Spillway from the air Barge Approaching Navigation Locks, Bonneville Dam-1.jpg, The swing bridge begins to open as a barge approaches the Bonneville Navigation Locks Barge Approaching Navigation Locks, Bonneville Dam-2.jpg, The swing bridge is open as a barge approaches the Bonneville Navigation Locks Original Navigation Locks, Bonneville Dam.jpg, The original downstream gates of the old Bonneville Navigation Locks First Powerhouse, Bonneville Dam-3.jpg, A view of the first powerhouse Pill Box, Bonneville Dam.jpg, A guardhouse constructed during World War II Post Insulators and Bus Bar, Bonneville Dam.jpg, Post insulators and a bus bar at the visitors center Tainter Valve, Bonneville Dam.jpg, A Tainter valve at the navigation locks visitors center Pacific Northwest River System.png, Pacific Northwest River System Public Works Administration Project, Bonneville Dam in Oregon, "Excavation for Navigation Lock and Approach Channnel" - NARA - 197161.tif, Public Works Administration Project, Bonneville Dam in Oregon, "Excavation for Navigation Lock and Approach Channel" - NARA – 197161

References

*''Bonneville Lock and Dam. A National Historic Landmark Serving the Northwest''. 2001. U.S. Government Printing Office, 2001-691-677. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District, public information pamphlet distributed at the Bonneville Lock and Dam visitor centers. *"Bonneville Lock and Dam: A Gift from the People of the Great Depression." Barry, Joseph Patrick, published by Retired Ranger and Associates, 296 pages, October, 2017

External links

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers – Bonneville Lock and DamBonneville Power Administration
* * {{Authority control Dams on the Columbia River Columbia River Gorge Dams in Oregon Dams in Washington (state) Gravity dams Hydroelectric power plants in Oregon Hydroelectric power plants in Washington (state) Historic Columbia River Highway Run-of-the-river power stations United States Army Corps of Engineers dams Buildings and structures in Multnomah County, Oregon Buildings and structures in Skamania County, Washington Dams completed in 1937 Energy infrastructure completed in 1937 Dams on the National Register of Historic Places in Oregon Dams on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington (state) National Register of Historic Places in Multnomah County, Oregon National Register of Historic Places in Skamania County, Washington National Historic Landmarks in Oregon National Historic Landmarks in Washington (state) Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks Industry museums in Oregon Museums in Multnomah County, Oregon New Deal in Oregon New Deal in Washington (state) 1937 establishments in Oregon 1937 establishments in Washington (state) Historic American Engineering Record in Oregon Historic American Engineering Record in Washington (state) Locks of Oregon Locks of Washington (state) Public Works Administration in Oregon Dams with fish ladders