More than 900 species of birds have been observed in Europe. The avifauna of Europe is broadly similar to that of

Asia Asia ( , ) is the largest continent in the world by both land area and population. It covers an area of more than 44 million square kilometres, about 30% of Earth's total land area and 8% of Earth's total surface area. The continent, which ...

north of the

Himalayas The Himalayas, or Himalaya ( ), is a mountain range in Asia, separating the plains of the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau. The range has some of the Earth's highest peaks, including the highest, Mount Everest. More than list of h ...

and

North Africa North Africa (sometimes Northern Africa) is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region. However, it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of t ...

, both of which also belong to the

Palearctic realm The Palearctic or Palaearctic is a biogeographic realm of the Earth, the largest of eight. Confined almost entirely to the Eastern Hemisphere, it stretches across Europe and Asia, north of the foothills of the Himalayas, and North Africa. The ...

. There are also many groups shared with

North America North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere, Northern and Western Hemisphere, Western hemispheres. North America is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South Ameri ...

. On the other hand, many groups characteristic of the

Afrotropical The Afrotropical realm is one of the Earth's eight biogeographic realms. It includes Sub-Saharan Africa, the southern Arabian Peninsula, the island of Madagascar, and the islands of the western Indian Ocean. It was formerly known as the Ethiopi ...

and

Indomalayan realm The Indomalayan realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms. It extends across most of South and Southeast Asia and into the southern parts of East Asia. Also called the Oriental realm by biogeographers, Indomalaya spreads all over the Ind ...

s are entirely absent from Europe, including jacanas, darters, trogons, hornbills,

honeyguides Honeyguides (family Indicatoridae) are a family of birds in the order Piciformes. They are also known as indicator birds, or honey birds, although the latter term is also used more narrowly to refer to species of the genus '' Prodotiscus''. They ...

, barbets (families

Lybiidae Lybiidae is a family (biology), family of birds also known as the African barbets. There are 44 species ranging from the type genus ''Lybius'' of forest interior to the tinkerbirds (''Pogoniulus'') of forest and scrubland. They are found througho ...

in Africa and

Megalaimidae Megalaimidae, the Asian barbets, are a family of birds, comprising two genera with 35 species native to the forests of the Indomalayan realm from Tibet to Indonesia. They were once clubbed with all barbets in the family Capitonidae but the Old Wo ...

in Asia),

parrots Parrots (Psittaciformes), also known as psittacines (), are birds with a strong curved beak, upright stance, and clawed feet. They are classified in four families that contain roughly 410 species in 101 genus (biology), genera, found mostly in ...

, pittas, cuckooshrikes, broadbills (families Calyptomenidae and

Eurylaimidae The Eurylaimidae are a family of suboscine passerine birds that occur from the eastern Himalayas to Indonesia and the Philippines. The family previously included the sapayoa from the Neotropics, the asity, asities from Madagascar, and the Calyp ...

), drongos, monarch flycatchers, white-eyes, and estrildid finches (although parrots and estrildid finches have been introduced to Europe by humans). Two species that occurred in the European region until recently (post 1800) — the

great auk The great auk (''Pinguinus impennis''), also known as the penguin or garefowl, is an Extinction, extinct species of flightless bird, flightless auk, alcid that first appeared around 400,000 years ago and Bird extinction, became extinct in the ...

and the Canary Islands oystercatcher — are now globally extinct, while one additional species — the slender-billed curlew — may also be extinct. In addition, the common buttonquail has been

extirpated Local extinction, also extirpation, is the termination of a species (or other taxon) in a chosen geographic area of study, though it still exists elsewhere. Local extinctions are contrasted with global extinctions. Local extinctions mark a chan ...

from Europe, but survives in Africa and Asia. 71 bird species are considered

threatened A threatened species is any species (including animals, plants and fungi) which is vulnerable to extinction in the near future. Species that are threatened are sometimes characterised by the population dynamics measure of ''critical depensatio ...

in Europe. The following tags have been used to indicate the status of species in Europe. The commonly occurring native species do not fall into any of these categories. * (A) Accidental - a species that rarely or accidentally occurs in Europe * (E)

Endemic Endemism is the state of a species being found only in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also foun ...

- a species endemic to Europe * (Ext)

Extinct Extinction is the termination of an organism by the death of its Endling, last member. A taxon may become Functional extinction, functionally extinct before the death of its last member if it loses the capacity to Reproduction, reproduce and ...

- a species that no longer exists * (Ex)

Extirpated Local extinction, also extirpation, is the termination of a species (or other taxon) in a chosen geographic area of study, though it still exists elsewhere. Local extinctions are contrasted with global extinctions. Local extinctions mark a chan ...

- a species that is extinct in the wild in Europe * (I) Introduced - a species introduced to Europe as a consequence, direct or indirect, of human actions The taxonomic order follows the ''IOC World Bird List'' version 13.1.

Definition of Europe

This article follows a common definition of Europe as being bounded to the south by the

Mediterranean Sea The Mediterranean Sea ( ) is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the east by the Levant in West Asia, on the north by Anatolia in West Asia and Southern Eur ...

, to the east and north-east by the

Ural Mountains The Ural Mountains ( ),; , ; , or simply the Urals, are a mountain range in Eurasia that runs north–south mostly through Russia, from the coast of the Arctic Ocean to the river Ural (river), Ural and northwestern Kazakhstan.

, the

Ural River The Ural, also known as the Yaik , is a river flowing through Russia and Kazakhstan in the continental border between Europe and Asia. It originates in the southern Ural Mountains and discharges into the Caspian Sea. At , it is the third-longes ...

, and the

Caspian Sea The Caspian Sea is the world's largest inland body of water, described as the List of lakes by area, world's largest lake and usually referred to as a full-fledged sea. An endorheic basin, it lies between Europe and Asia: east of the Caucasus, ...

, and to the south-east by the

Caucasus Mountains The Caucasus Mountains * * Azerbaijani: , * * * * * * * * * * * is a mountain range at the intersection of Asia and Europe. Stretching between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, they are surrounded by the Caucasus region ...

, the

Black Sea The Black Sea is a marginal sea, marginal Mediterranean sea (oceanography), mediterranean sea lying between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north of Anatolia. It is bound ...

, and the waterways connecting the Black Sea to the Mediterranean Sea.

Iceland Iceland is a Nordic countries, Nordic island country between the Atlantic Ocean, North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between North America and Europe. It is culturally and politically linked with Europe and is the regi ...

and

Svalbard Svalbard ( , ), previously known as Spitsbergen or Spitzbergen, is a Norway, Norwegian archipelago that lies at the convergence of the Arctic Ocean with the Atlantic Ocean. North of continental Europe, mainland Europe, it lies about midway be ...

are included, but

Greenland Greenland is an autonomous territory in the Danish Realm, Kingdom of Denmark. It is by far the largest geographically of three constituent parts of the kingdom; the other two are metropolitan Denmark and the Faroe Islands. Citizens of Greenlan ...

is not.

Mediterranean islands The Mediterranean Sea basin is supposed to host more than 10,000 islands, with 2,217 islands larger than 0.01 km2. The two main island countries in the region are Malta and Cyprus, while other countries with islands in the Mediterranean Sea in ...

are generally included, except for

Cyprus Cyprus (), officially the Republic of Cyprus, is an island country in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Situated in West Asia, its cultural identity and geopolitical orientation are overwhelmingly Southeast European. Cyprus is the List of isl ...

and those islands belonging to

Turkey Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly located in Anatolia in West Asia, with a relatively small part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe. It borders the Black Sea to the north; Georgia (country), Georgia, Armen ...

or countries of

or the

Middle East The Middle East (term originally coined in English language) is a geopolitical region encompassing the Arabian Peninsula, the Levant, Turkey, Egypt, Iran, and Iraq. The term came into widespread usage by the United Kingdom and western Eur ...

. The

Azores The Azores ( , , ; , ), officially the Autonomous Region of the Azores (), is one of the two autonomous regions of Portugal (along with Madeira). It is an archipelago composed of nine volcanic islands in the Macaronesia region of the North Atl ...

Madeira Madeira ( ; ), officially the Autonomous Region of Madeira (), is an autonomous Regions of Portugal, autonomous region of Portugal. It is an archipelago situated in the North Atlantic Ocean, in the region of Macaronesia, just under north of ...

and the

Canary Islands The Canary Islands (; ) or Canaries are an archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean and the southernmost Autonomous communities of Spain, Autonomous Community of Spain. They are located in the northwest of Africa, with the closest point to the cont ...

belong politically to Europe, but definitions based on geography or avifauna assign these islands variously to Europe, Africa, or neither of the two. Here, birds that are endemic to these islands, or have been observed only on these islands but not elsewhere in Europe, are labelled accordingly. The same approach is applied to birds occurring only in the

Caucasus The Caucasus () or Caucasia (), is a region spanning Eastern Europe and Western Asia. It is situated between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, comprising parts of Southern Russia, Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. The Caucasus Mountains, i ...

, which is commonly seen as straddling the border between Europe and Asia. The birds of

Cape Verde Cape Verde or Cabo Verde, officially the Republic of Cabo Verde, is an island country and archipelagic state of West Africa in the central Atlantic Ocean, consisting of ten volcanic islands with a combined land area of about . These islands ...

are not included in this list. Oceans are included up to the limit of 200

nautical miles A nautical mile is a unit of length used in air, marine, and space navigation, and for the definition of territorial waters. Historically, it was defined as the meridian arc length corresponding to one minute ( of a degree) of latitude at the eq ...

from the European coastline, or half the distance to

Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent after Asia. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 20% of Earth's land area and 6% of its total surfac ...

, whichever is lesser. For countries or territories lying wholly within Europe as defined above, species are included in this list if they are classified as Category A, B, or C (or the nearest equivalent) on the relevant national list. For countries that straddle Europe and

(in particular

Russia Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the list of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the world, and extends across Time in Russia, eleven time zones, sharing Borders ...

and

), the precise location of sightings within that country is determinative.

Ducks, geese, and swans

Order:

Anseriformes Anseriformes is an order (biology), order of birds also known as waterfowl that comprises about 180 living species of birds in three families: Anhimidae (three species of screamers), Anseranatidae (the magpie goose), and Anatidae, the largest f ...

Family:

Anatidae The Anatidae are the biological family (biology), family of water birds that includes ducks, goose, geese, and swans. The family has a cosmopolitan distribution, occurring on all the world's continents except Antarctica. These birds are adapted f ...

The swans, ducks and geese are medium to large birds that are adapted to an aquatic existence with webbed feet and bills which are flattened to a greater or lesser extent. In many ducks the male is colourful while the female is dull brown. The diet consists of a variety of animals and plants. The family is well represented in Europe with many introduced species as well. * Brant goose, ''Branta bernicla'' *

Red-breasted goose The red-breasted goose (''Branta ruficollis'') is a brightly marked species of goose in the genus ''Branta'' from Eurasia. It is currently classified as vulnerable species, vulnerable by the IUCN. Taxonomy and etymology The red-breasted goose ...

, ''Branta ruficollis'' *

Canada goose The Canada goose (''Branta canadensis''), sometimes called Canadian goose, is a large species of goose with a black head and neck, white cheeks, white under its chin, and a brown body. It is native to the arctic and temperate regions of North A ...

, ''Branta canadensis'' (I, A) *

Barnacle goose The barnacle goose (''Branta leucopsis'') is a species of goose that belongs to the genus ''Branta'' of black geese, which contains species with extensive black in the plumage, distinguishing them from the grey ''Anser (genus), Anser'' species. D ...

, ''Branta leucopsis'' *

Cackling goose The cackling goose (''Branta hutchinsii'') is a species of goose found in North America and East Asia. Systematics The genus name ''Branta'' is a Latinised form of Old Norse ''Brandgás'', "burnt (black) goose", and the specific epithet ''hutchi ...

, ''Branta hutchinsii'' (A) *

Ross's goose Ross's goose (''Anser rossii''), formerly ''Chen rossii'', is a white goose with black wingtips and a relatively short neck. It is the smallest of the three Anser (genus), white geese that breed in North America. It is similar in appearance to a ...

, ''Anser rossii'' (A) *

Snow goose The snow goose (''Anser caerulescens'') is a species of goose native to North America. Both white and dark morphs exist, the latter often known as blue goose. Its name derives from the typically white plumage. The species was previously placed ...

, ''Anser caerulescens'' (I, A) *

Bar-headed goose The bar-headed goose (''Anser indicus'') is a goose that breeds in Central Asia in colonies of thousands near mountain lakes and winters in South Asia, as far south as peninsular India. It lays three to eight eggs at a time in a ground nest. It ...

, ''Anser indicus'' (I, A) *

Greylag goose The greylag goose (''Anser anser'') is a species of large goose in the waterfowl family Anatidae and the type species of the genus ''Anser (bird), Anser''. It has mottled and barred grey and white plumage and an orange beak and pink legs. A lar ...

, ''Anser anser'' *

Taiga bean goose The taiga bean goose (''Anser fabalis'') is a species of goose that breeds in northern Europe and Asia. It is bird migration, migratory and winters further south in Europe and Asia. This and the tundra bean goose were recognised as separate spec ...

, ''Anser fabalis'' *

Pink-footed goose The pink-footed goose (''Anser brachyrhynchus'') is a goose which breeds in eastern Greenland, Iceland, Svalbard, and recently Novaya Zemlya. It is migratory, wintering in northwest Europe, especially Ireland, Great Britain, the Netherlands, a ...

, ''Anser brachyrhynchus'' * Tundra bean goose, ''Anser serrirostris'' *

Greater white-fronted goose The greater white-fronted goose (''Anser albifrons'') is a species of goose, closely related to the smaller lesser white-fronted goose (''A. erythropus''). The greater white-fronted goose is Bird migration, migratory, breeding in northern Cana ...

, ''Anser albifrons'' *

Lesser white-fronted goose The lesser white-fronted goose (''Anser erythropus'') is a goose closely related to the larger greater white-fronted goose (''A. albifrons''). It breeds in the northernmost Palearctic, but it is a scarce breeder in Europe, with a reintroduction ...

, ''Anser erythropus'' *

Black swan The black swan (''Cygnus atratus'') is a large Anatidae, waterbird, a species of swan which breeds mainly in the southeast and southwest regions of Australia. Within Australia, the black swan is nomadic, with erratic migration patterns dependent ...

, ''Cygnus atratus'' (I) *

Mute swan The mute swan (''Cygnus olor'') is a species of swan and a member of the waterfowl family Anatidae. It is native to much of Eurasia, and (as a rare winter visitor) the far north of Africa. It is an introduced species in North America, home to ...

, ''Cygnus olor'' * Tundra swan, ''Cygnus columbianus'' *

Whooper swan The whooper swan ( /ˈhuːpə(ɹ) swɒn/ "hooper swan"; ''Cygnus cygnus''), also known as the common swan, is a large northern hemisphere swan. It is the Eurasian counterpart of the North American trumpeter swan, and the type species for the genu ...

, ''Cygnus cygnus'' *

Egyptian goose The Egyptian goose (''Alopochen aegyptiaca'') is an African member of the Anatidae family including ducks, geese, and swans. Because of their popularity chiefly as an ornamental bird, the species has also been introduced to Europe, the United ...

, ''Alopochen aegyptiaca'' (I) *

Common shelduck The common shelduck (''Tadorna tadorna'') is a waterfowl species of the shelduck genus, ''shelduck, Tadorna''. It is widespread and common in the Euro-Siberian region of the Palearctic realm, Palearctic, mainly breeding in temperate and wintering ...

, ''Tadorna tadorna'' *

Ruddy shelduck The ruddy shelduck (''Tadorna ferruginea''), known in India as the Brahminy duck, is a bird species in the family Anatidae. It is a distinctive waterfowl, in length with a wingspan of . It has orange-brown body plumage with a paler head, whil ...

, ''Tadorna ferruginea'' *

Muscovy duck The Muscovy duck (''Cairina moschata'') is a duck native to the Americas, from the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas and Mexico south to Argentina and Uruguay. The species has been Domestic Muscovy duck, domesticated, and feral Muscovy ducks can b ...

, ''Cairina moschata'' (I-

) *

Mandarin duck The mandarin duck (''Aix galericulata'') is a perching duck species native to the East Palearctic. It is Sexual dimorphism, sexually dimorphic – the males are elaborately coloured, while the females have more subdued colours. It is a medium- ...

, ''Aix galericulata'' (I) *

Wood duck The wood duck or Carolina duck (''Aix sponsa'') is a partially migratory species of perching duck found in North America. The male is one of the most colorful North American waterfowls. Taxonomy The wood duck was Species description, formal ...

, ''Aix sponsa'' (I, A) * Baikal teal, ''Sibirionetta formosa'' (A) *

Garganey The garganey (''Spatula querquedula'') is a small dabbling duck. It breeds in much of Europe and across the Palearctic, but is strictly bird migration, migratory, with the entire population moving to Africa, India (in particular Santragachi), Ban ...

, ''Spatula querquedula'' *

Blue-winged teal The blue-winged teal (''Spatula discors'') is a species of bird in the duck, goose, and swan family Anatidae. One of the smaller members of the dabbling duck group, it occurs in North America, where it breeds from southern Alaska to Nova Scotia, ...

, ''Spatula discors'' (A) * Cinnamon teal, ''Spatula cyanoptera'' (A) *

Northern shoveler The northern shoveler (; ''Spatula clypeata''), known simply in Britain as the shoveler, is a common and widespread duck. It breeds in northern areas of Europe and throughout the Palearctic and across most of North America, and winters in southe ...

, ''Spatula clypeata'' *

Gadwall The gadwall (''Mareca strepera'') is a common and widespread dabbling duck in the family Anatidae. Taxonomy The gadwall was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his landmark 1758 10th edition of ''Systema Naturae''. DNA studies have shown th ...

, ''Mareca strepera'' *

Falcated duck The falcated duck or falcated teal (''Mareca falcata'') is a gadwall-sized dabbling duck from the east Palearctic (East Siberia and Mongolia to North Japan; wintering to India). Taxonomy The closest relative of this species is the gadwall, follo ...

, ''Mareca falcata'' (A) *

Eurasian wigeon The Eurasian wigeon or European wigeon (''Mareca penelope''), also known as the widgeon or the wigeon, is one of three species of wigeon in the dabbling duck genus ''Mareca''. It is common and widespread within its Palearctic range. Taxonomy T ...

, ''Mareca penelope'' * American wigeon, ''Mareca americana'' (A) *

Mallard The mallard () or wild duck (''Anas platyrhynchos'') is a dabbling duck that breeds throughout the temperate and subtropical Americas, Eurasia, and North Africa. It has been introduced to New Zealand, Australia, Peru, Brazil, Uruguay, Arge ...

, ''Anas platyrhynchos'' * American black duck, ''Anas rubripes'' (A) *

Northern pintail The pintail or northern pintail (''Anas acuta'') is a duck species with wide geographic Range (biology), distribution that breeds in the northern areas of Europe and across the Palearctic and North America. It is bird migration, migratory an ...

, ''Anas acuta'' *

Eurasian teal The Eurasian teal (''Anas crecca''), common teal, or Eurasian green-winged teal is a common and widespread duck that breeds in temperate Eurosiberia and migrates south in winter. The Eurasian teal is often called simply the teal due to being th ...

, ''Anas crecca'' * Green-winged teal, ''Anas carolinensis'' (A) *

Marbled duck The marbled duck or marbled teal (''Marmaronetta angustirostris'') is a medium-sized species of duck from southern Europe, northern Africa, and western and central Asia. The scientific name, ''Marmaronetta angustirostris'', comes from the Greek ' ...

, ''Marmaronetta angustirostris'' * Red-crested pochard, ''Netta rufina'' * Canvasback, ''Aythya valisineria'' (A) *

Redhead Red hair, also known as ginger hair, is a human hair color found in 2–6% of people of Northern or Northwestern European ancestry and lesser frequency in other populations. It is most common in individuals homozygous for a recessive alle ...

, ''Aythya americana'' (A) *

Common pochard The common pochard (; ''Aythya ferina''), known simply as pochard in the United Kingdom, is a medium-sized diving duck in the family Anatidae. It is widespread across the Palearctic. It breeds primarily in the steppe regions of Scandinavia and Si ...

, ''Aythya ferina'' * Ferruginous duck, ''Aythya nyroca'' *

Ring-necked duck The ring-necked duck (''Aythya collaris'') is a diving duck from North America commonly found in freshwater ponds and lakes. The scientific name is derived from Greek , an unidentified seabird mentioned by authors including Hesychius and Arist ...

, ''Aythya collaris'' (A) *

Tufted duck The tufted duck (or tufted pochard) (''Aythya fuligula'') is a small diving duck with a population of nearly one million birds, found in northern Eurasia. They are partially migratory. The scientific name is derived from Ancient Greek , an unide ...

, ''Aythya fuligula'' *

Greater scaup The greater scaup (''Aythya marila''), just scaup in Europe or, colloquially, "bluebill" in North America, is a mid-sized diving duck, larger than the closely related lesser scaup and tufted duck. It spends the summer months breeding in Iceland ...

, ''Aythya marila'' * Lesser scaup, ''Aythya affinis'' (A) *

Steller's eider Steller's eider (''Polysticta stelleri'') is a migrating Arctic diving duck that breeds along the coastlines of eastern Russia and Alaska. It is the rarest, smallest, and fastest flying of the eider species. Due to the extensive contraction of i ...

, ''Polysticta stelleri'' *

King eider The king eider (pronounced ) (''Somateria spectabilis'') is a large Merginae, sea duck that breeds along Northern Hemisphere Arctic coasts of northeast Europe, North America and Palearctic, Asia. The birds spend most of the year in coastal marine ...

