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Biblical inspiration is the doctrine in
Christian theology Christian theology is the theology of Christian belief and practice. Such study concentrates primarily upon the texts of the Old Testament and of the New Testament, as well as on Christian tradition. Christian theologians use biblical exeg ...
that the human writers and canonizers of the
Bible The Bible (from Koine Greek , , 'the books') is a collection of religious texts or scriptures that are held to be sacred in Christianity Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus ...
were led by God with the result that their writings may be designated in some sense the word of God. This belief is traditionally associated with concepts of the
biblical infallibility Biblical infallibility is the belief that what the Bible says regarding matters of faith and Christian practice is wholly useful and true. It is the "belief that the Bible is completely trustworthy as a guide to salvation and the life of faith ...
and the internal consistency of the Bible.


Etymology

In Greek grammar, the -tos ending in ''theopneustos'' designates a passive construct whereby the subject God is breathing out the object (scripture). The word "inspiration" comes from the
Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through ...
noun ''inspiratio'' and from the verb ''inspirare''. is a compound term resulting from the Latin prefix ''in'' (inside, into) and the verb ''spirare'' (to breathe). (See .) ''Inspirare'' meant originally "to blow into", as for example in the sentence of the Roman poet
Ovid Pūblius Ovidius Nāsō (; 20 March 43 BC – 17/18 AD), known in English as Ovid ( ), was a Augustan literature (ancient Rome), Roman poet who lived during the reign of Augustus. He was a contemporary of the older Virgil and Horace, with whom ...
: "''conchae ..sonanti inspirare iubet''" ("he orders to blow into the resonant ..shell"). In classic Roman times, ''inspirare'' had already come to mean "to breathe deeply" and assumed also the figurative sense of "to instill omethingin the heart or in the mind of someone". When
Jerome Jerome (; la, Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus; grc-gre, Εὐσέβιος Σωφρόνιος Ἱερώνυμος; – 30 September 420), also known as Jerome of Stridon, was a Christian priest, confessor, theologian, and historian; he is co ...
translated the Greek text of the Bible into the language of the common people of
Latium Latium ( , ; ) is the region of central western Italy in which the city of Rome was founded and grew to be the capital city of the Roman Empire. Definition Latium was originally a small triangle of fertile, volcanic soil ( Old Latium) on w ...
(the region of central western Italy in which the city of Rome is located; see
Vulgate The Vulgate (; also called (Bible in common tongue), ) is a late-4th-century Latin translation of the Bible. The Vulgate is largely the work of Jerome who, in 382, had been commissioned by Pope Damasus I to revise the Gospels u ...
), he translated the Greek ''theopneustos'' as ''divinitus inspirata'' ("divinely breathed into"). In Christian theology, the Latin word ''inspirare'' was already used by some Church Fathers in the first centuries to translate the Greek term ''pnéo''. The
Church Fathers The Church Fathers, Early Church Fathers, Christian Fathers, or Fathers of the Church were ancient and influential Christian theologians and writers who established the intellectual and doctrinal foundations of Christianity. The historical per ...
often referred to writings other than the documents that formed or would form the
biblical canon A biblical canon is a set of texts (also called "books") which a particular Jewish or Christian religious community regards as part of the Bible. The English word ''canon'' comes from the Greek , meaning " rule" or " measuring stick". The ...
as "inspired". Some modern
English English usually refers to: * English language * English people English may also refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * ''English'', an adjective for something of, from, or related to England ** English national ...
translations opt for "God-breathed" ( NIV) or "breathed out by God" (
ESV The English Standard Version (ESV) is an English translation of the Bible. Published in 2001 by Crossway, the ESV was "created by a team of more than 100 leading evangelical scholars and pastors." The ESV relies on recently published crit ...
) and avoid "inspired" altogether, since its most literal meaning (and etymology), unlike its Latin root, leans toward
breathing out Breathing (or ventilation) is the process of moving air into and from the lungs to facilitate gas exchange with the internal environment, mostly to flush out carbon dioxide and bring in oxygen. All aerobic creatures need oxygen for cellular ...
instead of breathing in.


