Blanche Descartes was a collaborative
pseudonym
A pseudonym (; ) or alias () is a fictitious name that a person or group assumes for a particular purpose, which differs from their original or true name ( orthonym). This also differs from a new name that entirely or legally replaces an individu ...
used by the
English
English usually refers to:
* English language
* English people
English may also refer to:
Peoples, culture, and language
* ''English'', an adjective for something of, from, or related to England
** English national ...
mathematician
A mathematician is someone who uses an extensive knowledge of mathematics in their work, typically to solve mathematical problems.
Mathematicians are concerned with numbers, data, quantity, structure, space, models, and change.
History
On ...
s
R. Leonard Brooks,
Arthur Harold Stone
Arthur Harold Stone (30 September 1916 – 6 August 2000) was a British mathematician born in London, who worked at the universities of Manchester and Rochester, mostly in topology. His wife was American mathematician Dorothy Maharam.
Stone s ...
,
Cedric Smith, and
W. T. Tutte. The four mathematicians met in 1935 as undergraduate students at
Trinity College, Cambridge
Trinity College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge. Founded in 1546 by King Henry VIII, Trinity is one of the largest Cambridge colleges, with the largest financial endowment of any college at either Cambridge or Oxford. ...
, where they joined the
Trinity Mathematical Society and began meeting together to work on mathematical problems.
Pseudonym
The pseudonym originated by combining the initials of the mathematicians' given names (Bill, Leonard, Arthur, and Cedric) to form ''BLAC''. This was extended to ''BLAnChe''. The surname ''Descartes'' was chosen as a play on the common phrase ''
carte blanche
A blank cheque in the literal sense is a cheque that has no monetary value written in, but is already signed. In the figurative sense, it is used to describe a situation in which an agreement has been made that is open-ended or vague, and therefo ...
''.
Publication
Over 30 works were published under the name, including whimsical poetry and
mathematical humour, but some serious mathematical results as well. Many of these publications appeared in ''
Eureka
Eureka (often abbreviated as E!, or Σ!) is an intergovernmental organisation for research and development funding and coordination. Eureka is an open platform for international cooperation in innovation. Organisations and companies applying th ...
'', a mathematical student magazine in Cambridge. Notably, the foursome
proved several
theorem
In mathematics, a theorem is a statement that has been proved, or can be proved. The ''proof'' of a theorem is a logical argument that uses the inference rules of a deductive system to establish that the theorem is a logical consequence of t ...
s in mathematical
tessellation
A tessellation or tiling is the covering of a surface, often a plane, using one or more geometric shapes, called ''tiles'', with no overlaps and no gaps. In mathematics, tessellation can be generalized to higher dimensions and a variety of ...
. In particular, they solved the problem of
squaring the square, showing that a square can be divided into smaller squares, no two of which are the same. They also discovered "Blanche's Dissection", a method of dividing a square into rectangles of equal area but different dimensions. They modelled these using abstract
electrical network
An electrical network is an interconnection of electrical components (e.g., batteries, resistors, inductors, capacitors, switches, transistors) or a model of such an interconnection, consisting of electrical elements (e.g., voltage sources ...
s, an approach that yielded not only solutions to the original problem, but techniques with wider applications to the field of electrical networks. They published their results—under their own names—in 1940. Tutte, who is believed to have contributed the most work under Descartes's name, kept up the pretence for years, refusing to acknowledge even in private that she was fictitious.
"Descartes" also published on
graph colouring, and Tutte used the pseudonym to publish the fourth known
snark, now called the
Descartes snark
In the mathematical field of graph theory, a Descartes snark is an undirected graph with 210 vertices and 315 edges. It is a snark, first discovered by William Tutte in 1948 under the pseudonym Blanche Descartes.Descartes, Blanche. Network Colori ...
. She also published the poem "Hymne to Hymen"
as a gift to
Hector Pétard (another fictitious mathematical personage) on the day of his wedding to Betti Bourbaki (daughter of
Nicolas Bourbaki
Nicolas Bourbaki () is the collective pseudonym of a group of mathematicians, predominantly French alumni of the École normale supérieure - PSL (ENS). Founded in 1934–1935, the Bourbaki group originally intended to prepare a new textbook i ...
, yet another fictitious mathematical personage).
Selected publications
*
*
* Ungar, Peter; Descartes, Blanche; Advanced Problems and Solutions: Solutions: 4526. Amer. Math. Monthly 61 (1954), no. 5, 352–353.
See also
*
Nicolas Bourbaki
Nicolas Bourbaki () is the collective pseudonym of a group of mathematicians, predominantly French alumni of the École normale supérieure - PSL (ENS). Founded in 1934–1935, the Bourbaki group originally intended to prepare a new textbook i ...
*
Arthur Besse Arthur Besse is a pseudonym chosen by a group of French differential geometers, led by Marcel Berger, following the model of Nicolas Bourbaki. A number of monographs have appeared under the name.
Bibliography
*
**
*Actes de la Table Ronde de Gé ...
*
John Rainwater
The fictitious mathematician John Rainwater was created as a student prank but has become known as the author of important results in functional analysis.
At the University of Washington in 1952, John Rainwater was invented and enrolled in a mat ...
*
G. W. Peck
*
Monsieur LeBlanc
References
External links
Brooks, Smith, Stone and Tutte (Part 1)at squaring.net
at squaring.net
by Lieven Le Bruyn
On Blanche Descartes Richard K. Guy,
Gathering 4 Gardner
Gathering 4 Gardner (G4G) is an educational foundation and non-profit corporation (Gathering 4 Gardner, Inc.) devoted to preserving the legacy and spirit of prolific writer Martin Gardner. G4G organizes conferences where people who have been inspi ...
2017
{{DEFAULTSORT:Descartes, Blanche
Academic shared pseudonyms
Pseudonymous mathematicians
20th-century English mathematicians
Cambridge mathematicians