, ''Somateria spectabilis'' * Spectacled eider, ''Somateria fischeri'' (A) *

Common eider The common eider (pronounced ) (''Somateria mollissima''), also called St. Cuthbert's duck or Cuddy's duck, is a large ( in body length) sea-duck that is distributed over the northern coasts of Europe, North America and eastern Siberia. It breed ...

, ''Somateria mollissima'' *

Harlequin duck The harlequin duck (''Histrionicus histrionicus'') is a small sea duck. It takes its name from Harlequin (Italian ''Arlecchino'', French ''Arlequin''), a colourfully dressed character in Commedia dell'arte. The species name comes from the Latin ...

, ''Histrionicus histrionicus'' *

Surf scoter The surf scoter (''Melanitta perspicillata'') is a large sea duck native to North America. Adult males are almost entirely black with characteristic white patches on the forehead and the nape and adult females are slightly smaller and browner. S ...

, ''Melanitta perspicillata'' (A) *

Velvet scoter The velvet scoter (''Melanitta fusca'') is a large Merginae, sea duck, which breeds over the far north of Europe and the Palearctic west of the Yenisey basin. The genus name is derived from Ancient Greek ''melas'' "black" and ''netta'' "duck". Th ...

, ''Melanitta fusca'' *

White-winged scoter The white-winged scoter (''Melanitta deglandi'') is a large Merginae, sea duck. The genus name is derived from Ancient Greek ''melas'' "black" and ''netta'' "duck". The species name commemorates French ornithologist Côme-Damien Degland. Descri ...

, ''Melanitta deglandi'' (A) * Stejneger's scoter, ''Melanitta stejnegeri'' (A) * Common scoter, ''Melanitta nigra'' *

Black scoter The black scoter or American scoter (''Melanitta americana'') is a large Merginae, sea duck, in length. The genus name is derived from Ancient Greek ''melas'' "black" and ''netta'' "duck". The species name is from the Latin for "American". Toge ...

, ''Melanitta americana'' (A) *

Long-tailed duck The long-tailed duck (''Clangula hyemalis'') or coween, is a medium-sized sea duck that breeds in the tundra and taiga regions of the arctic and winters along the northern coastlines of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. It is the only member of ...

, ''Clangula hyemalis'' *

Bufflehead The bufflehead (''Bucephala albeola'') is a small sea duck of the genus ''Bucephala'', the goldeneyes. It breeds in Alaska and Canada and migrates in winter to southern North America. This species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his lan ...

, ''Bucephala albeola'' (A) *

Common goldeneye The common goldeneye or simply goldeneye (''Bucephala clangula'') is a medium-sized sea duck of the genus ''Goldeneye (duck), Bucephala'', the goldeneyes. Its closest relative is the similar Barrow's goldeneye. The genus name is derived from th ...

, ''Bucephala clangula'' * Barrow's goldeneye, ''Bucephala islandica'' *

Smew The smew (''Mergellus albellus'') is a species of duck and is the only living member of the genus ''Mergellus''. ''Mergellus'' is a diminutive of ''Mergus'' and ''albellus'' is from Latin ''albus'' "white". This genus is closely related to ''Me ...

, ''Mergellus albellus'' * Hooded merganser, ''Lophodytes cucullatus'' (A) *

Common merganser The common merganser (North American) or goosander (Eurasian) (''Mergus merganser'') is a large sea duck of rivers and lakes in forested areas of Europe, Asia, and North America. The common merganser eats mainly fish. It nests in holes in trees ...

, ''Mergus merganser'' *

Red-breasted merganser The red-breasted merganser (''Mergus serrator'') is a duck species that is native to much of the Northern Hemisphere. The red breast that gives the species its common name is only displayed by males in breeding plumage. Individuals fly rapidly ...

, ''Mergus serrator'' * Ruddy duck, ''Oxyura jamaicensis'' (I) *

White-headed duck The white-headed duck (''Oxyura leucocephala'') is a small diving duck some long. The male has a white head with black crown, a blue bill, and reddish-grey plumage. The female has a dark bill and rather duller colouring. Its breeding habitat is ...

, ''Oxyura leucocephala''

Guineafowl

Order:

Galliformes Galliformes is an order (biology), order of heavy-bodied ground-feeding birds that includes turkey (bird), turkeys, chickens, Old World quail, quail, and other landfowl. Gallinaceous birds, as they are called, are important in their ecosystems ...

Family:

Numididae Guinea fowl () (or guineahen) are birds of the family Numididae in the order Galliformes. They are endemic to Africa and rank among the oldest of the gallinaceous birds. Phylogenetically, they branched off from the core Galliformes after the Cra ...

Guineafowl are a group of African, seed-eating, ground-nesting birds that resemble partridges, but with featherless heads and spangled grey plumage. *

Helmeted guineafowl The helmeted guinea fowl (''Numida meleagris'') is the best known of the guinea fowl bird family, Numididae, and the only member of the genus ''Numida''. It is native to Africa, mainly south of the Sahara, and has been widely introduced, as ...

, ''Numida meleagris'' (I)

Pheasants and allies

Order:

Family:

Phasianidae Phasianidae is a family (biology), family of heavy, ground-living birds, which includes pheasants, grouse, partridges, junglefowl, chickens, Turkey bird, turkeys, Old World quail, and peafowl. The family includes many of the most popular Game (hu ...

Pheasants and allies are terrestrial species, feeding and nesting on the ground. They are variable in size but generally plump, with broad and relatively short wings. * Hazel grouse, ''Tetrastes bonasia'' *

Willow ptarmigan The willow ptarmigan ( ); ''Lagopus lagopus'') or willow grouse is a bird in the grouse subfamily Tetraoninae of the pheasant family Phasianidae. It is also known colloquially as awebo bird. The willow ptarmigan breeds in birch and other forests ...

, ''Lagopus lagopus'' *

Rock ptarmigan The rock ptarmigan (''Lagopus muta'') is a medium-sized game bird in the grouse family. It is known simply as the ptarmigan in Europe. It is the official bird for the Canadian territory of Nunavut, where it is known as the ''aqiggiq'' (ᐊᕿ� ...

, ''Lagopus muta'' * Western capercaillie, ''Tetrao urogallus'' * Caucasian grouse, ''Lyrurus mlokosiewiczi'' (E-

) *

Black grouse The black grouse (''Lyrurus tetrix''), also known as northern black grouse, Eurasian black grouse, blackgame or blackcock, is a large Aves, bird in the grouse family. It is a Bird migration, sedentary species, spanning across the Palearctic in m ...

, ''Lyrurus tetrix'' *

Grey partridge The grey partridge (''Perdix perdix'') is a bird in the pheasant family Phasianidae of the order Galliformes, gallinaceous birds. The scientific name is the Latin for "partridge". Taxonomy The grey partridge formally described in 1758 by the S ...

, ''Perdix perdix'' *

Reeves's pheasant Reeves's pheasant (''Syrmaticus reevesii'') is a large pheasant within the genus ''Syrmaticus''. It is Endemism, endemic to China. It is named after the British people, British natural history, naturalist John Reeves (naturalist), John Reeves, wh ...

, ''Syrmaticus reevesii'' (I) * Lady Amherst's pheasant, ''Chrysolophus amherstiae'' (I) *

Golden pheasant The golden pheasant (''Chrysolophus pictus''), also known as the Chinese pheasant, and rainbow pheasant, is a gamebird of the order Galliformes (gallinaceous birds) and the family Phasianidae (pheasants). The genus name is from Ancient Greek ' ...

, ''Chrysolophus pictus'' (I) *

Common pheasant The common pheasant (''Phasianus colchicus''), ring-necked pheasant, or blue-headed pheasant, is a bird in the pheasant family (biology), family (Phasianidae). The genus name comes from Latin ''phasianus'' 'pheasant'. The species name ''colchic ...

, ''Phasianus colchicus'' (I) * Black francolin, ''Francolinus francolinus'' (Ex, formerly possibly I) * Caucasian snowcock, ''Tetraogallus caucasicus'' (E-

) *

Common quail The common quail (''Coturnix coturnix''), or European quail, is a small ground-nesting game bird in the pheasant family Phasianidae. It is mainly migratory, breeding in the western Palearctic and wintering in Africa and southern India. With its ...

, ''Coturnix coturnix'' *

Barbary partridge The Barbary partridge (''Alectoris barbara'') is a gamebird in the pheasant family (Phasianidae) of the order Galliformes. It is native to North Africa. Distribution The Barbary partridge has its main native range in North Africa, and is also na ...

, ''Alectoris barbara'' * Red-legged partridge, ''Alectoris rufa'' (E) *

Chukar partridge The chukar partridge (''Alectoris chukar''), or simply chukar, is a Palearctic upland Upland game, gamebird in the pheasant family Phasianidae. It has been considered to form a superspecies complex along with the rock partridge, Philby's partrid ...

, ''Alectoris chukar'' * Rock partridge, ''Alectoris graeca'' (E)

Nightjars

Order:

Caprimulgiformes Nightjars are medium-sized nocturnal or crepuscular birds in the family Caprimulgidae and order Caprimulgiformes, characterised by long wings, short legs, and very short bills. They are sometimes called bugeaters, their primary source of food ...

Family: Caprimulgidae Nightjars are medium-sized nocturnal birds that usually nest on the ground. They have long wings, short legs and very short bills. Their soft plumage is cryptically coloured to resemble bark or leaves. *

Common nighthawk The common nighthawk or bullbat (''Chordeiles minor'') is a medium-sized crepuscular or nocturnal bird of the Americas within the nightjar (Caprimulgidae) family, whose presence and identity are best revealed by its vocalization. Typically dark ...

, ''Chordeiles minor'' (A) * Red-necked nightjar, ''Caprimulgus ruficollis'' *

European nightjar The European nightjar (''Caprimulgus europaeus''), common goatsucker, Eurasian nightjar or just nightjar is a crepuscular and nocturnal bird in the nightjar family that breeds across most of Europe and the Palearctic to Mongolia and Northweste ...

, ''Caprimulgus europaeus'' * Egyptian nightjar, ''Caprimulgus aegyptius'' (A)

Swifts

Order:

Apodiformes The Apodiformes is an Order (biology), order, or Taxonomy, taxonomic grouping, of Bird, birds which traditionally contained three living Family (biology), families—the Swift (bird), Apodidae (swifts), the Treeswift, Hemiprocnidae (treeswifts), ...

Family:

Apodidae The Apodidae, or swifts, form a family of highly aerial birds. They are superficially similar to swallows, but are not closely related to any passerine species. Swifts are placed in the order Apodiformes along with hummingbirds. The treeswifts ar ...

Swifts are small birds which spend the majority of their lives flying. These birds have very short legs and never settle voluntarily on the ground, perching instead only on vertical surfaces. *

White-throated needletail The white-throated needletail (''Hirundapus caudacutus''), also known as needle-tailed swift or spine-tailed swift, is a large swift in the genus ''Hirundapus''. It is reputed to reach speeds of up to 170 km/h (105 mph) in horizontal flight, but ...

, ''Hirundapus caudacutus'' (A) * Chimney swift, ''Chaetura pelagica'' (A) *

Alpine swift The alpine swift (''Tachymarptis melba'', formerly ''Apus melba'') is a species of Swift (bird), swift found in Africa, southern Europe, and Asia. They breed in mountains from southern Europe to the Himalayas. Like common swifts, they are bird mi ...

, ''Tachymarptis melba'' *

Common swift The common swift (''Apus apus'') is a medium-sized bird, superficially similar to the barn swallow or Common house martin, house martin but somewhat larger, though not stemming from those passerine species, being in the order Apodiformes. The re ...

, ''Apus apus'' *

Pallid swift The pallid swift (''Apus pallidus'') is a Swift (bird), swift (order Apodiformes). Swifts have very short legs which they use only for clinging to vertical surfaces. The genus name ''Apus'' is Latin for a swift, thought by the ancients to be a ty ...

, ''Apus pallidus'' * Plain swift, ''Apus unicolor'' *

Pacific swift The Pacific swift (''Apus pacificus'') is a species of bird that is part of the Swift family. It breeds in eastern Asia. It is strongly migratory, spending the northern hemisphere's winter in Southeast Asia and Australia. The general shape a ...

, ''Apus pacificus'' (A) *

Little swift The little swift (''Apus affinis''), is a small species of Swift (bird), swift found in Africa and southwestern Asia, and are vagrants and local breeders in southern Europe. They are found both in urban areas and at rocky cliffs where they build ...

, ''Apus affinis'' * White-rumped swift, ''Apus caffer''

Bustards

Order: OtidiformesFamily: Otididae

Bustard Bustards, including floricans and korhaans, are large, terrestrial birds living mainly in dry grassland areas and in steppe regions. They range in length from . They make up the family Otididae (, formerly known as Otidae). Bustards are ...

s are large terrestrial birds mainly associated with dry open country and steppes in the Old World. They are omnivorous and nest on the ground. They walk steadily on strong legs and big toes, pecking for food as they go. They have long broad wings with "fingered" wingtips and striking patterns in flight. Many have interesting mating displays. *

Great bustard The great bustard (''Otis tarda'') is a bird in the bustard family, and the only living member of the genus ''Otis (bird), Otis''. It breeds in open grasslands and farmland from northern Morocco, South Europe, South and Central Europe to temperat ...

, ''Otis tarda'' * MacQueen's bustard, ''Chlamydotis macqueenii'' (A) * Houbara bustard, ''Chlamydotis undulata'' (

) *

Little bustard The little bustard (''Tetrax tetrax'') is a bird in the bustard family, the only member of the genus ''Tetrax''. It breeds in Southern Europe and in Western and Central Asia. Taxonomy The little bustard was formally described in 1758 by the S ...

, ''Tetrax tetrax''

Cuckoos

Order: CuculiformesFamily: Cuculidae The family Cuculidae includes

cuckoo Cuckoos are birds in the Cuculidae ( ) family, the sole taxon in the order Cuculiformes ( ). The cuckoo family includes the common or European cuckoo, roadrunners, koels, malkohas, couas, coucals, and anis. The coucals and anis are somet ...

roadrunner The roadrunners (genus ''Geococcyx''), also known as chaparral birds or chaparral cocks, are two species of fast-running ground cuckoos with long tails and crests. They are found in the southwestern and south-central United States, Mexico and C ...

s and anis. These birds are of variable size with slender bodies, long tails and strong legs. The Old World cuckoos are

brood parasite Brood may refer to: Nature * Brood, a collective term for offspring * Brooding, the incubation of bird eggs by their parents * Bee brood, the young of a beehive * Individual broods of North American periodical cicadas: ** Brood X, the largest ...

s. * Great spotted cuckoo, ''Clamator glandarius'' *

Yellow-billed cuckoo The yellow-billed cuckoo (''Coccyzus americanus'') is a member of the cuckoo family. Common folk names for this bird in the southern United States are rain crow and storm crow. These likely refer to the bird's habit of calling on hot days, often ...

, ''Coccyzus americanus'' (A) * Black-billed cuckoo, ''Coccyzus erythropthalmus'' (A) *

Common cuckoo The cuckoo, common cuckoo, European cuckoo or Eurasian cuckoo (''Cuculus canorus'') is a member of the cuckoo order of birds, Cuculiformes, which includes the Geococcyx, roadrunners, the ani (bird), anis and the coucals. This species is a widesp ...

, ''Cuculus canorus'' *

Oriental cuckoo The Oriental cuckoo or Horsfields cuckoo (''Cuculus optatus'') is a bird belonging to the genus ''Cuculus'' in the cuckoo family Cuculidae. It was formerly classified as a subspecies of the Himalayan cuckoo (''C. saturatus''), with the name 'Ori ...

, ''Cuculus optatus'' (A)

Sandgrouse

Order: PterocliformesFamily: Pteroclidae Sandgrouse have small, pigeon like heads and necks, but sturdy compact bodies. They have long pointed wings and sometimes tails and a fast direct flight. Flocks fly to watering holes at dawn and dusk. Their legs are feathered down to the toes. * Pin-tailed sandgrouse, ''Pterocles alchata'' * Spotted sandgrouse, ''Pterocles senegallus'' (A) * Chestnut-bellied sandgrouse, ''Pterocles exustus'' (A) * Black-bellied sandgrouse, ''Pterocles orientalis'' * Pallas's sandgrouse, ''Syrrhaptes paradoxus'' (A)

Pigeons and doves

Order: ColumbiformesFamily:

Columbidae Columbidae is a bird Family (biology), family consisting of doves and pigeons. It is the only family in the Order (biology), order Columbiformes. These are stout-bodied birds with small heads, relatively short necks and slender bills that in ...

Pigeon Columbidae is a bird family consisting of doves and pigeons. It is the only family in the order Columbiformes. These are stout-bodied birds with small heads, relatively short necks and slender bills that in some species feature fleshy ceres. ...

s and

dove Columbidae is a bird family consisting of doves and pigeons. It is the only family in the order Columbiformes. These are stout-bodied birds with small heads, relatively short necks and slender bills that in some species feature fleshy ceres. ...

s are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshy

cere The beak, bill, or Rostrum (anatomy), rostrum is an external anatomical structure found mostly in birds, but also in turtles, non-avian dinosaurs and a few mammals. A beak is used for pecking, wikt:grasp#Verb, grasping, and holding (in wikt:probe ...

. *

Rock dove The rock dove (''Columba livia''), also sometimes known as "rock pigeon" or "common pigeon", is a member of the bird family Columbidae (doves and pigeons). In common usage, it is often simply referred to as the "pigeon", although the rock dov ...

, ''Columba livia'' * Stock dove, ''Columba oenas'' * Common wood pigeon, ''Columba palumbus'' *

Bolle's pigeon Bolle's pigeon, Bolle's laurel pigeon or dark-tailed laurel pigeon (''Columba bollii'') is a species of the genus Columba of family Columbidae, doves and pigeons, endemic to the Canary Islands, Spain. This bird is named after the German naturalis ...

, ''Columba bollii'' (E-

) *

Laurel pigeon The laurel pigeon or white-tailed laurel pigeon (''Columba junoniae'') is a species of bird in the Columba (genus), Columba genus in the family Columbidae (doves and pigeons). It is endemic (ecology), endemic to the Canary Islands, Spain, and re ...

, ''Columba junoniae'' (E-

) * Trocaz pigeon, ''Columba trocaz'' (E-

) * European turtle dove, ''Streptopelia turtur'' * Oriental turtle dove, ''Streptopelia orientalis'' (A) * African collared dove, ''Streptopelia roseogrisea'' (I) * Eurasian collared dove, ''Streptopelia decaocto'' * Laughing dove, ''Streptopelia senegalensis'' *

Mourning dove The mourning dove (''Zenaida macroura'') is a member of the dove Family (biology), family, Columbidae. The bird is also known as the American mourning dove, the rain dove, the chueybird, colloquially as the turtle dove, and it was once known a ...

, ''Zenaida macroura'' (A)

Rails, crakes, and coots

Order:

Gruiformes The Gruiformes ( ) are an order containing a considerable number of living and extinct bird families, with a widespread geographical diversity. Gruiform means "crane-like". Traditionally, a number of wading and terrestrial bird families that ...

Family:

Rallidae Rails (avian family Rallidae) are a large, Cosmopolitan distribution, cosmopolitan family (biology), family of small- to medium-sized terrestrial and/or semi-amphibious birds. The family exhibits considerable diversity in its forms, and includes ...

is a family of small to medium-sized birds which includes the

rails Rail or rails may refer to: Rail transport *Rail transport and related matters * Railway track or railway lines, the running surface of a railway Arts and media Film * ''Rails'' (film), a 1929 Italian film by Mario Camerini * ''Rail'' (1967 fi ...

, crakes,

coot Coots are medium-sized water birds that are members of the rail family, Rallidae. They constitute the genus ''Fulica'', the name being the Latin term for "coot". Coots have predominantly black plumage, and—unlike many rails—they are usual ...

s and

gallinule Moorhens—sometimes called marsh hens—are medium-sized water birds that are members of the rail family (Rallidae). Most species are placed in the genus ''Gallinula'', Latin for "little hen." They are close relatives of coots. They are ...

s. Typically they inhabit dense vegetation in damp environments near lakes, swamps or rivers. In general they are shy and secretive birds, making them difficult to observe. Most species have strong legs and long toes which are well adapted to soft uneven surfaces. They tend to have short, rounded wings and to be weak fliers. *

Water rail The water rail, western water rail or European water rail (''Rallus aquaticus'') is a bird of the rail family which breeds in well-vegetated wetlands across Europe, Asia and North Africa. Northern and eastern populations are migratory, but this ...

, ''Rallus aquaticus'' * African crake, ''Crecopsis egregia'' (A) *

Corn crake The corn crake, corncrake or landrail (''Crex crex'') is a bird in the rail family. It breeds in Europe and Asia as far east as western China, and migrates to Africa for the Northern Hemisphere's winter. It is a medium-sized crake with buff ...

, ''Crex crex'' * Sora, ''Porzana carolina'' (A) * Spotted crake, ''Porzana porzana'' * Lesser moorhen, ''Paragallinula angulata'' (A) *

Common moorhen The common moorhen (''Gallinula chloropus''), also known as the waterhen, is a bird species in the Rail (bird), rail family (Rallidae). It is distributed across many parts of the Old World, across Africa, Europe, and Asia. It lives around well-ve ...

, ''Gallinula chloropus'' * Common gallinule, ''Gallinula galeata'' (A) * American coot, ''Fulica americana'' (A) *

Eurasian coot The Eurasian coot (''Fulica atra''), also known as the common coot, or Australian coot, is a member of the rail and crake bird family, the Rallidae. It is found in Europe, Asia, Australia, New Zealand and parts of North Africa. It has a slaty-bla ...