Writers' internal claims

A
2 Tim 3:16–17 (NRSV)
the Bible alleges that "All scripture is inspired by God and is useful for teaching" etc. Others offer an alternative reading for the passage; for example, theologian C. H. Dodd suggests that it "is probably to be rendered" as: "Every inspired Scripture is also useful". With regard to misplacing the "is", Daniel B. Wallace calls this alternative "probably not the best translation."


Basis

The 7 biggest events in history with regard to human government were allegedly in writing (in the Bible) before they occurred. Those 7 events allegedly were: 1) After Rome would come the UK and the US 2) Then the League of Nations 3) Then the UN 4) The UK would gain ascendancy after Rome by sinking the Spanish Armada, conquering NYC from the Dutch and defeating Napoleon 5) WW1 would commence in 1914 6) It lists the countries that Hitler would conquer around North Africa and the Middle East 7) The Russian/American cold war Here's this list of the fulfilled prophecies, again, only this time, with their corresponding precise cites: 1. After Rome would come the UK and the US (Elizabeth I would defeat Phillip II’s Spanish Armada in 1588 & George Washington would parole George III’s Marquess at Yorktown in 1781) (Da is short for Daniel, Re for Revelation, Nu for Numbers & Eze for Ezekiel
Da 2:33,43; 7:8; 11:27-45; Re 13:11-13; 17:9-10 (NIV)
- The description a
Da 8:20-22 (NIV)
of the fall of Medo-Persia is what unlocks fulfilled prophecy – Gen. Cassander lost Greece to Gen. Lysimachus who, in turn, lost Turkey to Gen. Seleucus of Syria whose dynasty fought the dynasty of Gen. Ptolemy of Egypt, from the North & South of Israel.) 2. Then the League of Nations (would be established by Woodrow Wilson & George V Windsor (‘V’ means the fifth) in 1919 in Geneva
Re 13:14-15; 17:3,11 (NIV)
3. Then the UN (would be established by Truman & George VI in 1945
Re 17:8 (NIV)
4. The UK would gain ascendancy after Rome by sinking the Spanish Armada, conquering NYC from the Dutch and defeating Napoleon. (Frigates would out-cannon galleons, Charles II would defeat Henry Casimir II, who was 7 years old in 1664, & sign the Treaty of Westminster in 1674 with William III of Orange (who conquered Britain in 1688 & ruled there until death) & George III would use Wellington at Waterloo in 1815
Da 7:8,20,24 (NIV)
5. WW1 would commence in 1914 (which is 607 B.C.E. + 2520 years (there is no year zero)
Re 13:1,3; Da 4:32; 4:16-17; Re 12:6,14; Nu 14:34; Eze 4:4-6 (NIV)
6. It lists the countries that Hitler would conquer around North Africa and the Middle East (Montgomery would defeat Rommel in the second battle of El Alamein in 1942 in the most significant tank battle in history
Da 11:41-43 (NIV)
7. The Russian/American cold war (would begin with the Truman Doctrine against Stalin in 1947 & end with the next September 11th type of attack in the first half of the springtime of some unstated year, the year of 'the second coming'
Da 11:40 (NIV)
The
List of New Testament uncials A New Testament uncial is a section of the New Testament in Greek or Latin majuscule letters, written on parchment or vellum. This style of writing is called ''Biblical Uncial'' or ''Biblical Majuscule''. New Testament uncials are distinct f ...
wiki lists more than 300 copies that are each over 1000 years old. The best attempts to extract the original
Koine Greek Koine Greek (; Koine el, ἡ κοινὴ διάλεκτος, hē koinè diálektos, the common dialect; ), also known as Hellenistic Greek, common Attic, the Alexandrian dialect, Biblical Greek or New Testament Greek, was the common supra-reg ...
text are in Na27 & Na28. Further archeological proof is in Leningradensis, the oldest complete Hebrew manuscript (and the List of Hebrew Bible manuscripts). Except for Nu & Eze, all of the cites in the above list of the 7 biggest events are from less than 10 chapters.
Da 2, 4, 7-8, 11 and Re 12-13, 17-18 (NIV)
. Summarized in two words, “fulfilled prophecy” allegedly proves that humanity has communication from God that contains recognizable details about the founders of the biggest empires in history. Foretelling the 7 biggest events with respect to human government allegedly produces the highest possible authentication of authorship by ''an Extraterrestrial'' (in this case allegedly, specifically God) - that if anyone were to ponder it for decades, he'd remain unable to articulate a better proof of authorship by a person from outer space
Mt 5:18 (NIV)
(in the
Sermon on the Mount The Sermon on the Mount ( anglicized from the Matthean Vulgate Latin section title: ) is a collection of sayings attributed to Jesus of Nazareth found in the Gospel of Matthew (chapters 5, 6, and 7). that emphasizes his moral teachings. It ...
) refers to the Hebrew letter
yodh Yodh (also spelled jodh, yod, or jod) is the tenth letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician Yōd /𐤉, Hebrew Yōd , Aramaic Yod , Syriac Yōḏ ܝ, and Arabic . Its sound value is in all languages for which it is used; in many l ...
and the dot on the Greek letter
iota Iota (; uppercase: Ι, lowercase: ι; ) is the ninth letter of the Greek alphabet. It was derived from the Phoenician letter Yodh. Letters that arose from this letter include the Latin I and J, the Cyrillic І (І, і), Yi (Ї, ї), and ...
, alleging:


Evangelical viewpoint

Evangelicals Evangelicalism (), also called evangelical Christianity or evangelical Protestantism, is a worldwide interdenominational movement within Protestant Christianity that affirms the centrality of being " born again", in which an individual expe ...
view the Bible as superintended by the
Holy Spirit In Judaism, the Holy Spirit is the divine force, quality, and influence of God over the Universe or over his creatures. In Nicene Christianity, the Holy Spirit or Holy Ghost is the third person of the Trinity. In Islam, the Holy Spirit acts as ...
, preserving the writers' works from error without eliminating their specific concerns, situation, or style. This divine involvement, they say, allowed the biblical writers to communicate without corrupting God's own message both to the immediate recipients of the writings and to those who would come after. Some Evangelicals have labelled the conservative or traditional view as "verbal, plenary inspiration of the original manuscripts", by which they mean that each word (not just the overarching ideas or concepts) was meaningfully chosen under the superintendence of God. Evangelicals acknowledge the existence of textual variations between biblical accounts of apparently identical events and speeches. They see these as complementary, not contradictory, and explain them as the differing viewpoints of different writers. For instance, the
Gospel of Matthew The Gospel of Matthew), or simply Matthew. It is most commonly abbreviated as "Matt." is the first book of the New Testament of the Bible and one of the three synoptic Gospels. It tells how Israel's Messiah, Jesus, comes to his people and form ...
was intended to communicate the Gospel to Jews, the
Gospel of Luke The Gospel of Luke), or simply Luke (which is also its most common form of abbreviation). tells of the origins, Nativity of Jesus, birth, Ministry of Jesus, ministry, Crucifixion of Jesus, death, Resurrection of Jesus, resurrection, and Ascensi ...
to Greeks, and the
Gospel of Mark The Gospel of Mark), or simply Mark (which is also its most common form of abbreviation). is the second of the four canonical gospels and of the three synoptic Gospels. It tells of the ministry of Jesus from his baptism by John the Baptist to h ...
to Romans. Evangelical apologists such as John W. Haley in his book ''Alleged Discrepancies in the Bible'' and Norman Geisler in ''When Critics Ask'' have proposed answers to hundreds of claimed contradictions. Some discrepancies are accounted for by changes from the master manuscripts (which are alleged to contain very nearly the original text and) that these alterations were introduced as copies were made (maybe of copies themselves), either deliberately or accidentally. Many Evangelicals consider biblical inerrancy or
biblical infallibility Biblical infallibility is the belief that what the Bible says regarding matters of faith and Christian practice is wholly useful and true. It is the "belief that the Bible is completely trustworthy as a guide to salvation and the life of faith ...
to be the necessary consequence of the Bible's doctrine of inspiration (see, for example, the
Westminster Confession of Faith The Westminster Confession of Faith is a Reformed confession of faith. Drawn up by the 1646 Westminster Assembly as part of the Westminster Standards to be a confession of the Church of England, it became and remains the "subordinate standard" o ...
or the Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy). Three basic approaches to inspiration are often described when the evangelical approach to scripture is discussed: * Verbal plenary inspiration: This view gives a greater role to the human writers of the Bible while maintaining a belief that God preserved the integrity of the words of the Bible. The effect of inspiration was to move the writers so as to produce the words God wanted. In this view the human writers' "individual backgrounds, personal traits, and literary styles were authentically theirs, but had been providentially prepared by God for use as his instrument in producing Scripture." However, the theory nuances that "God so mysteriously superintended the process that every word written was also the exact word he wanted to be written—free from all error." * Verbal dictation theory: The dictation theory claims that God dictated the books of the Bible word by word, suggesting the writers were no more than tools used to communicate God's precisely intended message. * Dynamic inspiration: The thoughts contained in the Bible are inspired, but the words used were left to the individual writers. This suggests the underlying message of the Scriptures are inspired, while the exact wording is ''dynamic''. * Partial inspiration: the Bible is infallible in matters of faith and practice/morals, yet it could have errors in history or science (e.g. the
Big Bang The Big Bang event is a physical theory that describes how the universe expanded from an initial state of high density and temperature. Various cosmological models of the Big Bang explain the evolution of the observable universe from the ...
could be true, and the Genesis creation account is more allegorical than historical). * Intuition theory: The authors of the Scriptures were merely wise men, so the Bible is inspired by human insight. Theories seeing only parts of the Bible as inspired ("partial inspiration") meet with insistent emphasis on plenary inspiration on the part of its proponents.