, ''Fulica atra'' * Red-knobbed coot, ''Fulica cristata'' *

Western swamphen The western swamphen (''Porphyrio porphyrio'') is a species of swamphen in the rail family Rallidae, one of the six species of purple swamphen. From the French name ''talève sultane'', it is also known as the sultana bird. This chicken-sized ...

, ''Porphyrio porphyrio'' * African swamphen, ''Porphyrio madagascariensis'' (A-

) * Grey-headed swamphen, ''Porphyrio poliocephalus'' (A) *

Allen's gallinule Allen's gallinule (''Porphyrio alleni''), formerly known as the lesser gallinule, is a small waterbird of the family Rallidae. Taxonomy Its former binomial name is ''Porphyrula alleni''. ''Porphyrio'' is the Latin for "swamphen", and ''alleni ...

, ''Porphyrio alleni'' (A) * Purple gallinule, ''Porphyrio martinica'' (A) * Little crake, ''Zapornia parva'' *

Baillon's crake Baillon's crake (''Zapornia pusilla''), also known as the marsh crake, is a small waterbird of the family Rallidae. Distribution Their breeding habitat is sedge beds in Europe, mainly in the east, and across the Palearctic. They used to breed in ...

, ''Zapornia pusilla'' * Striped crake, ''Aenigmatolimnas marginalis'' (A)

Cranes

Order:

Family: Gruidae Cranes are large, long-legged and long-necked birds. Unlike the similar-looking but unrelated herons, cranes fly with necks outstretched, not pulled back. Most have elaborate and noisy courting displays or "dances". *

Siberian crane The Siberian crane (''Leucogeranus leucogeranus''), also known as the Siberian white crane or the snow crane, is a bird of the family Gruidae, the crane (bird), cranes. They are distinctive among the cranes: adults are nearly all White, snowy whi ...

, ''Leucogeranus leucogeranus'' *

Sandhill crane The sandhill crane (''Antigone canadensis'') is a species of large Crane (bird), cranes of North America and extreme northeastern Siberia. The common name of this bird refers to its habitat, such as the Platte River, on the edge of Nebraska's S ...

, ''Antigone canadensis'' (A) *

Demoiselle crane The demoiselle crane (''Grus virgo'') is a species of crane found in central Eurosiberia, ranging from the Black Sea to Mongolia and Northeast China. There is also a small breeding population in Turkey. These cranes are migratory birds. Birds f ...

, ''Grus virgo'' *

Common crane The common crane (''Grus grus''), also known as the Eurasian crane, is a bird of the family Gruidae, the crane (bird), cranes. A medium-sized species, it is the only crane commonly found in Europe besides the demoiselle crane (''Grus virgo'') an ...

, ''Grus grus''

Grebes

Order:

Podicipediformes Grebes () are aquatic diving birds in the order Podicipediformes (). Grebes are widely distributed freshwater birds, with some species also found in marine habitats during migration and winter. Most grebes fly, although some flightless specie ...

Family: Podicipedidae Grebes are small to medium-large diving birds with lobed toes and pointed bills. They are seen mainly on lowland waterbodies and coasts. They feed on aquatic animals and

nest A nest is a structure built for certain animals to hold Egg (biology), eggs or young. Although nests are most closely associated with birds, members of all classes of vertebrates and some invertebrates construct nests. They may be composed of ...

on a floating platform of vegetation. *

Little grebe The little grebe (''Tachybaptus ruficollis''), also known as dabchick, is a member of the grebe family of water birds. The genus name is from Ancient Greek ''takhus'' "fast" and ''bapto'' "to sink under". The specific ''ruficollis'' is from Latin ...

, ''Tachybaptus ruficollis'' * Pied-billed grebe, ''Podilymbus podiceps'' (A) * Red-necked grebe, ''Podiceps grisegena'' *

Great crested grebe The great crested grebe (''Podiceps cristatus'') is a member of the grebe family of water birds. The bird is characterised by its distinctive appearance, featuring striking black, orange-brown, and white plumage, and elaborate courtship displa ...

, ''Podiceps cristatus'' *

Horned grebe The horned grebe or Slavonian grebe (''Podiceps auritus'') is a relatively small and Threatened species, threatened species of waterbird in the family Podicipedidae. There are two subspecies, ''P. a. auritus'' (Slavonian grebe), which breed ...

, ''Podiceps auritus'' * Black-necked grebe, ''Podiceps nigricollis''

Flamingos

Order:

Phoenicopteriformes Phoenicopteriformes is a group of water birds which comprises flamingos and their extinct relatives. Flamingos (Phoenicopteriformes) and the closely related grebes ( Podicipedidae) are contained in the parent clade Mirandornithes. Fossil ...

Family:

Phoenicopteridae Flamingos or flamingoes () are a type of wading bird in the family Phoenicopteridae, which is the only extant family in the order Phoenicopteriformes. There are four flamingo species distributed throughout the Americas (including the Caribbe ...

Flamingo Flamingos or flamingoes () are a type of wading bird in the family Phoenicopteridae, which is the only extant family in the order Phoenicopteriformes. There are four flamingo species distributed throughout the Americas (including the Caribbe ...

s are gregarious wading birds, usually tall, found in both the Western and Eastern Hemispheres. Flamingos filter-feed on shellfish and algae. Their oddly shaped beaks are specially adapted to separate mud and silt from the food they consume and, uniquely, are used upside-down. *

Greater flamingo The greater flamingo (''Phoenicopterus roseus'') is the most widespread and largest species of the flamingo family. Common in the Old World, they are found in Northern (coastal) and Sub-Saharan Africa, the Indian Subcontinent (south of the Him ...

, ''Phoenicopterus roseus'' *

Lesser flamingo The lesser flamingo (''Phoeniconaias minor'') is a species of flamingo occurring in sub-Saharan Africa and western India. Birds are occasionally reported from further north, but these are generally considered vagrants. Characteristics The lesse ...

, ''Phoenicopterus minor'' (A)

Buttonquail

Order:

Charadriiformes Charadriiformes (, from '' Charadrius'', the type genus of family Charadriidae) is a diverse order of small to medium-large birds. It includes about 390 species and has members in all parts of the world. Most charadriiform birds live near water ...

Family: Turnicidae The buttonquail are small, drab, running birds which resemble the true quails. The female is the brighter of the sexes and initiates courtship. The male incubates the eggs and tends the young. * Common buttonquail, ''Turnix sylvaticus'' (Ex)

Stone-curlews and thick-knees

Order:

Family: Burhinidae The thick-knees are a group of largely tropical waders in the family Burhinidae. They are found worldwide within the tropical zone, with some species also breeding in temperate Europe and Australia. They are medium to large waders with strong black or yellow-black bills, large yellow eyes and cryptic plumage. Despite being classed as waders, most species have a preference for arid or semi-arid habitats. * Eurasian stone-curlew, ''Burhinus oedicnemus''

Oystercatchers

Order:

Family: Haematopodidae The

oystercatcher The oystercatchers are a group of waders forming the family (biology), family Haematopodidae, which has a single genus, ''Haematopus''. They are found on coasts worldwide apart from the polar regions and some tropical regions of Africa and Sout ...

s are large and noisy

plover Plovers ( , ) are members of a widely distributed group of wader, wading birds of subfamily Charadriinae. The term "plover" applies to all the members of the subfamily, though only about half of them include it in their name. Species lis ...

-like birds, with strong bills used for smashing or prising open

mollusc Mollusca is a phylum of protostome, protostomic invertebrate animals, whose members are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 76,000 extant taxon, extant species of molluscs are recognized, making it the second-largest animal phylum ...

s. * Canary Islands oystercatcher, ''Haematopus meadewaldoi'' (Ext-formerly endemic to the

) *

Eurasian oystercatcher The Eurasian oystercatcher (''Haematopus ostralegus'') also known as the common pied oystercatcher, or (in Europe) just oystercatcher, is a wader in the oystercatcher bird family Haematopodidae. It has striking black and white plumage, a long st ...

, ''Haematopus ostralegus''

Stilts and avocets

Order:

Family:

Recurvirostridae The Recurvirostridae are a family of birds in the wader suborder Charadrii. It contains two distinct groups of birds, the avocets (one genus) and the stilts (two genera). Description Avocets and stilts range in length from and in weight from ; ...

A family of fairly large wading birds. The avocets have long legs and long up-curved bills. The stilts have extremely long legs and long, thin, straight bills. * Black-winged stilt, ''Himantopus himantopus'' * Pied avocet, ''Recurvirostra avosetta''

Plovers

Order:

Family: Charadriidae Small to medium-sized wading birds with compact bodies, short, thick necks and long, usually pointed, wings. They are found in open country worldwide, mostly in habitats near water. * Grey plover, ''Pluvialis squatarola'' *

European golden plover The European golden plover (''Pluvialis apricaria''), also known as the Eurasian golden plover, or just the golden plover within Europe, is a relatively large species of plover. This species is similar to two other golden plovers, the American ...

, ''Pluvialis apricaria'' * Pacific golden plover, ''Pluvialis fulva'' (A) * American golden plover, ''Pluvialis dominica'' (A) * Eurasian dotterel, ''Eudromias morinellus'' * Killdeer, ''Charadrius vociferus'' (A) *

Common ringed plover The common ringed plover or ringed plover (''Charadrius hiaticula'') is a species of bird in the family Charadriidae. It breeds across much of northern Eurasia, as well as Greenland. Taxonomy The common ringed plover was formally described i ...

, ''Charadrius hiaticula'' * Semipalmated plover, ''Charadrius semipalmatus'' (

, elsewhere A) *

Little ringed plover The little ringed plover (''Charadrius dubius'') is a small plover. The genus name ''Charadrius'' is a Late Latin word for a yellowish bird mentioned in the fourth-century Vulgate. It derives from Ancient Greek ''kharadrios'' a bird found in river ...

, ''Charadrius dubius'' *

Northern lapwing The northern lapwing (''Vanellus vanellus''), also known as the peewit or pewit, tuit or tewit, green plover, or (in Ireland and Great Britain) pyewipe or just lapwing, is a bird in the lapwing subfamily. It is common through temperate Palearcti ...

, ''Vanellus vanellus'' * Grey-headed lapwing, ''Vanellus cinereus'' (A) * Sociable lapwing, ''Vanellus gregarius'' (A) * Spur-winged lapwing, ''Vanellus spinosus'' * White-tailed lapwing, ''Vanellus leucurus'' (A) * Caspian plover, ''Anarhynchus asiaticus'' (A) * Oriental plover, ''Anarhynchus veredus'' (A) * Lesser sand plover, ''Anarhynchus mongolus'' (A) * Greater sand plover, ''Anarhynchus leschenaultii'' (A) *

Kittlitz's plover Kittlitz's plover (''Anarhynchus pecuarius'') is a small shorebird (35–40 g) in the family Charadriidae that breeds near coastal and inland saltmarshes, sandy or muddy riverbanks or alkaline grasslands with short vegetation. It is native to muc ...

, ''Anarhynchus pecuarius'' (A) * Kentish plover, ''Anarhynchus alexandrinus''

Egyptian plover

Order:

Family: Pluvianidae The Egyptian plover is found across equatorial Africa and along the Nile River. * Egyptian plover, ''Pluvianus aegyptius'' (A-

)

Sandpipers and snipes

Order:

Family:

Scolopacidae Scolopacidae is a large family of shorebirds, or waders, which mainly includes many species known as sandpipers, but also others such as woodcocks, curlews and snipes. Most of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil ...

Scolopacidae is a large diverse family of small to medium-sized shorebirds including the sandpipers,

curlew The curlews () are a group of nine species of birds in the genus ''Numenius'', characterised by their long, slender, downcurved bills and mottled brown plumage. The English name is imitative of the Eurasian curlew's call, but may have been infl ...

godwit Godwits are a group of four large, long-billed, long-legged and strongly bird migration, migratory waders of the bird genus ''Limosa''. Their long bills allow them to probe deeply in the sand for aquatic worms and mollusca, molluscs. In their ...

s, shanks, tattlers,

woodcock The woodcocks are a group of seven or eight very similar living species of sandpipers in the genus ''Scolopax''. The genus name is Latin for a snipe or woodcock, and until around 1800 was used to refer to a variety of waders. The English name ...

snipe A snipe is any of about 26 wading bird species in three genera in the family Scolopacidae. They are characterized by a very long, slender bill, eyes placed high on the head, and cryptic/ camouflaging plumage. ''Gallinago'' snipe have a nearly ...

dowitcher The three dowitchers are medium-sized long-billed wading birds in the genus ''Limnodromus''. The English name "dowitcher" is from Iroquois, recorded in English by the 1830s. The OED's earliest example is from 1841, but full-text searching giv ...

s and

phalarope A phalarope is any of three living species of slender-necked shorebirds in the genus ''Phalaropus'' of the bird family Scolopacidae. Phalaropes are close relatives of the shanks and tattlers, the '' Actitis'' and Terek sandpipers, and also ...

s. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Variation in length of legs and bills enables multiple species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food. *

Upland sandpiper The upland sandpiper (''Bartramia longicauda'') is a large sandpiper, closely related to the curlews. Older names are the upland plover and Bartram's sandpiper. In Louisiana, it is also colloquially known as the papabotte. It is the Monotypic tax ...

, ''Bartramia longicauda'' (A) *

Eurasian whimbrel The Eurasian or common whimbrel (''Numenius phaeopus''), also known as the white-rumped whimbrel in North America, is a wader in the large family Scolopacidae. It is one of the most widespread of the curlews, breeding across much of subarctic Pal ...

, ''Numenius phaeopus'' * Hudsonian whimbrel, ''Numenius hudsonicus'' (A) * Slender-billed curlew, ''Numenius tenuirostris'' (A, possibly Ext) * Little curlew, ''Numenius minutus'' (A) * Eskimo curlew, ''Numenius borealis'' (A, possibly Ext) *

Eurasian curlew The Eurasian curlew or common curlew (''Numenius arquata'') is a very large wader in the family Scolopacidae. It is one of the most widespread of the curlews, breeding across temperate Europe and Asia. In Europe, this species is often referred ...

, ''Numenius arquata'' *

Bar-tailed godwit The bar-tailed godwit (''Limosa lapponica'') is a large and strongly migratory wader in the family Scolopacidae, which feeds on bristle-worms and shellfish on coastal mudflats and estuaries. It has distinctive red breeding plumage, long legs, ...

, ''Limosa lapponica'' *

Black-tailed godwit The black-tailed godwit (''Limosa limosa'') is a large, long-legged, long-billed shorebird first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1758. It is a member of the godwit genus, '' Limosa''. There are four subspecies, all with orange head, neck and ches ...

, ''Limosa limosa'' * Hudsonian godwit, ''Limosa haemastica'' (A) * Ruddy turnstone, ''Arenaria interpres'' * Great knot, ''Calidris tenuirostris'' (A) *

Red knot The red knot or just knot (''Calidris canutus'') is a medium-sized shorebird which breeds in tundra and the Arctic Cordillera in the far north of Canada, Europe, and Russia. It is a large member of the ''Calidris'' sandpipers, second only to the ...

, ''Calidris canutus'' *

Ruff Ruff may refer to: Places *Ruff, Virginia, United States, an unincorporated community *Ruff, Washington, United States, an unincorporated community Other uses *Ruff (bird) (''Calidris pugnax'' or ''Philomachus pugnax''), a bird in the wader famil ...

, ''Calidris pugnax'' * Broad-billed sandpiper, ''Calidris falcinellus'' *

Sharp-tailed sandpiper The sharp-tailed sandpiper (''Calidris acuminata'') is a small-medium migratory wader or shorebird, found mostly in Siberia during the summer breeding period (June to August) and Australia for wintering (September to March). Taxonomy The gen ...

, ''Calidris acuminata'' (A) *

Stilt sandpiper The stilt sandpiper (''Calidris himantopus'') is a small shorebird. The scientific name is from Ancient Greek. The genus name ''kalidris'' or ''skalidris'' is a term used by Aristotle for some grey-coloured waterside birds. The specific ''himant ...

, ''Calidris himantopus'' (A) * Curlew sandpiper, ''Calidris ferruginea'' *

Temminck's stint Temminck's stint (''Calidris temminckii'') is a small wader. This bird's common name and Latin binomial commemorate the Dutch naturalist Coenraad Jacob Temminck. The genus name is from Ancient Greek ''kalidris'' or ''skalidris'', a term used by ...

, ''Calidris temminckii'' *

Long-toed stint The long-toed stint (''Calidris subminuta'') is a small wader. The genus name is from Ancient Greek ''kalidris'' or ''skalidris'', a term used by Aristotle for some grey-coloured waterside birds. The specific ''subminuta'' is from Latin ''sub'', ...

, ''Calidris subminuta'' (A) *

Red-necked stint The red-necked stint (''Calidris ruficollis'') is a small migratory wader. The genus name is from Ancient Greek ''kalidris'' or ''skalidris'', a term used by Aristotle for some grey-coloured waterside birds. The specific ''ruficollis'' is from La ...

, ''Calidris ruficollis'' (A) * Sanderling, ''Calidris alba'' *

Dunlin The dunlin (''Calidris alpina'') is a small wader in the genus '' Calidris''. The English name is a dialect form of "dunling", first recorded in 1531–1532. It derives from ''dun'', "dull brown", with the suffix ''-ling'', meaning a person or ...

, ''Calidris alpina'' *

Purple sandpiper The purple sandpiper (''Calidris maritima'') is a small shorebird in the sandpiper family Scolopacidae. This is a hardy sandpiper that breeds in the arctic and subarctic regions of Eurasia and North America and winters further south on the Atlan ...

, ''Calidris maritima'' *

Baird's sandpiper Baird's sandpiper (''Calidris bairdii'') is a small shorebird. It is among those calidrids which were formerly included in the genus ''Erolia'', which was wiktionary:subsume, subsumed into the genus ''Calidris'' in 1973. The genus name is from An ...

, ''Calidris bairdii'' (A) *

Little stint The little stint (''Calidris minuta'' or ''Erolia minuta'') is a very small wader. It breeds in arctic Europe and Asia, and is a long-distance migrant, wintering south to Africa and south Asia. It occasionally is a vagrant to North America an ...

, ''Calidris minuta'' * Least sandpiper, ''Calidris minutilla'' (A) * White-rumped sandpiper, ''Calidris fuscicollis'' (A) * Buff-breasted sandpiper, ''Calidris subruficollis'' (A) *

Pectoral sandpiper The pectoral sandpiper (''Calidris melanotos'') (often abbreviated pec) is a small, Bird migration, migratory wader that breeds in North America and Palearctic, Asia, wintering in South America and Oceania. It eats small invertebrates. Its bird ...

, ''Calidris melanotos'' (A) *

Semipalmated sandpiper The semipalmated sandpiper (''Calidris pusilla'') is a very small shorebird. The genus name is from Ancient Greek ''kalidris'' or ''skalidris'', a term used by Aristotle for some grey-coloured waterside birds. The specific ''pusilla'' is Latin f ...

, ''Calidris pusilla'' (A) * Western sandpiper, ''Calidris mauri'' (A) * Long-billed dowitcher, ''Limnodromus scolopaceus'' (A) * Short-billed dowitcher, ''Limnodromus griseus'' (A) * American woodcock, ''Scolopax minor'' (A) *

Eurasian woodcock The Eurasian woodcock (''Scolopax rusticola'') is a medium-small wader, wading bird found in temperate and subarctic Palearctic realm, Eurasia. It has Camouflage#Cryptic coloration in nature, cryptic camouflage to suit its woodland habitat, with ...

, ''Scolopax rusticola'' * Jack snipe, ''Lymnocryptes minimus'' * Pin-tailed snipe, ''Gallinago stenura'' * Swinhoe's snipe, ''Gallinago megala'' (A) * Great snipe, ''Gallinago media'' *

Common snipe The common snipe (''Gallinago gallinago'') is a small, stocky wader native to the Old World. Distribution and habitat The breeding habitats are marshes, bogs, tundra and wet meadows throughout the Palearctic. In the north, the distribution li ...

, ''Gallinago gallinago'' *

Wilson's snipe Wilson's snipe (''Gallinago delicata'') is a small, stocky shorebird. The generic name ''Gallinago'' is Neo-Latin for a woodcock or snipe from Latin ''gallina'', "hen" and the suffix ''-ago'', "resembling". The specific name ''delicata'' is ...

, ''Gallinago delicata'' (A) *

Terek sandpiper The Terek sandpiper (''Xenus cinereus'') is a small migratory Palearctic wader 245px, A flock of Red_knot.html" ;"title="Dunlins and Red knot">Dunlins and Red knots Waders or shorebirds are birds of the order Charadriiformes commonly foun ...

, ''Xenus cinereus'' *

Wilson's phalarope Wilson's phalarope (''Phalaropus tricolor'') is a small wader. This bird, the largest of the phalaropes, breeds in the prairies of North America in western Canada and the western United States. It is migratory, wintering in inland salt lakes n ...

, ''Phalaropus tricolor'' (A) * Red-necked phalarope, ''Phalaropus lobatus'' * Red phalarope, ''Phalaropus fulicarius'' * Common sandpiper, ''Actitis hypoleucos'' *

Spotted sandpiper The spotted sandpiper (''Actitis macularius'') is a small shorebird. Together with its sister species the common sandpiper (''A. hypoleucos''), it makes up the genus ''Actitis''. They replace each other geographically; stray birds may Hybridisati ...

, ''Actitis macularius'' (A) *

Green sandpiper The green sandpiper (''Tringa ochropus'') is a small wader (shorebird) of the Old World. The green sandpiper represents an ancient lineage of the genus ''Tringa''; its only close living relative is the solitary sandpiper (''T. solitaria''). The ...

, ''Tringa ochropus'' * Solitary sandpiper, ''Tringa solitaria'' (A) *

Grey-tailed tattler The grey-tailed tattler (''Tringa brevipes'', formerly ''Heteroscelus brevipes''Banks, Richard C.; Cicero, Carla; Dunn, Jon L.; Kratter, Andrew W.; Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Remsen, J. V. Jr.; Rising, James D. & Stotz, Douglas F. (2006):Forty-seventh ...

, ''Tringa brevipes'' (A) *

Lesser yellowlegs The lesser yellowlegs (''Tringa flavipes'') is a medium-sized shorebird. It breeds in the boreal forest region of North America. Taxonomy The lesser yellowlegs was formally described in 1789 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in ...

, ''Tringa flavipes'' (A) *

Common redshank The common redshank or simply redshank (''Tringa totanus'') is a Eurasian wader in the large family Scolopacidae. Taxonomy The common redshank was formally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of hi ...

, ''Tringa totanus'' *

Marsh sandpiper The marsh sandpiper (''Tringa stagnatilis'') is a small wader. It is a rather small Tringa, shank, and breeds in open grassy steppe and taiga wetlands from easternmost Europe to the Russian Far East. The genus name ''Tringa'' is the Neo-Latin name ...

, ''Tringa stagnatilis'' * Wood sandpiper, ''Tringa glareola'' * Spotted redshank, ''Tringa erythropus'' *

Common greenshank The common greenshank (''Tringa nebularia'') is a wader in the large family Scolopacidae, the typical waders. The genus name ''Tringa'' is the Neo-Latin name given to the green sandpiper by Aldrovandus in 1599 based on Ancient Greek ''trungas ...

, ''Tringa nebularia'' * Greater yellowlegs, ''Tringa melanoleuca'' (A) *

Willet The willet (''Tringa semipalmata'') is a large shorebird in the family Scolopacidae. It is a relatively large and robust sandpiper and is the largest of the species called "shanks" in the genus ''Tringa''. Its closest relative is the lesser yell ...

, ''Tringa semipalmata'' (A)

Coursers and pratincoles

Order:

Family:

Glareolidae Glareolidae is a family of birds in the wader suborder Lari. It contains two distinct groups, the pratincoles and the coursers. The atypical Egyptian plover (''Pluvianus aegyptius''), traditionally placed in this family, is now known to be o ...

Glareolidae is a family of wading birds comprising the pratincoles, which have short legs, long pointed wings and long forked tails, and the coursers, which have long legs, short wings and long, pointed bills which curve downwards. *

Cream-colored courser The cream-colored courser (''Cursorius cursor'') is a species of wader in the pratincole and courser family, Glareolidae. Both parts of the scientific name derive from Latin ''cursor'', "runner", from ''currere'', "to run" which describes their ...

, ''Cursorius cursor'' (

, elsewhere A) * Collared pratincole, ''Glareola pratincola'' * Oriental pratincole, ''Glareola maldivarum'' (A) *

Black-winged pratincole The black-winged pratincole (''Glareola nordmanni'') is a wader in the pratincole bird family, Glareolidae. The genus name is a diminutive of Latin ''glarea'', "gravel", referring to a typical nesting habitat for pratincoles. The species name ...

, ''Glareola nordmanni''

Gulls, terns, and skimmers

Order:

Family: Laridae Laridae is a family of medium to large seabirds, the

gull Gulls, or colloquially seagulls, are seabirds of the subfamily Larinae. They are most closely related to terns and skimmers, distantly related to auks, and even more distantly related to waders. Until the 21st century, most gulls were placed ...

tern Terns are seabirds in the family Laridae, subfamily Sterninae, that have a worldwide distribution and are normally found near the sea, rivers, or wetlands. Terns are treated in eleven genera in a subgroup of the family Laridae, which also ...

s, and

skimmer Skimmer may refer to: Animals *Skimmer (bird), a common name for birds in the genus ''Rynchops'' *Skimmer (dragonfly), a common name for dragonflies in the family Libellulidae *Water strider or skimmer, a common name for insects in the family Ge ...

s. They are typically grey or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. They have stout, longish bills and webbed feet. Terns are a group of generally medium to large seabirds typically with grey or white plumage, often with black markings on the head. Most terns hunt fish by diving but some pick insects off the surface of fresh water. Terns are generally long-lived birds, with several species known to live in excess of 30 years. * Brown noddy, ''Anous stolidus'' (A) * Black-legged kittiwake, ''Rissa tridactyla'' * Ivory gull, ''Pagophila eburnea'' *

Sabine's gull Sabine's gull ( or ) (''Xema sabini'') is a small gull. It is usually treated as the only species placed in the genus ''Xema'', though some authors include it with other gulls in a wide view of the genus ''Larus''. It has also been known histor ...

, ''Xema sabini'' * Slender-billed gull, ''Chroicocephalus genei'' *

Bonaparte's gull Bonaparte's gull (''Chroicocephalus philadelphia'') is a member of the gull family Laridae found mainly in northern North America. At in length, it is one of the smallest species of gull. Its plumage is mainly white with grey upperparts. Durin ...

, ''Chroicocephalus philadelphia'' (A) *

Black-headed gull The black-headed gull (''Chroicocephalus ridibundus'') is a small gull that breeds in much of the Palearctic in Europe and Asia, and also locally in smaller numbers in coastal eastern Canada. Most of the population is migratory and winters fu ...

, ''Chroicocephalus ridibundus'' *

Grey-headed gull The grey-headed gull (''Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus''), also known as the grey-hooded gull, is a small species of gull which breeds patchily in South America and Africa south of the Sahara. It is not truly migratory, but is dispersive, becomin ...

, ''Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus'' (A) *

Little gull The little gull (''Hydrocoloeus minutus''), is a species of gull belonging to the family Laridae which is mainly found in the Palearctic with some small colonies in North America. It breeds on freshwater lakes and marshes, and spends winters at ...

, ''Hydrocoloeus minutus'' *

Ross's gull Ross's gull (''Rhodostethia rosea'') is a small gull, the only species in its genus, although it has been suggested the genus should be merged with the closely related '' Hydrocoloeus'', which otherwise only includes the little gull. This bird ...

, ''Rhodostethia rosea'' (A) *

Laughing gull The laughing seagull (''Leucophaeus atricilla'') is a medium-sized gull of North America, North and South America. Named for its laugh-like call, it is an opportunistic omnivore and scavenger. It breeds in large colonies mostly along the Atlantic ...

, ''Leucophaeus atricilla'' (A) *

Franklin's gull Franklin's gull (''Leucophaeus pipixcan'') is a small (length 12.6–14.2 in, 32–36 cm) gull. The genus name ''Leucophaeus'' is from Ancient Greek ''leukos'', "white", and ''phaios'', "dusky". The specific ''pipixcan'' is a Nahuatl name fo ...

, ''Leucophaeus pipixcan'' (A) * White-eyed gull, ''Ichthyaetus leucophthalmus'' (A) * Audouin's gull, ''Ichthyaetus audouinii'' *

Mediterranean gull The Mediterranean gull (''Ichthyaetus melanocephalus'') is a small gull. The scientific name is from Ancient Greek. The genus ''Ichthyaetus'' is from ''ikhthus'', "fish", and ''aetos'', "eagle", and the specific ''melanocephalus'' is from ''mel ...

, ''Ichthyaetus melanocephalus'' * Pallas's gull, ''Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus'' *

Common gull The common gull (''Larus canus'') is a medium-sized gull that breeds in cool temperate regions of the Palearctic from Iceland and Scotland east to Kamchatka in the Russian Far East. Most common gulls bird migration, migrate further south in wint ...

, ''Larus canus'' * Short-billed gull, ''Larus brachyrhynchus'' (A-

) *

Ring-billed gull The ring-billed gull (''Larus delawarensis'') is a medium-sized gull native to North America, breeding in Canada and the northern Contiguous United States, and wintering mainly in the United States and northern Mexico. The genus name is from Lat ...

, ''Larus delawarensis'' (A) *

Great black-backed gull The great black-backed gull (''Larus marinus'') is the largest member of the gull family. It is a very aggressive hunter, pirate, and scavenger which breeds on the coasts and islands of the North Atlantic in northern Europe and northeastern Nort ...

, ''Larus marinus'' *

Kelp gull The kelp gull (''Larus dominicanus''), also known as the Dominican gull, is a gull that breeds on coasts and islands through much of the Southern Hemisphere. The nominate ''L. d. dominicanus'' is the subspecies found around South America, pa ...

, ''Larus dominicanus'' (A) * Glaucous-winged gull, ''Larus glaucescens'' (A) * Glaucous gull, ''Larus hyperboreus'' * Iceland gull, ''Larus glaucoides'' *

European herring gull The European herring gull (''Larus argentatus'') is a large gull, up to long. It breeds throughout the northern and western coasts of Europe. Some European herring gulls, especially those resident in colder areas, bird migration, migrate furthe ...

, ''Larus argentatus'' *

American herring gull The American herring gull or Smithsonian gull (''Larus smithsonianus'' or ''Larus argentatus smithsonianus'') is a large gull that breeds in North America, where it is treated by the American Ornithological Society as a subspecies of herring gu ...

, ''Larus smithsonianus'' (A) *

Caspian gull The Caspian gull (''Larus cachinnans'') is a large gull and a member of the herring and lesser black-backed gull complex. The scientific name is from Latin. ''Larus'' appears to have referred to a gull or other large seabird, and ''cachinnans'' ...

, ''Larus cachinnans'' *

Armenian gull __NOTOC__ The Armenian gull (''Larus armenicus'') is a large gull found in the Caucasus and the Middle East. It was formerly classified as a subspecies of the European herring gull (''L. argentatus''), but is now generally considered to be a sepa ...

, ''Larus armenicus'' *

Yellow-legged gull The yellow-legged gull (''Larus michahellis'') is a large gull found in Europe, the Middle East and North Africa, which has only recently achieved wide recognition as a distinct species. It was formerly treated as a subspecies of either the Cas ...

, ''Larus michahellis'' *

Vega gull The Vega gull, East Siberian gull, or East Siberian herring gull (''Larus vegae'') is a large gull of the herring gull/ lesser black-backed gull complex which breeds in Northeast Asia. Its classification is still controversial and uncertain. It ...

, ''Larus vegae'' (A) * Slaty-backed gull, ''Larus schistisagus'' (A) *

Lesser black-backed gull The lesser black-backed gull (''Larus fuscus'') is a large gull that breeds on the Atlantic coasts of Europe. It is migratory, wintering from the British Isles south to West Africa. However, it has increased dramatically in North America, especi ...

, ''Larus fuscus'' * Gull-billed tern, ''Gelochelidon nilotica'' *

Caspian tern The Caspian tern (''Hydroprogne caspia'') is a species of tern, with a subcosmopolitan but scattered distribution. Despite its extensive range, it is monotypic of its genus, and has no accepted subspecies. The genus name is from Ancient Greek '' ...

, ''Hydroprogne caspia'' *

Royal tern The royal tern (''Thalasseus maximus'') is a tern in the family Laridae. The species is endemic to the Americas, though vagrants have been identified in Europe.Buckley, P. A. and F. G. Buckley (2020). Royal Tern (Thalasseus maximus), version 1. ...

, ''Thalasseus maximus'' (A) * Lesser crested tern, ''Thalasseus bengalensis'' (A) * West African crested tern, ''Thalasseus albididorsalis'' (A) *

Sandwich tern The Sandwich tern (''Thalasseus sandvicensis'') is a tern in the family Laridae. It is very closely related to the lesser crested tern (''T. bengalensis''), Chinese crested tern (''T. bernsteini''), Cabot's tern (''T. acuflavidus''), and el ...

, ''Thalasseus sandvicensis'' * Cabot's tern, ''Thalasseus acuflavidus'' (A) * Elegant tern, ''Thalasseus elegans'' (A) *

Little tern The little tern (''Sternula albifrons'') is a seabird of the family Laridae. It was first described by the German naturalist Peter Simon Pallas in 1764 and given the binomial name ''Sterna albifrons''. It was moved to the genus '' Sternula'' whe ...

, ''Sternula albifrons'' *

Least tern The least tern (''Sternula antillarum'') is a species of tern that breeds in North America and locally in northern South America. It is closely related to, and was formerly often considered conspecific with, the little tern of the Old World. Oth ...

, ''Sternula antillarum'' (A) * Aleutian tern, ''Onychoprion aleuticus'' (A) * Bridled tern, ''Onychoprion anaethetus'' (A) * Sooty tern, ''Onychoprion fuscatus'' (A) * Roseate tern, ''Sterna dougallii'' *

Common tern The common tern (''Sterna hirundo'') is a seabird in the family Laridae. This bird has a circumpolar distribution, its four subspecies breeding in Temperateness, temperate and subarctic regions of Europe, Asia and North America. It is stron ...

, ''Sterna hirundo'' *

Arctic tern The Arctic tern (''Sterna paradisaea'') is a tern in the family Laridae. This bird has a circumpolar breeding distribution covering the Arctic and sub-Arctic regions of Europe (as far south as Brittany), Asia, and North America (as far south ...

, ''Sterna paradisaea'' * Forster's tern, ''Sterna forsteri'' (A) *

Whiskered tern The whiskered tern (''Chlidonias hybrida'') is a tern in the family Laridae. The genus name is from Ancient Greek ''khelidonios'', "swallow-like", from ''khelidon'', "swallow". The specific ''hybridus'' is Latin for ''hybrid''; Peter Simon Pall ...

, ''Chlidonias hybrida'' * White-winged tern, ''Chlidonias leucopterus'' * Black tern, ''Chlidonias niger''

Skuas

Order:

Family: Stercorariidae The family Stercorariidae are, in general, medium to large birds, typically with grey or brown plumage, often with white markings on the wings. They nest on the ground in temperate and arctic regions and are long-distance migrants. *

South polar skua The south polar skua (''Stercorarius maccormicki'') is a large seabird in the skua family, Stercorariidae. An older name for the bird is MacCormick's skua, after explorer and naval surgeon Robert McCormick, who first collected the type specime ...

, ''Stercorarius maccormicki'' (A) * Great skua, ''Stercorarius skua'' * Pomarine jaeger, ''Stercorarius pomarinus'' * Parasitic jaeger, ''Stercorarius parasiticus'' * Long-tailed jaeger, ''Stercorarius longicaudus''

Auks

Order:

Family:

Alcidae Auks or alcids are birds of the family Alcidae in the order Charadriiformes. The alcid family includes the murres, guillemots, auklets, puffins, and murrelets. The family contains 25 extant or recently extinct species that are divided into ...

Auks are superficially similar to penguins due to their black-and-white colours, their upright posture and some of their habits, however they are not related to the penguins and differ in being able to fly. Auks live on the open sea, only deliberately coming ashore to nest. *

Little auk The little auk (Europe) or dovekie (North America) ''Alle alle'' is a small auk, the only member of the genus ''Alle''. ''Alle'' is the Sami name of the long-tailed duck; it is onomatopoeic and imitates the call of the drake duck. Linnaeus was n ...

, ''Alle alle'' * Crested auklet, ''Aethia cristatella'' (A) *

Parakeet auklet The parakeet auklet (''Aethia psittacula'') is a small seabird of the North Pacific. Parakeet Auklets used to be placed on its own in the genus ''Cyclorrhynchus'' ( Kaup, 1829) but recent morphological and genetic evidence suggest it should be pl ...

, ''Aethia psittacula'' (A) *

Thick-billed murre The thick-billed murre or Brünnich's guillemot (''Uria lomvia'') is a bird in the auk family (Alcidae). This bird is named after the Danish zoologist Morten Thrane Brünnich. The very deeply black North Pacific subspecies ''Uria lomvia arra'' i ...

, ''Uria lomvia'' *

Common murre The common murre or common guillemot (''Uria aalge'') is a large auk. It has a Subarctic, circumpolar distribution, occurring in low-Arctic and boreal waters in the North Atlantic and North Pacific. It spends most of its time at sea, only coming ...

, ''Uria aalge'' *

Razorbill The razorbill (''Alca torda'') is a North Atlantic colonial seabird and the only extant member of the genus ''Alca (bird), Alca'' of the family Alcidae, the auks. It is the closest living relative of the extinct great auk (''Pinguinus impennis' ...

, ''Alca torda'' *

Great auk The great auk (''Pinguinus impennis''), also known as the penguin or garefowl, is an Extinction, extinct species of flightless bird, flightless auk, alcid that first appeared around 400,000 years ago and Bird extinction, became extinct in the ...

, ''Pinguinus impennis'' (Ext) *

Black guillemot The black guillemot or tystie (''Cepphus grylle'') is a medium-sized seabird of the Alcidae family, native throughout northern Atlantic coasts and eastern North American coasts. It is resident in much of its range, but large populations from the ...

, ''Cepphus grylle'' * Long-billed murrelet, ''Brachyramphus perdix'' (A) *

Ancient murrelet The ancient murrelet (') is a bird in the auk family. The English term "murrelet" is a diminutive of "murre", a word of uncertain origins, but which may imitate the call of the common guillemot. Ancient murrelets are called "ancient" because t ...

, ''Synthliboramphus antiquus'' (A) *

Atlantic puffin The Atlantic puffin ('), also known as the common puffin, is a species of seabird in the auk family (biology), family. It is the only puffin native to the Atlantic Ocean; two related species, the tufted puffin and the horned puffin being found ...

, ''Fratercula arctica'' * Horned puffin, ''Fratercula corniculata'' (A) * Tufted puffin, ''Fratercula cirrhata'' (A)

Tropicbirds

Order:

Phaethontiformes The Phaethontiformes are an order of birds. They contain one extant family, the tropicbirds (Phaethontidae), and one extinct family Prophaethontidae from the early Cenozoic. Several fossil genera have been described, with well-preserved fossil ...

Family:

Phaethontidae Tropicbirds are a family, Phaethontidae, of tropical pelagic seabirds. They are the sole living representatives of the order Phaethontiformes. For many years they were considered part of the Pelecaniformes, but genetics indicates they are most cl ...

Tropicbird Tropicbirds are a family, Phaethontidae, of tropical pelagic seabirds. They are the sole living representatives of the order Phaethontiformes. For many years they were considered part of the Pelecaniformes, but genetics indicates they are most ...

s are a

family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...

of tropical

pelagic The pelagic zone consists of the water column of the open ocean and can be further divided into regions by depth. The word ''pelagic'' is derived . The pelagic zone can be thought of as an imaginary cylinder or water column between the sur ...

seabird Seabirds (also known as marine birds) are birds that are adaptation, adapted to life within the marine ecosystem, marine environment. While seabirds vary greatly in lifestyle, behaviour and physiology, they often exhibit striking convergent ...

s. They are the sole living representatives of the order

. * Red-billed tropicbird, ''Phaethon aethereus'' (A) *

White-tailed tropicbird The white-tailed tropicbird (''Phaethon lepturus'') or yellow-billed tropicbird is a tropicbird. It is the smallest of three closely related seabirds of the tropical oceans and smallest member of the order Phaethontiformes. It is found in the tro ...

, ''Phaethon lepturus'' (A-

)

Loons

Order: GaviiformesFamily: Gaviidae Loons, known as divers in Europe, are a group of aquatic birds found in many parts of North America and northern Europe. They are the size of a large duck or small goose, which they somewhat resemble when swimming, but to which they are completely unrelated. * Red-throated loon, ''Gavia stellata'' * Black-throated loon, ''Gavia arctica'' * Pacific loon, ''Gavia pacifica'' (A) *

Common loon The common loon or great northern diver (''Gavia immer'') is a large member of the loon, or diver, family (biology), family of birds. Reproduction, Breeding adults have a plumage that includes a broad black head and neck with a greenish, purpli ...

, ''Gavia immer'' * Yellow-billed loon, ''Gavia adamsii''

Austral storm petrels

Order:

Procellariiformes Procellariiformes is an order (biology), order of seabirds that comprises four family (biology), families: the albatrosses, the Procellariidae, petrels and shearwaters, and two families of storm petrels. Formerly called Tubinares and still call ...

Family:

Oceanitidae Austral storm petrels, or southern storm petrels, are seabirds in the Family (biology), family Oceanitidae, part of the order Procellariiformes. These smallest of seabirds feed on planktonic crustaceans and small fish picked from the surface, ty ...

Austral storm petrels, or southern storm petrels, are

s in the

Oceanitidae, part of the order

. These smallest of seabirds feed on

plankton Plankton are the diverse collection of organisms that drift in Hydrosphere, water (or atmosphere, air) but are unable to actively propel themselves against ocean current, currents (or wind). The individual organisms constituting plankton are ca ...

ic crustaceans and small fish picked from the surface, typically while hovering. Their flight is fluttering and sometimes

bat Bats are flying mammals of the order Chiroptera (). With their forelimbs adapted as wings, they are the only mammals capable of true and sustained flight. Bats are more agile in flight than most birds, flying with their very long spread-out ...

-like. * Black-bellied storm petrel, ''Fregetta tropica'' (A-

and

) * White-faced storm petrel, ''Pelagodroma marina'' (

and

, elsewhere A) *

Wilson's storm petrel Wilson's storm petrel (''Oceanites oceanicus''), also known as Wilson's petrel, is a small seabird of the austral storm petrel family Oceanitidae. It is one of the most abundant bird species in the world and has a circumpolar distribution mainly ...

, ''Oceanites oceanicus''

Albatrosses

Order:

Family:

Diomedeidae Albatrosses, of the biological family (biology), family Diomedeidae, are large seabirds related to the procellariidae, procellariids, storm petrels, and diving petrels in the order Procellariiformes (the tubenoses). They range widely in the So ...