Critical viewpoint

The New American Commentary by T.D. Lea and H.P. Griffen says, " respected Evangelicals maintain that God dictated the words of Scripture." By this, Lea & Griffen were referring to the entirety of the Scriptures, i.e. every single word in the Bible. Lea & Griffen meant that they advocated verbal plenary inspiration as fact, instead of the verbal dictation theory. The Evangelical position was criticized as being
circular Circular may refer to: * The shape of a circle * ''Circular'' (album), a 2006 album by Spanish singer Vega * Circular letter (disambiguation) ** Flyer (pamphlet), a form of advertisement * Circular reasoning, a type of logical fallacy * Circular ...
by an anonymous
Catholic The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide . It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a ...
author, who accepted the doctrine of biblical inspiration. This author claimed that the Bible can only be used to prove doctrines of biblical inspiration if the doctrine is assumed to begin with. Some defenders of the evangelical doctrine such as B. B. Warfield and
Charles Hodge Charles Hodge (December 27, 1797 – June 19, 1878) was a Reformed Presbyterian theologian and principal of Princeton Theological Seminary between 1851 and 1878. He was a leading exponent of the Princeton Theology, an orthodox Calvinist theo ...
, however, moved away from a circular argument and "committed themselves to the legitimacy of external verification" to inductively prove the doctrine, though they placed some restrictions on the evidences that could be considered.