The albatrosses are among the largest flying birds, with long, narrow wings for gliding. The majority are found in the Southern Hemisphere with only vagrants occurring in the North Atlantic. * Atlantic yellow-nosed albatross, ''Thalassarche chlororhynchos'' (A) *

Black-browed albatross The black-browed albatross (''Thalassarche melanophris''), also known as the black-browed mollymawk,Robertson, C. J. R. (2003) is a large seabird of the albatross family Diomedeidae; it is the most widespread and common member of its family. T ...

, ''Thalassarche melanophris'' (A) * Tristan albatross, ''Diomedea dabbenena'' (A) *

Wandering albatross The snowy albatross (''Diomedea exulans''), also known as the wandering albatross, white-winged albatross, or goonie, is a large seabird from the family Diomedeidae Albatrosses, of the biological family (biology), family Diomedeidae, are la ...

, ''Diomedea exulans'' (A)

Northern storm petrels

Order:

Family:

Hydrobatidae Northern storm petrels are seabirds in the genus ''Hydrobates'' in the Family (biology), family Hydrobatidae, part of the order Procellariiformes. The family was once Lumpers and splitters, lumped with the similar austral storm petrels in the co ...

The northern storm-petrels are the smallest

s, feeding on

and small fish picked from the surface, typically while hovering. They nest in colonies on the ground, most often in burrows. *

European storm petrel The European storm petrel (''Hydrobates pelagicus''), also known as British storm petrel, or just storm petrel, is a species of seabird in the northern storm petrel family, Hydrobatidae. The small, square-tailed bird is entirely black except f ...

, ''Hydrobates pelagicus'' * Swinhoe's storm petrel, ''Hydrobates monorhis'' (A) * Leach's storm petrel, ''Hydrobates leucorhous'' * Monteiro's storm petrel, ''Hydrobates monteiroi'' (

) * Band-rumped storm petrel, ''Hydrobates castro''

Petrels, shearwaters, and diving petrels

Order:

Family:

Procellariidae The family (biology), family Procellariidae is a group of seabirds that comprises the fulmarine petrels, the gadfly petrels, the diving petrels, the prion (bird), prions, and the shearwaters. This family is part of the bird order (biology), orde ...

These are highly

birds with long, narrow wings and tube-shaped nostrils. They feed at sea on fish,

squid A squid (: squid) is a mollusc with an elongated soft body, large eyes, eight cephalopod limb, arms, and two tentacles in the orders Myopsida, Oegopsida, and Bathyteuthida (though many other molluscs within the broader Neocoleoidea are also ...

and other marine life. They come to land to breed in colonies, nesting in burrows or on cliffs. *

Cape petrel The pintado petrel (''Daption capense''), also called the Cape petrel, or Cape fulmar, is a common seabird of the Southern Ocean from the family Procellariidae. It is the only member of the genus ''Daption'', and is allied to the fulmarine petr ...

, ''Daption capense'' (A) * Northern fulmar, ''Fulmarus glacialis'' *

Southern giant petrel The southern giant petrel (''Macronectes giganteus''), also known as the Antarctic giant petrel, giant fulmar, stinker, and stinkpot, is a large seabird of the southern oceans. Its distribution overlaps broadly with the similar northern giant pe ...

, ''Macronectes giganteus'' (A) *

Bermuda petrel The Bermuda petrel (''Pterodroma cahow'') is a gadfly petrel. Commonly known in Bermuda as the cahow, a name derived from its eerie cries, this nocturnal ground-nesting seabird is the national bird of Bermuda, pictured on Bermudian currency. Berm ...

, ''Pterodroma cahow'' (A) * Trindade petrel, ''Pterodroma arminjoniana'' (A-

) * Soft-plumaged petrel, ''Pterodroma mollis'' (A) *

Zino's petrel Zino's petrel (''Pterodroma madeira'') or the freira, is a species of small seabird in the gadfly petrel genus, Endemism, endemic to the island of Madeira. This long-winged petrel has a grey back and wings, with a dark "W" marking across the wings ...

, ''Pterodroma madeira'' (

) * Desertas petrel, ''Pterodroma deserta'' (

, elsewhere A) * Fea's petrel, ''Pterodroma feae'' (A-

) * Black-capped petrel, ''Pterodroma hasitata'' (A) * Bulwer's petrel, ''Bulweria bulwerii'' *

White-chinned petrel The white-chinned petrel (''Procellaria aequinoctialis'') also known as the Cape hen and shoemaker, is a large shearwater in the family Procellariidae. It ranges around the Southern Ocean as far north as southern Australia, Peru and Namibia, and ...

, ''Procellaria aequinoctialis'' (A) *

Scopoli's shearwater Scopoli's shearwater (''Calonectris diomedea'') is a seabird in the petrel family Procellariidae. It breeds on rocky islands and on steep coasts in the Mediterranean but outside the breeding season it forages in the Atlantic. It is brownish grey ...

, ''Calonectris diomedea'' * Cape Verde shearwater, ''Calonectris edwardsii'' (A-

) * Cory's shearwater, ''Calonectris borealis'' *

Short-tailed shearwater The short-tailed shearwater or slender-billed shearwater (''Ardenna tenuirostris''; formerly ''Puffinus tenuirostris''), also called yolla or moonbird, and commonly known as the muttonbird in Australia, is the most abundant seabird species in A ...

, ''Ardenna tenuirostris'' (A) *

Sooty shearwater The sooty shearwater (''Ardenna grisea'') is a medium-large shearwater in the seabird family Procellariidae. In New Zealand, it is also known by its Māori language, Māori name , and is harvested by Māori people for muttonbirding, muttonbird, l ...

, ''Ardenna grisea'' * Great shearwater, ''Ardenna gravis'' *

Manx shearwater The Manx shearwater (''Puffinus puffinus'') is a medium-sized shearwater in the seabird family Procellariidae. The scientific name of this species records a name shift: Manx shearwaters were called Manks puffins in the 17th century. Puffin is an ...

, ''Puffinus puffinus'' *

Yelkouan shearwater upright=0.8, Egg of the yelkouan shearwater The yelkouan shearwater, Levantine shearwater or Mediterranean shearwater (''Puffinus yelkouan'') is a medium-sized shearwater in the seabird family Procellariidae. It was formerly treated as a subspec ...

, ''Puffinus yelkouan'' * Balearic shearwater, ''Puffinus mauretanicus'' *

Audubon's shearwater The Sargasso shearwater (''Puffinus lherminieri'') is a small Tropics, tropical seabird in the Procellariidae, petrel family (biology), family. The only shearwater to nest primarily in the Caribbean, it ranges throughout the western Atlantic duri ...

, ''Puffinus lherminieri'' (A) * Boyd's shearwater, ''Puffinus boydi'' (A-

) * Barolo shearwater, ''Puffinus baroli'' (

and

, elsewhere A)

Storks

Order:

Ciconiiformes Storks are large, long-legged, long-necked wading birds with long, stout bills. They belong to the family Ciconiidae, and make up the order Ciconiiformes . Ciconiiformes previously included a number of other families, such as herons and ibise ...

Family: Ciconiidae Storks are large, long-legged, long-necked, wading birds with long, stout bills. Storks are mute, but bill-clattering is an important mode of communication at the nest. Their nests can be large and may be reused for many years. Many species are migratory. *

Black stork The black stork (''Ciconia nigra'') is a large bird in the stork family Ciconiidae. It was first described by Carl Linnaeus in the 10th edition of his ''Systema Naturae''. Measuring on average from beak tip to end of tail with a wingspan, t ...

, ''Ciconia nigra'' *

White stork The white stork (''Ciconia ciconia'') is a large bird in the stork family, Ciconiidae. Its plumage is mainly white, with black on the bird's wings. Adults have long red legs and long pointed red beaks, and measure on average from beak tip to en ...

, ''Ciconia ciconia'' * Yellow-billed stork, ''Mycteria ibis'' (A)

Frigatebirds

Order:

Suliformes The order Suliformes (, dubbed "Phalacrocoraciformes" by ''Christidis & Boles 2008'') is an order of birds recognised by the International Ornithological Congress, International Ornithologist's Union. Regarding the recent evidence that the tradit ...

Family:

Fregatidae Frigatebirds are a Family (biology), family of seabirds called Fregatidae which are found across all tropical and subtropical oceans. The five extant species are classified in a single genus, ''Fregata''. All have predominantly black plumage, l ...

Frigatebirds are found across all tropical and subtropical oceans. All have predominantly black plumage, long, deeply forked tails and long hooked bills. Females have white underbellies and males have a distinctive red gular pouch, which they inflate during the breeding season to attract females. Their wings are long and pointed and can span up to 2.3 metres (7.5 ft), the largest wing area to body weight ratio of any bird. *

Ascension frigatebird The Ascension frigatebird (''Fregata aquila'') is a seabird of the frigatebird family Fregatidae which breeds on Boatswain Bird Island and Ascension Island in the tropical Atlantic Ocean. The Ascension frigatebird is a large lightly built se ...

, ''Fregata aquila'' (A) *

Magnificent frigatebird The magnificent frigatebird (''Fregata magnificens''), frigate petrel or man o' war is a seabird of the frigatebird family Fregatidae. With a length of and wingspan of , it is the largest species of frigatebird. It occurs over tropical and subtr ...

, ''Fregata magnificens'' (A)

Gannets and boobies

Order:

Family:

Sulidae The bird family Sulidae comprises the gannets and boobies. Collectively called sulids, they are medium-large coastal seabirds that plunge-dive for fish and similar prey. The 10 species in this family are often considered congeneric in older so ...

The sulids comprise the

gannet Gannets are seabirds comprising the genus ''Morus'' in the family Sulidae, closely related to boobies. They are known as 'solan' or 'solan goose' in Scotland. A common misconception is that the Scottish name is 'guga' but this is the Gaelic n ...

s and

boobies A booby is a seabird in the genus ''Sula'', part of the family Sulidae. Boobies are closely related to the gannets (''Morus''), which were formerly included in ''Sula''. Systematics and evolution The genus ''Sula'' was introduced by the Fre ...

. Both groups are medium-large coastal

s that plunge-dive for fish. *

Northern gannet The northern gannet (''Morus bassanus'') is a seabird, the largest species of the gannet family, Sulidae. It is native to the coasts of the Atlantic Ocean, breeding in Western Europe and Northeastern North America. It is the largest seabird in t ...

, ''Morus bassanus'' * Cape gannet, ''Morus capensis'' (A-

) *

Masked booby The masked booby (''Sula dactylatra''), also called the masked gannet or the blue-faced booby, is a large seabird of the booby and gannet family, Sulidae. First described by the French naturalist René-Primevère Lesson in 1831, the masked boob ...

, ''Sula dactylatra'' (A) * Red-footed booby, ''Sula sula'' (A) *

Brown booby The brown booby (''Sula leucogaster'') is a large seabird of the booby family Sulidae, of which it is perhaps the most common and widespread species. It has a pantropical range, which overlaps with that of other booby species. The gregarious bro ...

, ''Sula leucogaster'' (A)

Cormorants and shags

Order:

Family: Phalacrocoracidae Cormorants are medium to large coastal, fish-eating seabirds. Plumage colouration varies, with the majority having mainly dark plumage, some species being black-and-white and a few being colourful. *

Double-crested cormorant The double-crested cormorant (''Nannopterum auritum'') is a member of the cormorant family of water birds. It is found near rivers and lakes and in coastal areas and is widely distributed across North America, from the Aleutian Islands in Alaska ...

, ''Nannopterum auritum'' (A) *

European shag The European shag or common shag (''Gulosus aristotelis'') is a species of cormorant. It is the only member of the monotypic genus ''Gulosus''. It breeds around the rocky coasts of western and southern Europe, southwest Asia and north Africa, ma ...

, ''Gulosus aristotelis'' *

Great cormorant The great cormorant (''Phalacrocorax carbo''), also known as just cormorant in Britain, as black shag or kawau in New Zealand, formerly also known as the great black cormorant across the Northern Hemisphere, the black cormorant in Australia, and ...

, ''Phalacrocorax carbo'' * Pygmy cormorant, ''Microcarbo pygmaeus''

Ibises and spoonbills

Order:

Pelecaniformes The Pelecaniformes are an order of medium-sized and large waterbirds found worldwide. As traditionally (but erroneously) defined, they encompass all birds that have feet with all four toes webbed. Hence, they were formerly also known by such ...

Family:

Threskiornithidae The family Threskiornithidae includes 36 species of large wading birds. The family has been traditionally classified into two subfamilies, the ibises and the spoonbills; however, recent genetic studies have cast doubt on this arrangement, and ha ...

A family of long-legged, long-necked wading birds. Ibises have long, curved bills. Spoonbills have a flattened bill, wider at the tip. *

African sacred ibis The African sacred ibis (''Threskiornis aethiopicus'') is a species of ibis, a wading bird of the family Threskiornithidae. It is native to much of Africa, as well as small parts of Iraq, Iran and Kuwait. It is especially known for its role i ...

, ''Threskiornis aethiopicus'' (I) *

Northern bald ibis The northern bald ibis, hermit ibis, or Waldrapp (''Geronticus eremita'') is a migratory Old World ibis found in open areas such as grasslands, rocky mountains, and semi-deserts, often close to running water. This glossy black ibis, which, unl ...

, ''Geronticus eremita'' (reintroduced populations in Spain and Central Europe, otherwise A) *

Glossy ibis The glossy ibis (''Plegadis falcinellus'') is a water bird in the order Pelecaniformes and the ibis and spoonbill family Threskiornithidae. The scientific name derives from Ancient Greek ''plegados'' and Latin, ''falcis'', both meaning "sickle" a ...

, ''Plegadis falcinellus'' *

Eurasian spoonbill The Eurasian spoonbill (''Platalea leucorodia''), or common spoonbill, is a wading bird of the ibis and spoonbill family Threskiornithidae, native to Europe, Africa and Asia. The species is partially migratory with the more northerly breeding popu ...

, ''Platalea leucorodia''

Herons and bitterns

Order:

Family:

Ardeidae Herons are long-legged, long-necked, freshwater and coastal birds in the family Ardeidae, with 75 recognised species, some of which are referred to as egrets or bitterns rather than herons. Members of the genus '' Botaurus'' are referred to as ...

The family Ardeidae contains the

bittern Bitterns are birds belonging to the subfamily Botaurinae of the heron family Ardeidae. Bitterns tend to be shorter-necked and more secretive than other members of the family. They were called ''hæferblæte'' and various iterations of ''rared ...

heron Herons are long-legged, long-necked, freshwater and coastal birds in the family Ardeidae, with 75 recognised species, some of which are referred to as egrets or bitterns rather than herons. Members of the genus ''Botaurus'' are referred to as bi ...

s and

egret Egrets ( ) are herons, generally long-legged wading birds, that have white or buff plumage, developing fine plumes (usually milky white) during the breeding season. Egrets are not a biologically distinct group from herons and have the same build ...

s. Herons and egrets are medium to large wading birds with long necks and legs. Bitterns tend to be shorter necked and more wary. Members of Ardeidae fly with their necks retracted, unlike other long-necked birds such as storks, ibises and spoonbills. * Eurasian bittern, ''Botaurus stellaris'' * American bittern, ''Botaurus lentiginosus'' (A) *

Least bittern The least bittern (''Botaurus exilis'') is a small heron, the smallest member of the family Ardeidae found in the Americas. This species was formerly placed in the genus ''Ixobrychus''. Taxonomy The least bittern was Species description, forma ...

, ''Ixobrychus exilis'' (A) * Little bittern, ''Ixobrychus minutus'' * Dwarf bittern, ''Ixobrychus sturmii'' (A-

) * Von Schrenck's bittern, ''Ixobrychus eurhythmus'' (A) *

Black-crowned night heron The black-crowned night heron (''Nycticorax nycticorax'') r black-capped night heron commonly shortened to just night heron in Eurasia, is a medium-sized heron found throughout a large part of the world, including parts of Europe, Asia, and Nort ...

, ''Nycticorax nycticorax'' *

Yellow-crowned night heron The yellow-crowned night heron (''Nyctanassa violacea''), is one of two species of night heron in genus ''Nyctanassa''. Unlike the black-crowned night heron, which has a worldwide distribution, the yellow-crowned is restricted to the Americas. I ...

, ''Nyctanassa violacea'' (A) * Green heron, ''Butorides virescens'' (A) * Striated heron, ''Butorides striata'' * Squacco heron, ''Ardeola ralloides'' * Chinese pond heron, ''Ardeola bacchus'' (A) *

Western cattle egret The western cattle egret (''Ardea ibis'') is a species of heron (family (biology), family heron, Ardeidae) found in the tropics, subtropics and warm temperate zones. Formerly, most taxonomic authorities lumped this species and the eastern cattle ...

, ''Bubulcus ibis'' *

Grey heron The grey heron (''Ardea cinerea'') is a long-legged wading bird of the heron family, Ardeidae, native throughout temperate Europe and Asia, and also parts of Africa. It is resident in much of its range, but some populations from the more norther ...

, ''Ardea cinerea'' *

Great blue heron The great blue heron (''Ardea herodias'') is a large wading bird in the heron family Ardeidae, common near the shores of open water and in wetlands over most of North and Central America, as well as far northwestern South America, the Caribbea ...

, ''Ardea herodias'' (A) * Black-headed heron, ''Ardea melanocephala'' (A) * Purple heron, ''Ardea purpurea'' *

Great egret The great egret (''Ardea alba''), also known as the common egret, large egret, great white egret, or great white heron, is a large, widely distributed egret. The four subspecies are found in Asia, Africa, the Americas, and southern Europe. R ...

, ''Ardea alba'' * Intermediate egret, ''Ardea intermedia'' (A) *

Little blue heron The little blue heron (''Egretta caerulea'') is a small heron of the genus '' Egretta''. It is a small, darkly colored heron with a two-toned bill. Juveniles are entirely white, bearing resemblance to the snowy egret. During the breeding seas ...

, ''Egretta caerulea'' (A) * Tricolored heron, ''Egretta tricolor'' (A-

) *

Black heron The black heron (''Egretta ardesiaca''), also known as the black egret, is an African heron. It uses its wings to form a canopy when fishing. Description The black heron is a medium-sized bird, with a typical height range of . Their weight ...

, ''Egretta ardesiaca'' (A) *

Snowy egret The snowy egret (''Egretta thula'') is a small white heron. The genus name comes from Provençal French for the little egret, , which is a diminutive of , 'heron'. The species name ''thula'' is the Araucano term for the black-necked swan, a ...

, ''Egretta thula'' (A) *

Little egret The little egret (''Egretta garzetta'') is a species of small heron in the family Ardeidae. It is a white bird with a slender black beak, long black legs and, in the western race, yellow feet. As an aquatic bird, it feeds in shallow water and on ...

, ''Egretta garzetta'' * Western reef heron, ''Egretta gularis'' (A)

Pelicans

Order:

Family:

Pelecanidae The Pelecanidae is a family of Pelecaniformes, pelecaniform birds within the Pelecani that contains three genera: the extinct ''Eopelecanus'' and ''Miopelecanus'' and the extant ''Pelecanus''. Pelecanids have existed since the late Eocene (Pria ...

Pelican Pelicans (genus ''Pelecanus'') are a genus of large water birds that make up the family Pelecanidae. They are characterized by a long beak and a large throat pouch used for catching prey and draining water from the scooped-up contents before ...

s are large water birds with a distinctive pouch under their beak. *

Dalmatian pelican The Dalmatian pelican (''Pelecanus crispus''), also known as the curly-headed pelican, is the largest member of the pelican family and among the heaviest flying birds in the world. With a wingspan typically ranging between 2.7 and 3.2 meters (8.9� ...

, ''Pelecanus crispus'' *

Great white pelican The great white pelican (''Pelecanus onocrotalus'') also known as the eastern white pelican, rosy pelican or simply white pelican is a bird in the pelican family. It breeds from southeastern Europe through Asia and Africa, in swamps and shallow ...

, ''Pelecanus onocrotalus''

Osprey

Order:

Accipitriformes The Accipitriformes (; ) are an order of birds that includes most of the diurnal birds of prey, including hawks, eagles, vultures, and kites, but not falcons. For a long time, the majority view was to include them with the falcons in the Falc ...

Family: Pandionidae The osprey is a large migratory fish-eating bird of prey. It is mainly brown above and white below with long, angled wings. *

Osprey The osprey (; ''Pandion haliaetus''), historically known as sea hawk, river hawk, and fish hawk, is a diurnal, fish-eating bird of prey with a cosmopolitan range. It is a large raptor, reaching more than in length and a wingspan of . It ...

, ''Pandion haliaetus''

Hawks, eagles, and kites

Order:

Family:

Accipitridae The Accipitridae () is one of the four families within the order Accipitriformes, and is a family of small to large birds of prey with strongly hooked bills and variable morphology based on diet. They feed on a range of prey items from insects ...

A family of birds of prey which includes hawks, buzzards, eagles, kites and harriers. These birds have very large powerful hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons and keen eyesight. * Black-winged kite, ''Elanus caeruleus'' * Egyptian vulture, ''Neophron percnopterus'' *

Bearded vulture The bearded vulture (''Gypaetus barbatus''), also known as the lammergeier and ossifrage, is a very large bird of prey in the Monotypic taxon, monotypic genus ''Gypaetus''. The bearded vulture is the only known vertebrate whose diet consists of ...

, ''Gypaetus barbatus'' *

European honey buzzard The European honey buzzard (''Pernis apivorus''), also known as the pern or common pern, is a bird of prey in the family Accipitridae. Taxonomy The European honey buzzard was formally described in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in ...