Lutheran and Reformed viewpoint

As Lutherans confess in the
Nicene Creed The original Nicene Creed (; grc-gre, Σύμβολον τῆς Νικαίας; la, Symbolum Nicaenum) was first adopted at the First Council of Nicaea in 325. In 381, it was amended at the First Council of Constantinople. The amended form is ...
, the
Holy Spirit In Judaism, the Holy Spirit is the divine force, quality, and influence of God over the Universe or over his creatures. In Nicene Christianity, the Holy Spirit or Holy Ghost is the third person of the Trinity. In Islam, the Holy Spirit acts as ...
"spoke through the prophets". The
Apology of the Augsburg Confession The ''Apology of the Augsburg Confession'' was written by Philipp Melanchthon during and after the 1530 Diet of Augsburg as a response to the '' Pontifical Confutation of the Augsburg Confession'', Charles V's commissioned official Roman Catholic ...
identifies Holy Scripture with the Word of God and calls the Holy Spirit the author of the Bible. According to Frederic Farrar,
Martin Luther Martin Luther (; ; 10 November 1483 – 18 February 1546) was a German priest, theologian, author, hymnwriter, and professor, and Augustinian friar. He is the seminal figure of the Protestant Reformation and the namesake of Lutherani ...
did not understand inspiration to mean that the scriptures were dictated in a purely mechanical manner. Instead, Luther "held that they were not dictated by the Holy Spirit, but that His illumination produced in the minds of their writers the knowledge of salvation, so that divine truth had been expressed in human form, and the knowledge of God had become a personal possession of man. The actual writing was a human not a supernatural act."
John Calvin John Calvin (; frm, Jehan Cauvin; french: link=no, Jean Calvin ; 10 July 150927 May 1564) was a French theologian, pastor and reformer in Geneva during the Protestant Reformation. He was a principal figure in the development of the system ...
also rejected the verbal dictation theory. Luther asserted that "He he pious Christianshould not doubt that however simple they
he Scriptures He or HE may refer to: Language * He (pronoun), an English pronoun * He (kana), the romanization of the Japanese kana へ * He (letter), the fifth letter of many Semitic alphabets * He (Cyrillic), a letter of the Cyrillic script called ''He'' ...
may seem, these are the very words, deeds, judgments, and history of the high majesty and wisdom of God; for this is the Scripture which makes fools out of all the wise". The doctrine of '' sola scriptura'' was one of the central teachings during the
Protestant Reformation The Reformation (alternatively named the Protestant Reformation or the European Reformation) was a major movement within Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the Catholic Church and i ...
. It teaches that the Bible is the final authority for moral, spiritual, and for some, civil matters. As Luther said, "The true rule is this: God's Word shall establish articles of faith, and no one else, not even an angel can do so."


Catholic viewpoint

The
Catechism of the Catholic Church The ''Catechism of the Catholic Church'' ( la, Catechismus Catholicae Ecclesiae; commonly called the ''Catechism'' or the ''CCC'') is a catechism promulgated for the Catholic Church by Pope John Paul II in 1992. It aims to summarize, in book ...
alleges that the Bible's human writers were "consigned to writing whatever he wanted written, and no more." The Catechism also claims that the Bible is "without error". The
Catholic Church The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the List of Christian denominations by number of members, largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics Catholic Church by country, worldwide . It is am ...
holds the Bible as inspired by God, but that it does not view God as the direct author of the Bible, in the sense that he does not put a 'ready-made' book in the mind of the inspired person.
Pope Benedict XVI Pope Benedict XVI ( la, Benedictus XVI; it, Benedetto XVI; german: link=no, Benedikt XVI.; born Joseph Aloisius Ratzinger, , on 16 April 1927) is a retired prelate of the Catholic church who served as the head of the Church and the sovereig ...
gave the following (non-dogmatic) explanation in 2007:
The Scripture emerged from within the heart of a living subject — the pilgrim people of God — and lives within this same subject. ... e individual author or group of authors ... are not autonomous ... they form part of ... the "people of God," ... the deeper "author" of the Scriptures. ... kewise, this people ... knows that it is led, and spoken to, by God himself, who — through men and their humanity — is at the deepest level the one speaking.
The Catholic view of biblical inspiration stems from the belief in the historical authenticity of the foundation of an infallible inchurch, and Jesus' grant of teaching authority to that church through his apostles. Because the church designated the canon through its tradition, its authority to identify the inspired books is accepted, rather than any self-contained or inherent claims of the Scriptures themselves.