, ''Pernis apivorus'' *

Crested honey buzzard The crested honey buzzard (''Pernis ptilorhynchus'') is a bird of prey in the family Accipitridae, which also includes many other diurnal Bird of prey, raptors such as kite (bird), kites, eagles, and harrier (bird), harriers. ''Pernis ptilorhynchu ...

, ''Pernis ptilorhynchus'' (A) * Swallow-tailed kite, ''Elanoides forficatus'' (A-

) * Bateleur, ''Terathopius ecaudatus'' (A) * Short-toed snake eagle, ''Circaetus gallicus'' *

White-backed vulture The white-backed vulture (''Gyps africanus'') is an Old World vulture in the family Accipitridae, which also includes eagles, kites, buzzards and hawks. It is the most common vulture species in the continent of Africa. Description The white-ba ...

, ''Gyps africanus'' (A) *

Griffon vulture The Eurasian griffon vulture (''Gyps fulvus'') is a large Old World vulture in the bird of prey family Accipitridae. It is also known as the griffon vulture, although this term is sometimes used for the genus as a whole. It is not to be confuse ...

, ''Gyps fulvus'' *

Rüppell's vulture Rüppell's vulture (''Gyps rueppelli''), also called Rüppell's griffon vulture, named after Eduard Rüppell, is a large, resident bird of prey, mainly native to the Sahel region and East Africa. It is considered to be the highest-flying bird, ...

, ''Gyps rueppelli'' (A) *

Lappet-faced vulture The lappet-faced vulture or Nubian vulture (''Torgos tracheliotos'') is an Old World vulture belonging to the bird order Accipitriformes, which also includes eagles, kites, buzzards and hawks. It is the only member of the genus ''Torgos''. It ...

, ''Torgos tracheliotos'' (A) *

Cinereous vulture The cinereous vulture (''Aegypius monachus''), also known as the black vulture, Eurasian black vulture, and monk vulture, is a very large Raptor (bird), raptor in the family Accipitridae distributed through much of temperate Eurasia. With a body ...

, ''Aegypius monachus'' * Greater spotted eagle, ''Clanga clanga'' *

Lesser spotted eagle The lesser spotted eagle (''Clanga pomarina'') is a large Eastern European bird of prey. Like all typical eagles, it belongs to the family Accipitridae. The typical eagles are often united with the buteos, sea eagles, and other more heavy-set Ac ...

, ''Clanga pomarina'' *

Booted eagle The booted eagle (''Hieraaetus pennatus'', also classified as ''Aquila pennata'') is a medium-sized mostly migratory bird of prey with a wide distribution in the Palearctic and southern Asia, wintering in the tropics of Africa and Asia, with a ...

, ''Hieraaetus pennatus'' * Steppe eagle, ''Aquila nipalensis'' * Spanish imperial eagle, ''Aquila adalberti'' (E) *

Eastern imperial eagle The eastern imperial eagle (''Aquila heliaca'') is a large bird of prey that breeds in southeastern Europe and extensively through West and Central Asia. Most populations are migratory and winter in northeastern Africa, the Middle East and South a ...

, ''Aquila heliaca'' *

Golden eagle The golden eagle (''Aquila chrysaetos'') is a bird of prey living in the Northern Hemisphere. It is the most widely distributed species of eagle. Like all eagles, it belongs to the family Accipitridae. They are one of the best-known bird of pr ...

, ''Aquila chrysaetos'' * Bonelli's eagle, ''Aquila fasciata'' *

Eurasian goshawk The Eurasian goshawk (; ''Astur gentilis'', formerly ''Accipiter gentilis'') is a species of medium-large bird of prey in the Family (biology), family Accipitridae, a family which also includes other extant diurnal raptors, such as eagles, buzzar ...

, ''Accipiter gentilis'' *

Eurasian sparrowhawk The Eurasian sparrowhawk (''Accipiter nisus''), also known as the northern sparrowhawk or simply the sparrowhawk, is a small bird of prey in the family Accipitridae. Adult male Eurasian sparrowhawks have bluish grey upperparts and orange-barred ...

, ''Accipiter nisus'' * Levant sparrowhawk, ''Accipiter brevipes'' *

Western marsh harrier The western marsh harrier (''Circus aeruginosus'') is a large harrier (bird), harrier, a bird of prey from temperate and subtropical western Palearctic, Eurasia and adjacent Africa. It is also known as the Eurasian marsh harrier. Formerly, a numb ...

, ''Circus aeruginosus'' *

Hen harrier The hen harrier (''Circus cyaneus'') is a bird of prey. It breeds in Palearctic, Eurasia. The term "hen harrier" refers to its former habit of preying on free-ranging fowl. It bird migration, migrates to more southerly areas in winter. Eurasian ...

, ''Circus cyaneus'' *

Northern harrier The northern harrier (''Circus hudsonius''), also known as the marsh hawk or ring-tailed hawk, is a bird of prey. It breeds throughout the northern parts of the northern hemisphere in Canada and the northernmost United States, USA. The northern ...

, ''Circus hudsonius'' (A) * Montagu's harrier, ''Circus pygargus'' *

Pallid harrier The pallid harrier (''Circus macrourus'') is a migratory bird of prey of the harrier subfamily. The scientific name is derived from the Ancient Greek. ''Circus'' is from ''kirkos'' (circle), referring to a bird of prey named for its circling fl ...

, ''Circus macrourus'' * Black kite, ''Milvus migrans'' * Yellow-billed kite, ''Milvus aegyptius'' (A-

) *

Red kite The red kite (''Milvus milvus'') is a bird of prey in the family Accipitridae, which also includes many other Diurnality, diurnal Bird of prey, raptors such as eagles, buzzards, and harrier (bird), harriers. The species currently breeds only i ...

, ''Milvus milvus'' * Pallas's fish eagle, ''Haliaeetus leucoryphus'' (A) *

Bald eagle The bald eagle (''Haliaeetus leucocephalus'') is a bird of prey found in North America. A sea eagle, it has two known subspecies and forms a species pair with the white-tailed eagle (''Haliaeetus albicilla''), which occupies the same niche ...

, ''Haliaeetus leucocephalus'' (A) *

White-tailed eagle The white-tailed eagle (''Haliaeetus albicilla''), sometimes known as the 'sea eagle', is a large bird of prey, widely distributed across temperate Eurasia. Like all eagles, it is a member of the family Accipitridae (or accipitrids) which also ...

, ''Haliaeetus albicilla'' *

Common buzzard The common buzzard (''Buteo buteo'') is a medium-to-large bird of prey which has a large range. It is a member of the genus '' Buteo'' in the family Accipitridae. The species lives in most of Europe and extends its breeding range across much of ...

, ''Buteo buteo'' * Long-legged buzzard, ''Buteo rufinus'' *

Rough-legged buzzard The rough-legged buzzard (Europe) or rough-legged hawk (North America) (''Buteo lagopus'') is a medium-large bird of prey. It is found in arctic and subarctic regions of North America, Europe, and Asia during the breeding season, and migrates s ...

, ''Buteo lagopus''

Barn owls

Order: StrigiformesFamily:

Tytonidae The bird family Tytonidae, which includes the barn owls ''Tyto'' and the bay owls ''Phodilus'', is one of the two Family (biology), families of owls, the other being the true owls or typical owls, True owl, Strigidae. They are medium to large owl ...

Barn owls are medium-sized to large owls with large heads and characteristic heart-shaped faces. They have long strong legs with powerful talons. *

Western barn owl The western barn owl (''Tyto alba'') is a species of Tyto, barn owl ''Tyto'' native to Europe, southwestern Asia, and Africa. It was formerly considered a subspecies group together with barn owls native to other parts of the world, but this clas ...

, ''Tyto alba''

Typical owls

Order: StrigiformesFamily:

Strigidae The true owls or typical owls (family (biology), family Strigidae) are one of the two generally accepted families of owls, the other being the barn owls and bay owls (Tytonidae). This large family comprises 230 living or recently extinct species ...

Owl Owls are birds from the order Strigiformes (), which includes over 200 species of mostly solitary and nocturnal birds of prey typified by an upright stance, a large, broad head, binocular vision, binaural hearing, sharp talons, and feathers a ...

s are a group of birds that belong to the order Strigiformes, constituting 200 extant bird of prey species. Most are solitary and nocturnal, with some exceptions (e.g., the northern hawk-owl). Owls hunt mostly small mammals, insects, and other birds, although a few species specialize in hunting fish. * Boreal owl, ''Aegolius funereus'' *

Little owl The little owl (''Athene noctua''), also known as the owl of Athena or owl of Minerva, is a bird that inhabits much of the temperate and warmer parts of Europe, the Palearctic east to Korea, and North Africa. It was introduced into Britain at t ...

, ''Athene noctua'' * Eurasian pygmy owl, ''Glaucidium passerinum'' *

Northern hawk-owl The northern hawk-owl or northern hawk owl (''Surnia ulula'') is a medium-sized true owl of the northern latitudes. It is non-migratory and usually stays within its breeding range, though it sometimes irrupts southward. It is one of the few owl ...

, ''Surnia ulula'' *

Eurasian scops owl The Eurasian scops owl (''Otus scops''), also known as the European scops owl, common scops owl or just scops owl, is a small owl in the typical owl family Strigidae. Its breeding range extends from southern Europe eastwards to southern Siberia a ...

, ''Otus scops'' *

Long-eared owl The long-eared owl (''Asio otus''), also known as the northern long-eared owlOlsen, P.D. & Marks, J.S. (2019). ''Northern Long-eared Owl (Asio otus)''. In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (eds.). Handbook o ...

, ''Asio otus'' *

Marsh owl The marsh owl (''Asio capensis'') is a medium to large species of owl in the Family (biology), family True owl, Strigidae. Description Medium-sized, dark brown with a pumpkin-shaped head with small 'ear' tufts. The facial disc is pale buff, w ...

, ''Asio capensis'' (A) *

Short-eared owl The short-eared owl (''Asio flammeus'') is a widespread grassland species in the family Strigidae. Owls belonging to genus ''Asio'' are known as the eared owls, as they have tufts of feathers resembling mammalian ears. These "ear" tufts may or ...

, ''Asio flammeus'' *

Eurasian eagle-owl The Eurasian eagle-owl (''Bubo bubo'') is a species of eagle-owl, a type of bird that resides in much of Eurasia. It is often just called the eagle-owl in Europe and Asia. It is one of the largest species of owl. Females can grow to a total le ...

, ''Bubo bubo'' *

Pharaoh eagle-owl The Pharaoh eagle-owl (''Bubo ascalaphus'') is a Middle Eastern and North African species of owl in the family Strigidae. Description The Pharaoh eagle-owl has a mottled plumage and large orange-yellow eyes. The head and upperparts are tawny an ...

, ''Bubo ascalaphus'' (A) *

Snowy owl The snowy owl (''Bubo scandiacus''), also known as the polar owl, the white owl and the Arctic owl, is a large, white owl of the true owl family. Snowy owls are native to the Arctic regions of both North America and the Palearctic, breeding mo ...

, ''Bubo scandiacus'' *

Great grey owl The great grey owl (''Strix nebulosa'') (also great gray owl in American English) is a true owl, and is the world's largest species of owl by length. It is distributed across the Northern Hemisphere, and it is the only species in the genus ''Str ...

, ''Strix nebulosa'' *

Tawny owl The tawny owl (''Strix aluco''), also called the brown owl, is a stocky, medium-sized owl in the family Strigidae. It is commonly found in woodlands across Europe, as well as western Siberia, and has seven recognized subspecies. The tawny owl' ...

, ''Strix aluco'' *

Ural owl The Ural owl (''Strix uralensis'') is a large nocturnal owl. It is a member of the true owl family, ''Strigidae''. The Ural owl is a member of the genus ''Strix (genus), Strix'', that is also the origin of the family's name under Linnaean taxonom ...

, ''Strix uralensis''

Hoopoes

Order: BucerotiformesFamily: Upupidae Distinctive birds with a long curved bill, a crest and black-and-white striped wings and tail. *

Eurasian hoopoe The Eurasian hoopoe (''Upupa epops'') is the most widespread species of the genus '' Upupa''. It is a distinctive cinnamon coloured bird with black and white wings, a tall erectile crest, a broad white band across a black tail, and a long narrow ...

, ''Upupa epops''

Rollers

Order:

Coraciiformes The Coraciiformes are a group of usually colourful birds including the kingfishers, the bee-eaters, the rollers, the motmots, and the todies. They generally have syndactyly, with three forward-pointing toes (and toes 3 & 4 fused at their b ...

Family:

Coraciidae Coraciidae () is a family of Old World birds, which are known as rollers because of the aerial acrobatics some of these birds perform during courtship or territorial flights. The family contains 13 species and is divided into two genera. Rollers ...

A small family of colourful, medium-sized birds with a crow-like shape that feed mainly on insects. * Abyssinian roller, ''Coracias abyssinicus'' (A-

) *

European roller The European roller (''Coracias garrulus'') is the only member of the Coraciidae, roller family breeding in Europe. Its range extends into the Maghreb, West Asia and Central Asia. It winters in southern Africa, primarily in dry wooded savanna and ...

, ''Coracias garrulus''

Kingfishers

Order:

Family: Alcedinidae Kingfishers are medium-sized birds with large heads, long, pointed bills, short legs and stubby tails. *

Common kingfisher The common kingfisher (''Alcedo atthis''), also known as the Eurasian kingfisher and river kingfisher, is a small kingfisher with seven subspecies recognized within its wide distribution across Eurasia and North Africa. It is resident in much of ...

, ''Alcedo atthis'' *

Belted kingfisher The belted kingfisher (''Megaceryle alcyon'') is a large, conspicuous water kingfisher, native to North America. Taxonomy The first Species description, formal description of the belted kingfisher was by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1 ...

, ''Megaceryle alcyon'' (A) * Pied kingfisher, ''Ceryle rudis'' (A) * White-throated kingfisher, ''Halcyon smyrnensis'' (A)

Bee-eaters

Order:

Family: Meropidae A group of near-passerine birds characterised by richly coloured plumage, slender bodies and usually elongated central tail feathers. * Asian green bee-eater, ''Merops orientalis'' (A) * Blue-cheeked bee-eater, ''Merops persicus'' (A) *

European bee-eater The European bee-eater (''Merops apiaster'') is a near passerine bird in the bee-eater family, Meropidae. It breeds in southern and central Europe, northern and southern Africa, and western Asia. Except for the resident southern African populat ...

, ''Merops apiaster''

Woodpeckers

Order: PiciformesFamily: Picidae Woodpeckers are small to medium-sized birds with chisel-like beaks, short legs, stiff tails and long tongues used for capturing insects. Some species have feet with two toes pointing forward and two backward, while several species have only three toes. Many woodpeckers have the habit of tapping noisily on tree trunks with their beaks. *

Eurasian wryneck The Eurasian wryneck or northern wryneck (''Jynx torquilla'') is a species of wryneck in the woodpecker Family (biology), family. They mainly breed in temperate regions of Europe and Asia. Most populations are bird migration, migratory, winteri ...

, ''Jynx torquilla'' * Grey-headed woodpecker, ''Picus canus'' * European green woodpecker, ''Picus viridis'' * Iberian green woodpecker, ''Picus sharpei'' (E) * Black woodpecker, ''Dryocopus martius'' *

Northern flicker The northern flicker or common flicker (''Colaptes auratus'') is a medium-sized bird of the woodpecker family. It is native to most of North America, parts of Central America, Cuba, and the Cayman Islands, and is one of the few woodpecker specie ...

, ''Colaptes auratus'' (A) * Yellow-bellied sapsucker, ''Sphyrapicus varius'' (A) * Eurasian three-toed woodpecker, ''Picoides tridactylus'' * Middle spotted woodpecker, ''Dendrocoptes medius'' *

Great spotted woodpecker The great spotted woodpecker (''Dendrocopos major'') is a medium-sized woodpecker with pied black and white plumage and a red patch on the lower belly. Males and young birds also have red markings on the neck or head. This species is found acros ...

, ''Dendrocopos major'' *

Syrian woodpecker The Syrian woodpecker (''Dendrocopos syriacus'') is a member of the woodpecker family, the Picidae. Taxonomy The Syrian woodpecker was first described as ''Picus syriacus'' by Wilhelm Hemprich and Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg in 1833, from ...

, ''Dendrocopos syriacus'' * White-backed woodpecker, ''Dendrocopos leucotos'' * Lesser spotted woodpecker, ''Dryobates minor''

Falcons and caracaras

Order:

Falconiformes The order Falconiformes () is represented by the extant family Falconidae, Falconidae (falcons and caracaras) and a handful of enigmatic Paleogene species. Traditionally, the other bird of prey families New World vulture, Cathartidae (New World v ...

Family:

Falconidae The falcons and caracaras are around 65 species of Diurnality, diurnal birds of prey that make up the family Falconidae (representing all extant species in the order (biology), order Falconiformes). The family likely originated in South America d ...

Falconidae is a family of diurnal birds of prey. They differ from hawks, eagles and kites in that they kill with their beaks instead of their talons. *

Common kestrel The common kestrel (''Falco tinnunculus''), also known as the European kestrel, Eurasian kestrel or Old World kestrel, is a species of bird of prey, predatory bird belonging to the kestrel group of the falcon family (biology), family Falconidae. ...

, ''Falco tinnunculus'' *

Lesser kestrel The lesser kestrel (''Falco naumanni'') is a small falcon. This species breeds from the Mediterranean across Afghanistan and Central Asia, to China and Mongolia. It is a summer bird migration, migrant, wintering in Africa and Pakistan and someti ...

, ''Falco naumanni'' * Red-footed falcon, ''Falco vespertinus'' * Amur falcon, ''Falco amurensis'' (A) *

Eleonora's falcon Eleonora's falcon (''Falco eleonorae'') is a medium-sized falcon. It belongs to the hobby group, a rather close-knit number of similar falcons often considered a subgenus ''Hypotriorchis''. The sooty falcon is sometimes considered its closest rel ...

, ''Falco eleonorae'' *

Sooty falcon The sooty falcon (''Falco concolor'') is a medium-sized falcon breeding from northeastern Africa to the southern Persian Gulf region. The word sooty means to be covered in soot (ash), and is used to describe the color of the Sooty Falcon. Hence, ...

, ''Falco concolor'' (A) *

American kestrel The American kestrel (''Falco sparverius'') is the smallest and most common falcon in North America. Though it has been called the American sparrowhawk, this common name is a misnomer; the American kestrel is a true falcon, while neither th ...

, ''Falco sparverius'' (A) *

Merlin The Multi-Element Radio Linked Interferometer Network (MERLIN) is an interferometer array of radio telescopes spread across England. The array is run from Jodrell Bank Observatory in Cheshire by the University of Manchester on behalf of UK Re ...

, ''Falco columbarius'' *

Eurasian hobby The Eurasian hobby (''Falco subbuteo'') or just hobby, is a small, slim falcon. It belongs to a group of similar falcons often considered a subgenus '' Hypotriorchis''. Taxonomy and systematics The first formal description of the Eurasian hobby ...

, ''Falco subbuteo'' *

Lanner falcon The lanner falcon (''Falco biarmicus'') is a medium-sized bird of prey that breeds in Africa, southeast Europe and just into Asia. It prefers open habitat and is mainly resident, but some birds disperse more widely after the breeding season. A l ...

, ''Falco biarmicus'' *

Saker falcon The saker falcon (Falco cherrug) is a large falcon species. It breeds from Central Europe eastwards across the Palearctic to Manchuria. It is a partial migrant, which means that some part of the population is migratory, some part is not. In Eur ...

, ''Falco cherrug'' *

Gyrfalcon The gyrfalcon ( or ) (), also abbreviated as gyr, is a bird of prey from the genus ''Falco'' (falcons and kestrels) and the largest species of the family Falconidae. A high-latitude species, the gyrfalcon breeds on the Arctic coasts and tundra, ...

, ''Falco rusticolus'' *

Peregrine falcon The peregrine falcon (''Falco peregrinus''), also known simply as the peregrine, is a Cosmopolitan distribution, cosmopolitan bird of prey (raptor) in the family (biology), family Falconidae renowned for its speed. A large, Corvus (genus), cro ...

, ''Falco peregrinus''

African and New World parrots

Order: PsittaciformesFamily:

Psittacidae The Family (biology), family Psittacidae or holotropical parrots is one of three families of true parrots. It comprises the 12 species of subfamily Psittacinae (the Afrotropics, Afrotropical parrots) and 167 of subfamily Arinae (the New World or ...

At least three species have established themselves in Europe after being introduced by humans. *

Monk parakeet The monk parakeet (''Myiopsitta monachus''), also known as the monk parrot or Quaker parrot, is a species of true parrot in the family Psittacidae. It is a small, bright-green parrot with a greyish breast and greenish-yellow abdomen. Its averag ...

, ''Myiopsitta monachus'' (I) * Mitred parakeet, ''Psittacara mitratus'' (I) *

Red-masked parakeet The red-masked parakeet (''Psittacara erythrogenys'')DNA-sequence data require revision of the parrot genus Aratinga (Aves: Psittacidae) J.V. Remsen, Jr., Erin E. Schirtzinger, Anna Ferraroni, Luís Fábio Silveira & Timothy F. Wright is a medium ...

, ''Psittacara erythrogenys'' (I)

Old World parrots

Order: PsittaciformesFamily:

Psittaculidae Psittaculidae is a family of parrots, commonly known as Old World parrots, though this term is a misnomer, as not all its members occur in the Old World and Psittacinae also occurs in the Old World. It consists of six subfamilies: Psittricha ...

At least two species have established themselves in Europe after being introduced by humans. * Alexandrine parakeet, ''Psittacula eupatria'' (I) *

Rose-ringed parakeet The rose-ringed parakeet (''Psittacula krameri''), also known as the ring-necked parakeet, ringneck parrot (in aviculture) or the Kramer parrot, is a medium-sized parrot in the genus ''Psittacula'', of the Family (biology), family Psittacidae. It ...

, ''Psittacula krameri'' (I)

Tyrant flycatchers

Order:

Passeriformes A passerine () is any bird of the order Passeriformes (; from Latin 'sparrow' and '-shaped') which includes more than half of all bird species. Sometimes known as perching birds, passerines generally have an anisodactyl arrangement of their ...

Family:

Tyrannidae The tyrant flycatchers (Tyrannidae) comprise a Family (biology), family of passerine birds which is found virtually throughout North America, North and South America. It is the world's largest family of birds, with more than 400 species, and is ...

A family from the Americas with very rare vagrants recorded in Western Europe. *

Acadian flycatcher The Acadian flycatcher (''Empidonax virescens'') is a small insect-eating bird of the tyrant flycatcher family. Description Adults have olive upperparts, darker on the wings and tail, with whitish underparts; they have a white eye ring, white ...

, ''Empidonax virescens'' (A) * Alder flycatcher, ''Empidonax alnorum'' (A) *

Eastern kingbird The eastern kingbird (''Tyrannus tyrannus'') is a large tyrant flycatcher native to the Americas. The bird is predominantly dark gray with white underbelly and pointed wings. Eastern kingbirds are conspicuous and are commonly found in open areas ...

, ''Tyrannus tyrannus'' (A) * Eastern phoebe, ''Sayornis phoebe'' (A) * Eastern wood pewee, ''Contopus virens'' (A-

) *

Fork-tailed flycatcher The fork-tailed flycatcher (''Tyrannus savana'') is a passerine bird of the tyrant flycatcher family and is a member of a genus typically referred to as kingbirds. Named for the distinguishably long, forked tail, particularly in males, fork-t ...

, ''Tyrannus savana'' (A) * Least flycatcher, ''Empidonax minimus'' (A) * Yellow-bellied flycatcher, ''Empidonax flaviventris'' (A) * Western kingbird, ''Tyrannus verticalis'' (A-

)

Bushshrikes

Order:

Family: Malaconotidae Bushshrikes occur almost exclusively in Africa. They are similar in build and habits to shrikes, hunting insects and other small prey from a perch on a bush. * Black-crowned tchagra, ''Tchagra senegalus'' (A)

Shrikes

Order:

Family: Laniidae Shrikes are passerine birds known for their habit of catching other birds and small animals and impaling the uneaten portions of their bodies on thorns. A typical shrike's beak is hooked, like a bird of prey. *

Brown shrike The brown shrike (''Lanius cristatus'') is a bird in the shrike family that is found mainly in Asia. It is closely related to the red-backed shrike (''L. collurio'') and isabelline shrike (''L. isabellinus''). The genus name, ''Lanius'', is deriv ...

, ''Lanius cristatus'' (A) *

Great grey shrike The great grey shrike (''Lanius excubitor'') is a large and predatory songbird species in the shrike family (biology), family (Laniidae). It forms a superspecies with its parapatric southern relatives, the Iberian grey shrike (''L. meridionalis' ...

, ''Lanius excubitor'' * Iberian grey shrike, ''Lanius meridionalis'' (E) * Isabelline shrike, ''Lanius isabellinus'' (A) * Lesser grey shrike, ''Lanius minor'' * Long-tailed shrike, ''Lanius schach'' (A) * Masked shrike, ''Lanius nubicus'' * Northern shrike, ''Lanius borealis'' (A) *

Red-backed shrike The red-backed shrike (''Lanius collurio'') is a carnivorous passerine bird and member of the shrike family, Laniidae. Its breeding range stretches from Western Europe east to central Russia. It is migratory and winters in the eastern areas of ...

, ''Lanius collurio'' * Red-tailed shrike, ''Lanius phoenicuroides'' (A) * Woodchat shrike, ''Lanius senator''

Vireos, greenlets, and shrike-babblers

Order:

Family:

Vireonidae The vireos make up a family (biology), family, Vireonidae, of small to medium-sized passerine birds found in the New World (Canada to Argentina, including Bermuda and the West Indies) and Southeast Asia. The family contains 62 species and is d ...

The vireos are a group of small to medium-sized passerine birds restricted to the New World and Southeast Asia. * Philadelphia vireo, ''Vireo philadelphicus'' (A) * Red-eyed vireo, ''Vireo olivaceus'' (A) * White-eyed vireo, ''Vireo griseus'' (A-

) * Yellow-throated vireo, ''Vireo flavifrons'' (A)

Figbirds and orioles

Order:

Family: Oriolidae The figbirds and orioles are medium-sized passerines, mostly with bright and showy plumage. The females often have duller plumage than the males. The beak is long, slightly curved and hooked. Orioles are arboreal and tend to feed in the canopy. *

Eurasian golden oriole The Eurasian golden oriole (''Oriolus oriolus''), also called the common golden oriole, is the only member of the Old World oriole family of passerine birds breeding in Northern Hemisphere temperate regions. It is a summer bird migration, migrant ...

, ''Oriolus oriolus''

Crows and jays

Order:

Family:

Corvidae Corvidae is a Cosmopolitan distribution, cosmopolitan Family (biology), family of Songbird, oscine passerine birds that contains the crows, ravens, Rook (bird), rooks, magpies, jackdaws, jays, treepies, choughs, and Nutcracker (bird), nutcrackers ...

The family Corvidae includes

crow A crow is a bird of the genus ''Corvus'', or more broadly, a synonym for all of ''Corvus''. The word "crow" is used as part of the common name of many species. The related term "raven" is not linked scientifically to any certain trait but is rathe ...

raven A raven is any of several large-bodied passerine bird species in the genus '' Corvus''. These species do not form a single taxonomic group within the genus. There is no consistent distinction between crows and ravens; the two names are assigne ...

s, jays,

chough A chough ( ) is any of two species of passerine birds that constitute the genus ''Pyrrhocorax'' of the Corvidae (crow) family. These are the red-billed chough (''Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax'') and the Alpine chough (or yellow-billed chough) (''Pyr ...

magpie Magpies are birds of various species of the family Corvidae. Like other members of their family, they are widely considered to be intelligent creatures. The Eurasian magpie, for instance, is thought to rank among the world's most intelligent c ...

treepie The treepies (known also as crypsirinines from the subfamily's name, Crypsirininae) comprise four closely related genera (''Dendrocitta'', ''Crypsirina'', ''Temnurus'' and ''Platysmurus'') of long-tailed passerine birds in the family Corvidae. Th ...

s, nutcrackers and

ground jay The ground jays or ground choughs belong to a distinct group of the passerine order of birds in the genus ''Podoces'' of the crow family Corvidae. They inhabit high altitude semi-desert areas from central Asia to Mongolia. Ground jays show adapt ...

s. Corvids are above average in size among the Passeriformes, and some of the larger species show high levels of intelligence. * Alpine chough, ''Pyrrhocorax graculus'' *

Carrion crow The carrion crow (''Corvus corone'') is a passerine bird of the family Corvidae, native to western Europe and the eastern Palearctic. Taxonomy and systematics The carrion crow was one of the many species originally described by Carl Linnaeus ...

, ''Corvus corone'' * Daurian jackdaw, ''Coloeus dauuricus'' (A) *

Eurasian jay The Eurasian jay (''Garrulus glandarius'') is a species of passerine bird in the crow family Corvidae. It has pinkish brown plumage with a black stripe on each side of a whitish throat, a bright blue panel on the upper wing and a black tail. The ...

, ''Garrulus glandarius'' *

Eurasian magpie The Eurasian magpie or common magpie (''Pica pica'') is a resident breeding bird throughout the northern part of the Eurasian continent. It is one of several birds in the crow family (corvids) designated magpies, and belongs to the Holarctic r ...

, ''Pica pica'' *

Hooded crow The hooded crow (''Corvus cornix''), also colloquially called just hoodie, is a Eurasian bird species in the genus '' Corvus''. Widely distributed, it is found across Northern, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe, as well as parts of the Middle E ...

, ''Corvus cornix'' *

Iberian magpie The Iberian magpie (''Cyanopica cooki'') is a bird in the crow family. It is long and similar in overall shape to the Eurasian magpie (''Pica pica'') but is slenderer with proportionately smaller legs and bill. It belongs to the genus '' Cyanop ...

, ''Cyanopica cooki'' (E) * Northern nutcracker, ''Nucifraga caryocatactes'' * Northern raven, ''Corvus corax'' *

Red-billed chough The red-billed chough, Cornish chough or simply chough ( ; ''Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax''), is a bird in the crow family, one of only two species in the genus ''Pyrrhocorax''. Its eight subspecies breed on mountains and coastal cliffs from the we ...

, ''Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax'' * Rook, ''Corvus frugilegus'' * Siberian jay, ''Perisoreus infaustus'' *

Western jackdaw The western jackdaw (''Coloeus monedula''), also known as the Eurasian jackdaw, the European jackdaw, or simply the jackdaw, is a passerine bird in the crow family. Found across Europe, western Asia and western North Africa; it is mostly resi ...

, ''Coloeus monedula''

Waxwings

Order:

Family:

Bombycillidae The waxwings are three species of passerine birds classified in the genus ''Bombycilla''. They are pinkish-brown and pale grey with distinctive smooth plumage in which many body feathers are not individually visible, a black and white eyestripe ...

The

waxwing The waxwings are three species of passerine birds classified in the genus ''Bombycilla''. They are pinkish-brown and pale grey with distinctive smooth plumage in which many body feathers are not individually visible, a black and white eyestripe, ...

s are a group of birds with soft silky plumage and unique red tips to some of the wing feathers. In the Bohemian and cedar waxwings, these tips look like

sealing wax Sealing wax is a wax material of a seal (emblem), seal which, after melting, hardens quickly (to paper, parchment, ribbons and wire, and other material), forming a bond that is difficult to break without noticeable tampering. Wax is used to verify ...

and give the group its name. These are arboreal birds of northern forests. They live on insects in summer and berries in winter. * Bohemian waxwing, ''Bombycilla garrulus'' * Cedar waxwing, ''Bombycilla cedrorum'' (A)

Tits and chickadees

Order:

Family:

Paridae The tits, chickadees, and titmice constitute the Paridae, a family of small passerine birds which occur mainly in the Northern Hemisphere and Africa. Many were formerly classified in the genus ''Parus''. Eurasian and African members of this f ...

The Paridae are mainly small stocky woodland species with short stout bills. Some have crests. They are adaptable birds, with a mixed diet including seeds and insects. * African blue tit, ''Cyanistes teneriffae'' (

, elsewhere A) *

Azure tit The azure tit (''Cyanistes cyanus'') is a passerine bird in the tit family Paridae. It is a widespread and common resident breeder throughout Russia, Central Asia, northwest China, Manchuria, and Pakistan. It is found in temperate and subarcti ...

, ''Cyanistes cyanus'' *

Coal tit The coal tit (''Periparus ater''), is a small passerine bird in the tit (bird), tit family (biology), family, Paridae. It is a widespread and common resident breeder in forests throughout the temperate to subtropical Palearctic, including North ...

, ''Periparus ater'' * Crested tit, ''Lophophanes cristatus'' *

Eurasian blue tit The Eurasian blue tit (''Cyanistes caeruleus'') is a small passerine bird in the tit (bird), tit family, Paridae. It is easily recognizable by its blue and yellow plumage and small size. Eurasian blue tits, usually resident bird, resident a ...

, ''Cyanistes caeruleus'' *

Great tit The great tit (''Parus major'') is a small passerine bird in the tit family Paridae. It is a widespread and common species throughout Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia and east across the Palearctic to the Amur River, south to parts of No ...

, ''Parus major'' *

Grey-headed chickadee The grey-headed chickadee or Siberian tit (''Poecile cinctus''), formerly ''Parus cinctus'', is a passerine bird in the tit family Paridae. It is a widespread resident breeder throughout subarctic Scandinavia and the northern Palearctic, and a ...

, ''Poecile cinctus'' * Marsh tit, ''Poecile palustris'' * Sombre tit, ''Poecile lugubris'' *Willow tit, ''Poecile montanus''

Penduline tits

Order:

Family: Remizidae The penduline tits are a group of small passerine birds related to the true tits. They are insectivores. *Black-headed penduline tit, ''Remiz macronyx'' *Eurasian penduline tit, ''Remiz pendulinus''

Bearded reedling

Order:

Family: Panuridae A single species formerly placed in the Old World babbler family. *Bearded reedling, ''Panurus biarmicus''

Larks

Order:

Family: Alaudidae Larks are small terrestrial birds with often extravagant songs and display flights. Most larks are fairly dull in appearance. Their food is insects and seeds. *Asian short-toed lark, ''Alaudala cheleensis'' (A) *Bar-tailed lark, ''Ammomanes cinctura'' (A) *Bimaculated lark, ''Melanocorypha bimaculata'' (A) *Black lark, ''Melanocorypha yeltoniensis'' *Calandra lark, ''Melanocorypha calandra'' *Crested lark, ''Galerida cristata'' *Dupont's lark, ''Chersophilus duponti'' *Eurasian skylark, ''Alauda arvensis'' *Greater hoopoe-lark, ''Alaemon alaudipes'' (A) *Greater short-toed lark, ''Calandrella brachydactyla'' *Horned lark, ''Eremophila alpestris'' *Mediterranean short-toed lark, ''Alaudala rufescens'' *Oriental skylark, ''Alauda gulgula'' (A-

) *Thekla's lark, ''Galerida theklae'' *Turkestan short-toed lark, ''Alaudala heinei'' *White-winged lark, ''Alauda leucoptera'' *Woodlark, ''Lullula arborea''

Bulbuls

Order:

Family: Pycnonotidae Bulbuls are medium-sized songbirds. Some are colourful with yellow, red or orange vents, cheeks, throats or supercilia, but most are drab, with uniform olive-brown to black plumage. Some species have distinct crests. *Common bulbul, ''Pycnonotus barbatus'' *Red-whiskered bulbul, ''Pycnonotus jocosus'' (I) *White-eared bulbul, ''Pycnonotus leucotis'' (possibly I)

Swallows and martins

Order:

Family: Hirundinidae The family Hirundinidae is adapted to aerial feeding. They have a slender streamlined body, long pointed wings and a short bill with a wide gape. The feet are adapted to perching rather than walking, and the front toes are partially joined at the base. *American cliff swallow, ''Petrochelidon pyrrhonota'' (A) *Barn swallow, ''Hirundo rustica'' *Common house martin, ''Delichon urbicum'' *Eurasian crag martin, ''Ptyonoprogne rupestris'' *European red-rumped swallow, ''Cecropis daurica'' *Purple martin, ''Progne subis'' (A) *Sand martin, ''Riparia riparia'' *Tree swallow, ''Tachycineta bicolor'' (A)

Cettia bush warblers and allies

Order:

Family: Cettiidae Cettiidae is a family of small insectivorous songbirds. It contains the typical bush warblers (Cettia) and their relatives. Its members occur mainly in Asia and Africa, ranging into Oceania and Europe. *Cetti's warbler, ''Cettia cetti''

Bushtits

Order:

Family: Aegithalidae Bushtits are a group of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. They make woven bag nests in trees. Most eat a mixed diet which includes insects. *Long-tailed tit, ''Aegithalos caudatus''

Leaf warblers and allies

Order:

Family: Phylloscopidae Leaf warblers are small, active, insectivorous passerine birds. They glean the foliage for insects along the branches of trees and bushes. They forage at various levels within forests, from the top canopy to the understorey. Most of the species are markedly territorial both in their summer and winter quarters. Most are greenish or brownish above and off-white or yellowish below. *Arctic warbler, ''Phylloscopus borealis'' *Canary Islands chiffchaff, ''Phylloscopus canariensis'' (E-

) *Common chiffchaff, ''Phylloscopus collybita'' *Dusky warbler, ''Phylloscopus fuscatus'' (A) *Eastern Bonelli's warbler, ''Phylloscopus orientalis'' *Eastern crowned warbler, ''Phylloscopus coronatus'' (A) *Greenish warbler, ''Phylloscopus trochiloides'' *Green warbler, ''Phylloscopus nitidus'' (A) *Hume's leaf warbler, ''Phylloscopus humei'' (A) *Iberian chiffchaff, ''Phylloscopus brehmii'' *Kamchatka leaf warbler, ''Phylloscopus examinandus'' (A) *Mountain chiffchaff, ''Phylloscopus sindianus'' (

) *Pale-legged leaf warbler, ''Phylloscopus tenellipes'' (A) *Pallas's leaf warbler, ''Phylloscopus proregulus'' *Plain leaf warbler, ''Phylloscopus neglectus'' (A) *Radde's warbler, ''Phylloscopus schwarzi'' (A) *Sulphur-bellied warbler, ''Phylloscopus griseolus'' (A) *Two-barred warbler, ''Phyloscopus plumbeitarsus'' (A) *Western Bonelli's warbler, ''Phylloscopus bonelli'' *Willow warbler, ''Phylloscopus trochilus'' *Wood warbler, ''Phylloscopus sibilatrix'' *Yellow-browed warbler, ''Phylloscopus inornatus''

Reed warblers, Grauer's warbler, and allies

Order:

Family: Acrocephalidae The species in this family are usually rather large warblers. Most are rather plain olivaceous brown above with much yellow to beige below. They are usually found in open woodland, reedbeds, or tall grass. The family occurs mostly in southern to western Eurasia and surroundings, but also ranges far into the Pacific, with some species in Africa. *Aquatic warbler, ''Acrocephalus paludicola'' *Blyth's reed warbler, ''Acrocephalus dumetorum'' *Booted warbler, ''Iduna caligata'' *Common reed warbler, ''Acrocephalus scirpaceus'' *Eastern olivaceous warbler, ''Iduna pallida'' *Great reed warbler, ''Acrocephalus arundinaceus'' *Icterine warbler, ''Hippolais icterina'' *Moustached warbler, ''Acrocephalus melanopogon'' *Paddyfield warbler, ''Acrocephalus agricola'' *Marsh warbler, ''Acrocephalus palustris'' *Melodious warbler, ''Hippolais polyglotta'' *Sedge warbler, ''Acrocephalus schoenobaenus'' *Sykes's warbler, ''Iduna rama'' *Thick-billed warbler, ''Arundinax aedon'' (A) *Upcher's warbler, ''Hippolais languida'' (A) *Western olivaceous warbler, ''Iduna opaca'' *Olive-tree warbler, ''Hippolais olivetorum''

Grassbirds and allies

Order:

Family: Locustellidae Grassbirds are small insectivorous songbirds, with tails that are usually long and pointed. These birds occur mainly in Eurasia, Africa, and the Australian region. They are less wren-like than the typical shrub-warblers (Cettia) but like these drab brownish or buffy all over. Many have bold dark streaks on wings and/or underside. Most live in scrubland and frequently hunt food by clambering through thick tangled growth or pursuing it on the ground; they are perhaps the most terrestrial of the "warblers". *Common grasshopper warbler, ''Locustella naevia'' *Gray's grasshopper warbler, ''Helopsaltes fasciolatus'' (A) *Lanceolated warbler, ''Locustella lanceolata'' (A) *Pallas's grasshopper warbler, ''Helopsaltes certhiola'' (A) *River warbler, ''Locustella fluviatilis'' *Savi's warbler, ''Locustella luscinioides''

Cisticolas and allies

Order:

Family: Cisticolidae Cisticolas are generally very small birds of drab brown or grey appearance found in open country such as grassland or scrub. They are often difficult to see and many species are similar in appearance, so the song is often the best identification guide. These are insectivorous birds which nest low in vegetation. *Zitting cisticola, ''Cisticola juncidis''

Sylviid babblers

Order:

Family: Sylviidae The sylviid warblers are a group of small insectivorous passerine birds. They mainly occur as breeding species, as the common name implies, in Europe, Asia and, to a lesser extent, Africa. Most are of generally undistinguished appearance, but many have distinctive songs. *African desert warbler, ''Curruca deserti'' (A) *Asian desert warbler, ''Curruca nana'' (A) *Balearic warbler, ''Curruca balearica'' (E) *Barred warbler, ''Curruca nisoria'' *Common whitethroat, ''Curruca communis'' *Dartford warbler, ''Curruca undata'' *Eastern Orphean warbler, ''Curruca crassirostris'' *Eastern subalpine warbler, ''Curruca cantillans'' *Eurasian blackcap, ''Sylvia atricapilla'' *Garden warbler, ''Sylvia borin'' *Lesser whitethroat, ''Curruca curruca'' *Marmora's warbler, ''Curruca sarda'' *Menetries's warbler, ''Curruca mystacea'' (A) *Moltoni's warbler, ''Curruca subalpina'' *Rüppell's warbler, ''Curruca ruppeli'' *Sardinian warbler, ''Curruca melanocephala'' *Spectacled warbler, ''Curruca conspicillata'' *Tristram's warbler, ''Curruca deserticola'' (A) *Western Orphean warbler, ''Curruca hortensis'' *Western subalpine warbler, ''Curruca iberiae''

Parrotbills and allies

Order:

Family: Paradoxornithidae Parrotbills and their allies are small, long-tailed birds that typically inhabit reedbeds and similar habitats. Most are native to East Asian, East or Southeast Asia, although a single species, the wrentit, is native to

. Introduced populations in Italy are thought to contain two parrotbill species, although there is some uncertainty about the taxonomic identity of these populations. *Ashy-throated parrotbill, ''Suthora alphonsiana'' (I) *Vinous-throated parrotbill, ''Suthora webbiana'' (I)

Laughingthrushes and allies

Order:

Family: Leiothrichidae The laughingthrushes are a family of Old World passerine birds. They are diverse in size and coloration. These are birds of tropical areas, with the greatest variety in Southeast Asia and the Indian subcontinent. *Red-billed leiothrix, ''Leiothrix lutea'' (I)

Goldcrests and kinglets

Order:

Family: Regulidae The kinglets and "crests" are a small family of birds which resemble some warblers. They are very small insectivorous birds in the single genus ''Regulus''. The adults have coloured crowns, giving rise to their name. *Common firecrest, ''Regulus ignicapilla'' *Goldcrest, ''Regulus regulus'' *Madeira firecrest, ''Regulus madeirensis'' (E-

) *Ruby-crowned kinglet, ''Corthylio calendula'' (A)

Wrens

Order:

Family: Troglodytidae The wrens are mainly small and inconspicuous except for their loud songs. These birds have short wings and thin down-turned bills. Several species often hold their tails upright. All are insectivorous. *Eurasian wren, ''Troglodytes troglodytes''

Nuthatches

Order:

Family: Sittidae Nuthatches are small woodland birds. They have the unusual ability to climb down trees head first, unlike other birds which can only go upwards. Nuthatches have big heads, short tails and powerful bills and feet. *Corsican nuthatch, ''Sitta whiteheadi'' (E) *Eastern rock nuthatch, ''Sitta tephronota'' (A-

) *Eurasian nuthatch, ''Sitta europaea'' *Krüper's nuthatch, ''Sitta krueperi'' (A) *Red-breasted nuthatch, ''Sitta canadensis'' (A) *Western rock nuthatch, ''Sitta neumayer''

Wallcreeper

Order:

Family: Tichodromidae The wallcreeper is a small bird related to the nuthatch family, which has stunning crimson, grey and black plumage. *Wallcreeper, ''Tichodroma muraria''

Treecreepers

Order:

Family: Certhiidae Treecreepers are small woodland birds, brown above and white below. They have thin pointed down-curved bills, which they use to extricate insects from bark. They have stiff tail feathers, like woodpeckers, which they use to support themselves on vertical trees. *Eurasian treecreeper, ''Certhia familiaris'' *Short-toed treecreeper, ''Certhia brachydactyla''

Mockingbirds and thrashers

Order:

Family: Mimidae Medium-sized passerine birds with long tails. Some are notable for their ability to mimic sounds such as other birds' songs. *Brown thrasher, ''Toxostoma rufum'' (A) *Grey catbird, ''Dumetella carolinensis'' (A) *Northern mockingbird, ''Mimus polyglottos'' (A)

Starlings and rhabdornis

Order:

Family: Sturnidae Starlings are small to medium-sized passerine birds. Their flight is strong and direct and they are very gregarious. Their preferred habitat is fairly open country. They eat insects and fruit. Plumage is typically dark with a metallic sheen. *Common starling, ''Sturnus vulgaris'' *Crested myna, ''Acridotheres cristatellus'' (I) *Daurian starling, ''Agropsar sturninus'' (A) *Rosy starling, ''Pastor roseus'' *Spotless starling, ''Sturnus unicolor''

Thrushes

Order:

Family: Turdidae The Thrush (bird), thrushes are a group of passerine birds that occur mainly in the Old World. They are plump, soft plumaged, small to medium-sized insectivores or sometimes omnivores, often feeding on the ground. Many have attractive songs. *American robin, ''Turdus migratorius'' (A) *Black-throated thrush, ''Turdus atrogularis'' *Common blackbird, ''Turdus merula'' *Dusky thrush, ''Turdus eunomus'' (A) *Eyebrowed thrush, ''Turdus obscurus'' (A) *Fieldfare, ''Turdus pilaris'' *Grey-cheeked thrush, ''Catharus minimus'' (A) *Hermit thrush, ''Catharus guttatus'' (A) *Mistle thrush, ''Turdus viscivorus'' *Naumann's thrush, ''Turdus naumanni'' (A) *Red-throated thrush, ''Turdus ruficollis'' (A) *Redwing, ''Turdus iliacus'' *Ring ouzel, ''Turdus torquatus'' *Scaly thrush, ''Zoothera dauma'' (A) *Siberian thrush, ''Geokichla sibirica'' (A) *Song thrush, ''Turdus philomelos'' *Swainson's thrush, ''Catharus ustulatus'' (A) *Tickell's thrush, ''Turdus unicolor'' (A) *Varied thrush, ''Ixoreus naevius'' (A) *Veery, ''Catharus fuscescens'' (A) *White's thrush, ''Zoothera aurea'' (A) *Wood thrush, ''Hylocichla mustelina'' (A)

Chats and Old World flycatchers

Order:

Family: Muscicapidae Old World flycatchers are a large group of small passerine birds native to the Old World. They are mainly small arboreal insectivores. The appearance of these birds is highly varied, but they mostly have weak songs and harsh calls. *Amur stonechat, ''Saxicola stejnegeri'' (A) *Asian brown flycatcher, ''Muscicapa dauurica'' (A) *Atlas pied flycatcher, ''Ficedula speculigera'' (A) *Black redstart, ''Phoenicurus ochruros'' *Black wheatear, ''Oenanthe leucura'' *Blue rock thrush, ''Monticola solitarius *Bluethroat, ''Luscinia svecica'' *Canary Islands stonechat, ''Saxicola dacotiae'' (E) *Collared flycatcher, ''Ficedula albicollis'' *Common nightingale, ''Luscinia megarhynchos'' *Common redstart, ''Phoenicurus phoenicurus'' *Common rock thrush, ''Monticola saxatilis'' *Cyprus wheatear, ''Oenanthe cypriaca'' *Dark-sided flycatcher, ''Muscicapa sibirica'' (A) *Desert wheatear, ''Oenanthe deserti'' (A) *Eastern black-eared wheatear, ''Oenanthe melanoleuca'' *European pied flycatcher, ''Ficedula hypoleuca'' *European robin, ''Erithacus rubecula'' *European stonechat, ''Saxicola rubicola'' *Finsch's wheatear, ''Oenanthe finschii'' (A) *Güldenstädt's redstart, ''Phoenicurus erythrogastrus'' (

) *Isabelline wheatear, ''Oenanthe isabellina'' *Kurdish wheatear, ''Oenanthe xanthoprymna'' (A) *Mediterranean flycatcher, ''Muscicapa tyrrhenica'' *Moussier's redstart, ''Phoenicurus moussieri'' (A) *Northern wheatear, ''Oenanthe oenanthe'' *Pied bush chat, ''Saxicola caprata'' (A) *Pied wheatear, ''Oenanthe pleschanka'' *Red-breasted flycatcher, ''Ficedula parva'' *Red-flanked bluetail, ''Tarsiger cyanurus'' *Red-rumped wheatear, ''Oenanthe moesta'' (A) *Rufous-tailed robin, ''Larvivora sibilans'' (A) *Rufous-tailed scrub robin, ''Cercotrichas galactotes'' *Semicollared flycatcher, ''Ficedula semitorquata'' *Siberian blue robin, ''Larvivora cyane'' (A) *Siberian rubythroat, ''Calliope calliope'' (A) *Siberian stonechat, ''Saxicola maurus'' *Spotted flycatcher, ''Muscicapa striata'' *Taiga flycatcher, ''Ficedula albicilla'' (A) *Thrush nightingale, ''Luscinia luscinia'' *Western black-eared wheatear, ''Oenanthe hispanica'' *Whinchat, ''Saxicola rubetra'' *White-crowned wheatear, ''Oenanthe leucopyga'' (A) *White-throated robin, ''Irania gutturalis''

Dippers

Order:

Family: Cinclidae Dippers are a group of perching birds whose habitat includes aquatic environments in the Americas, Europe and Asia. They are named for their bobbing or dipping movements. *White-throated dipper, ''Cinclus cinclus''

Old World sparrows and snowfinches

Order:

Family: Passeridae Old World sparrow, Sparrows are small passerine birds. In general, sparrows tend to be small, plump, brown or grey birds with short tails and short powerful beaks. Sparrows are seed-eaters and they also consume small insects. *Dead Sea sparrow, ''Passer moabiticus'' (A) *Eurasian tree sparrow, ''Passer montanus'' *House sparrow, ''Passer domesticus'' *Italian sparrow, ''Passer italiae'' *Rock sparrow, ''Petronia petronia'' *Spanish sparrow, ''Passer hispaniolensis'' *White-winged snowfinch, ''Montifringilla nivalis''

Weavers and widowbirds

Order:

Family: Ploceidae The weavers are small passerine birds related to the finches. They are seed-eating birds with rounded conical bills. The males of many species are brightly coloured, usually in red or yellow and black, some species show variation in colour only in the breeding season. *Black-headed weaver, ''Ploceus melanocephalus'' (I) *Yellow-crowned bishop, ''Euplectes afer'' (I)

Waxbills, munias and allies

Order:

Family: Estrildidae The estrildid finches are small passerine birds of the Old World tropics and Australasia. They are gregarious and often colonial seed eaters with short thick but pointed bills. They are all similar in structure and habits, but have wide variation in plumage colours and patterns. *Black-rumped waxbill, ''Estrilda troglodytes'' (I) *Common waxbill, ''Estrilda astrild'' (I) *Orange-cheeked waxbill, ''Estrilda melpoda'' (I) *Red avadavat, ''Amandava amandava'' (I) *Scaly-breasted munia, ''Lonchura punctulata'' (I)

Indigobirds and whydahs

Order:

Family: Viduidae The indigobirds and whydahs are finch-like species native to

whose plumage is usually dominated by black or indigo. All are obligate

s, which lay their eggs in the nests of estrildid finches. One introduced species has established a population in Portugal. *Pin-tailed whydah, ''Vidua macroura'' (I)

Accentors

Order:

Family: Prunellidae The accentors are in the only bird family, Prunellidae, which is completely endemic to the Palearctic. They are small, fairly drab species superficially similar to Old World sparrow, sparrows. *Alpine accentor, ''Prunella collaris'' *Black-throated accentor, ''Prunella atrogularis'' (A) *Dunnock, ''Prunella modularis'' *Radde's accentor, ''Prunella ocularis'' (A) *Siberian accentor, ''Prunella montanella'' (A)

Wagtails and pipits

Order:

Family: Motacillidae The Motacillidae are a family of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. They include the wagtails, longclaws and pipits. They are slender, ground feeding insectivores of open country. *Berthelot's pipit, ''Anthus berthelotii'' (E-

and

) *Blyth's pipit, ''Anthus godlewskii'' (A) *Buff-bellied pipit, ''Anthus rubescens'' (A) *Citrine wagtail, ''Motacilla citreola'' *Eastern yellow wagtail, ''Motacilla tschutschensis'' (A) *Eurasian rock pipit, ''Anthus petrosus'' (E) *Grey wagtail, ''Motacilla cinerea'' *Long-billed pipit, ''Anthus similis'' (A) *Meadow pipit, ''Anthus pratensis'' *Olive-backed pipit, ''Anthus hodgsoni'' *Paddyfield pipit, ''Anthus rufulus'' (A) *Pechora pipit, ''Anthus gustavi'' *Red-throated pipit, ''Anthus cervinus'' *Richard's pipit, ''Anthus richardi'' (A) *Tawny pipit, ''Anthus campestris'' *Tree pipit, ''Anthus trivialis'' *Water pipit, ''Anthus spinoletta'' *Western yellow wagtail, ''Motacilla flava'' *White wagtail, ''Motacilla alba''

Finches and euphonias

Order:

Family: Fringillidae Finches are seed-eating passerine birds, that are small to moderately large and have a strong beak, usually conical and in some species very large. All have twelve tail feathers and nine primaries. These birds have a bouncing flight with alternating bouts of flapping and gliding on closed wings, and most sing well. *Arctic redpoll, ''Acanthis hornemanni'' *Asian crimson-winged finch, ''Rhodopechys sanguineus'' (A-

) *Atlantic canary, ''Serinus canaria'' (E-

and

) *Azores bullfinch, ''Pyrrhula murina'' (E-

) *Azores chaffinch, ''Fringilla moreletti'' (E-

) *Brambling, ''Fringilla montifringilla'' *Canary Islands chaffinch, ''Fringilla canariensis'' (E-

) *Cape canary, ''Serinus canicollis'' (A) *Citril finch, ''Carduelis citrinella'' *Common linnet, ''Linaria cannabina'' *Common redpoll, ''Acanthis flammea'' *Common rosefinch, ''Carpodacus erythrinus'' *Corsican finch, ''Carduelis corsicana'' (E) *Eurasian bullfinch, ''Pyrrhula pyrrhula'' *Eurasian chaffinch, ''Fringilla coelebs'' *Eurasian siskin, ''Spinus spinus'' *European goldfinch, ''Carduelis carduelis'' *European greenfinch, ''Chloris chloris'' *European serin, ''Serinus serinus'' *Evening grosbeak, ''Hesperiphona vespertina'' (A) *Gran Canaria blue chaffinch, ''Fringilla polatzeki'' (E-

) *Great rosefinch, ''Carpodacus rubicilla'' (

) *Hawfinch, ''Coccothraustes coccothraustes'' *Lesser redpoll, ''Acanthis cabaret'' (E) *Madeira chaffinch, ''Fringilla maderensis'' (E-

) *Mongolian finch, ''Bucanetes mongolicus'' (A) *Pallas's rosefinch, ''Carpodacus roseus'' (A) *Parrot crossbill, ''Loxia pytyopsittacus'' *Pine grosbeak, ''Pinicola enucleator'' *Red crossbill, ''Loxia curvirostra'' *Red-fronted serin, ''Serinus pusillus'' (A) *Scottish crossbill, ''Loxia scotica'' (E) *Siberian long-tailed rosefinch, ''Carpodacus sibiricus'' (A) *Tenerife blue chaffinch, ''Fringilla teydea'' (E-

) *Trumpeter finch, ''Bucanetes githagineus'' *Twite, ''Linaria flavirostris'' *Two-barred crossbill, ''Loxia leucoptera''

Longspurs and snow buntings

Order:

Family: Calcariidae The Calcariidae are a family of birds that had been traditionally grouped with the New World sparrows, but differ in a number of respects and are usually found in open grassy areas. *Lapland longspur, ''Calcarius lapponicus'' *Snow bunting, ''Plectrophenax nivalis''

Buntings

Order:

Family: Emberizidae The emberizids are a large family of passerine birds. They are seed-eating birds with distinctively shaped bills. Many emberizid species have distinctive head patterns. *Black-faced bunting, ''Emberiza spodocephala'' (A) *Black-headed bunting, ''Emberiza melanocephala'' *Chestnut bunting, ''Emberiza rutila'' (A) *Chestnut-eared bunting, ''Emberiza fucata'' (A) *Cinereous bunting, ''Emberiza cineracea'' *Cirl bunting, ''Emberiza cirlus'' *Common reed bunting, ''Emberiza schoeniclus'' *Corn bunting, ''Emberiza calandra'' *Cretzschmar's bunting, ''Emberiza caesia'' *Grey-necked bunting, ''Emberiza buchanani'' (A) *House bunting, ''Emberiza sahari'' (A) *Ortolan bunting, ''Emberiza hortulana'' *Pallas's reed bunting, ''Emberiza pallasi'' (A) *Pine bunting, ''Emberiza leucocephalos'' *Red-headed bunting, ''Emberiza bruniceps'' *Rock bunting, ''Emberiza cia'' *Rustic bunting, ''Emberiza rustica'' *Yellowhammer, ''Emberiza citrinella'' *Little bunting, ''Emberiza pusilla'' *Yellow-breasted bunting, ''Emberiza aureola'' *Yellow-browed bunting, ''Emberiza chrysophrys'' (A)

New World sparrows and bush tanagers

Order:

Family: Passerellidae The New World sparrows (or American sparrows) are a large family of seed-eating passerine birds with distinctively finch-like bills. *American tree sparrow, ''Spizelloides arborea'' (A) *Dark-eyed junco, ''Junco hyemalis'' (A) *Eastern towhee, ''Pipilo erythrophthalmus'' (A) *Lark sparrow, ''Chondestes grammacus'' (A) *Lincoln's sparrow, ''Melospiza lincolnii'' (A) *Red fox sparrow, ''Passerella iliaca'' (A) *Savannah sparrow, ''Passerculus sandwichensis'' (A) *Song sparrow, ''Melospiza melodia'' (A) *White-crowned sparrow, ''Zonotrichia leucophrys'' (A) *White-throated sparrow, ''Zonotrichia albicollis'' (A)

Yellow-breasted chat

Order:

Family: Icteriidae This species was historically placed in the wood-warblers (Parulidae) but nonetheless most authorities were unsure if it belonged there. It was placed in its own family in 2017. *Yellow-breasted chat, ''Icteria virens'' (A)

Oropendolas, orioles, and blackbirds

Order:

Family: Icteridae Icterids make up a family of small- to medium-sized, often colorful, New-World passerine birds. Most species have black as a predominant plumage color, often enlivened by yellow, orange or red. The species in the family vary widely in size, shape, behavior and coloration. *Baltimore oriole, ''Icterus galbula'' (A) *Bobolink, ''Dolichonyx oryzivorus'' (A) *Brown-headed cowbird, ''Molothrus ater'' (A) *Common grackle, ''Quiscalus quiscula'' (A) *Red-winged blackbird, ''Agelaius phoeniceus'' (A) *Yellow-headed blackbird, ''Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus'' (A)

New World warblers

Order:

Family: Parulidae A group of small, often colourful passerine birds restricted to the New World. Most are arboreal and insectivorous. *American redstart, ''Setophaga ruticilla'' (A) *Audubon's warbler, ''Setophaga auduboni'' (A) *Bay-breasted warbler, ''Setophaga castanea'' (A) *Black-and-white warbler, ''Mniotilta varia'' (A) *Blackburnian warbler, ''Setophaga fusca'' (A) *Blackpoll warbler, ''Setophaga striata'' (A) *Black-throated blue warbler, ''Setophaga caerulescens'' (A) *Black-throated green warbler, ''Setophaga virens'' (A) *Blue-winged warbler, ''Vermivora cyanoptera'' (A) *Canada warbler, ''Cardellina canadensis'' (A) *Cape May warbler, ''Setophaga tigrina'' (A) *Cerulean warbler, ''Setophaga cerulea'' (A) *Chestnut-sided warbler, ''Setophaga pensylvanica'' (A) *Common yellowthroat, ''Geothlypis trichas'' (A) *Connecticut warbler, ''Oporornis agilis'' (A-

) *Golden-winged warbler, ''Vermivora chrysoptera'' (A) *Hooded warbler, ''Setophaga citrina'' (A) *Magnolia warbler, ''Setophaga magnolia'' (A) *Myrtle warbler, ''Setophaga coronata'' (A) *Northern parula, ''Setophaga americana'' (A) *Northern waterthrush, ''Parkesia noveboracensis'' (A) *Ovenbird, ''Seiurus aurocapilla'' (A) *Palm warbler, ''Setophaga palmarum'' (A) *Prairie warbler, ''Setophaga discolor'' (A-

) *Prothonotary warbler, ''Protonotaria citrea'' (A-

) *Tennessee warbler, ''Leiothlypis peregrina'' (A) *Wilson's warbler, ''Cardellina pusilla'' (A) *Yellow-throated warbler, ''Setophaga dominica'' (A-

) *Yellow warbler, ''Setophaga petechia'' (A)

Cardinals and allies

Order:

Family: Cardinalidae Cardinals are passerine birds found in North and South America. They are also known as cardinal-grosbeaks and cardinal-buntings. *Blue grosbeak, ''Passerina caerulea'' (A-

) *Dickcissel, ''Spiza americana'' (A) *Indigo bunting, ''Passerina cyanea'' (A) *Rose-breasted grosbeak, ''Pheucticus ludovicianus'' (A) *Scarlet tanager, ''Piranga olivacea'' (A) *Summer tanager, ''Piranga rubra'' (A)

References

Checklist of Birds of Europe. Avibase, LePage, Denis. 14 February 2020
*Mullarney, Killian; Svensson, Lars, Zetterstrom, Dan; Grant, Peter. (2001). ''Birds of Europe''. Princeton University Press. pp. 74–5
BirdLife International (2004) Birds in the European Union: a status assessment.Crochet P.-A., Joynt G. (2015) AERC list of Western Palearctic birds. July 2015 version.Rouco, M., Copete, J. L., De Juana, E., Gil-Velasco, M., Lorenzo, J. A., Martín, M., Milá, B., Molina, B. & Santos, D. M. (2019) Lista de las aves de España. Edición de 2019. SEO/BirdLife. Madrid.Rafael Matias, Paulo Catry, Helder Costa, Gonçalo Elias, João Jara, C.C. Moore & Ricardo Tomé (2007) Lista sistemática das aves de portugal continental. Anuário Ornitológico 5: 74-132 (2007)British Ornithologists' Union (2017) The British List: A Checklist of Birds of Britain (9th edition). Ibis 160: 190-240.Irish Rare Birds Committee (2015) The Irish list as on 31 December 2015Overzicht van alle vogels waargenomen in Nederland, Dutch Avifauna.nlBelgian Rare Birds Committee (2014) Belgian official checklistHellenic Rarities Committee (2016) List of the birds of GreeceYann Kolbeinsson (2011) List of Icelandic Bird SpeciesBirdlife Suomi Finland: Suomessa havaitut luonnonvaraiset ei-varpuslinnut (non-passerine birds of Finland)Birdlife Suomi Finland: Suomessa havaitut luonnonvaraiset varpuslinnut (passerine birds of Finland)Netfugl.dk: Bird list of Denmark
{{Dinosaurs by Continent Lists of birds of Europe, Lists of animals of Europe, Birds Lists of birds by continent, Europe