Modern Christian viewpoint

The typical view within
Liberal Christianity Liberal Christianity, also known as Liberal Theology and historically as Christian Modernism (see Catholic modernism and Fundamentalist–Modernist controversy), is a movement that interprets Christian teaching by taking into consideration ...
and
Progressive Christianity Progressive Christianity represents a post-modern theological approach, and is not necessarily synonymous with progressive politics. It developed out of the liberal Christianity of the modern era, which was rooted in the Enlightenment's think ...
rejects the idea that the Bible is divinely inspired. Some advocates of
higher criticism Historical criticism, also known as the historical-critical method or higher criticism, is a branch of criticism that investigates the origins of ancient texts in order to understand "the world behind the text". While often discussed in terms of ...
who espouse this view even go so far as to regard the Bible as purely a product of human invention. However, most form critics, such as Rudolf Bultmann (1884–1976) and
Walter Brueggemann Walter Brueggemann (born March 11, 1933) is an American Protestant Old Testament scholar and theologian who is widely considered one of the most influential Old Testament scholars of the last several decades. His work often focuses on the Hebrew p ...
(1933– ), still regard the Bible as a
sacred text Religious texts, including scripture, are texts which various religions consider to be of central importance to their religious tradition. They differ from literature by being a compilation or discussion of beliefs, mythologies, ritual pra ...
, just not a text that communicates the unaltered word of God. They see it instead as true, divinely inspired theology mixed with foreign elements that can sometimes be inconsistent with the overarching messages found in Scripture and that have discernible roots in history,
mythology Myth is a folklore genre consisting of narratives that play a fundamental role in a society, such as foundational tales or origin myths. Since "myth" is widely used to imply that a story is not objectively true, the identification of a narra ...
, or ancient cultic practices.


Neo-orthodox viewpoint

Emil Brunner (1889–1966) was one of the primary advocates of
Neo-orthodoxy In Christianity, Neo-orthodoxy or Neoorthodoxy, also known as theology of crisis and dialectical theology, was a theological movement developed in the aftermath of the First World War. The movement was largely a reaction against doctrines o ...
. He wrote, " e Christian Church believes the Bible to be the Word of God" & "Christian faith is Bible faith." He also wrote, "Yes, God has made known the secret of His will through the Prophets and Apostles in the Holy Scriptures." Brunner rhetorically asked, "Is the whole Bible God's Word then?" Brunner answered, "Yes, insofar as it speaks of that which is 'here' in Christ." It goes without saying that presently some, but not all copies & translations contain errors. But Brunner's illustration was, "If you buy a phonograph record you are told that you will hear the Master Caruso. Is that true? Of course! But really his voice? Certainly!" Brunner kept emphatically writing, " e Bible ..makes the real Master's voice audible,—really his voice, his words, what he wants to say. Men's personalities can be discerned in Bible, just as Brunner wrote, " ..God speaks His Word through the voice of man. Paul, Peter, Isaiah and Moses are such men." Brunner ultimately concludes that, "Only a fool listens to the incidental noises when he might listen to his Master's voice!" The
Neo-orthodox In Christianity, Neo-orthodoxy or Neoorthodoxy, also known as theology of crisis and dialectical theology, was a theological movement developed in the aftermath of the First World War. The movement was largely a reaction against doctrines of ...
doctrine of inspiration views the Bible as "the words of God". This view was a reaction to the Modernist doctrine, which Neo-orthodox proponents argue eroded the value and significance of the Christian faith.
Karl Barth Karl Barth (; ; – ) was a Swiss Calvinist theologian. Barth is best known for his commentary '' The Epistle to the Romans'', his involvement in the Confessing Church, including his authorship (except for a single phrase) of the Barmen Declar ...
(1886–1968) was another one of the primary advocates of Neo-othodoxy.


Other viewpoints

A 2011
Gallup Gallup may refer to: * Gallup, Inc., a firm founded by George Gallup, well known for its opinion poll * Gallup (surname), a surname *Gallup, New Mexico, a city in New Mexico, United States ** Gallup station, an Amtrak train in downtown Gallup, New ...
survey reports, "A 49% plurality of Americans say the Bible is the inspired word of God but that it should not be taken
literally ''Literally'' is an English adverb. It has been controversially used as an intensifier for figurative statements. History The first known use of the word ''literally'' was in the 15th century, or the 1530s, when it was used in the sense of "in ...
, consistently the most common view in Gallup's nearly 40-year history of this question."


See also

* Biblical inerrancy *
Biblical infallibility Biblical infallibility is the belief that what the Bible says regarding matters of faith and Christian practice is wholly useful and true. It is the "belief that the Bible is completely trustworthy as a guide to salvation and the life of faith ...
* Internal consistency of the Bible *
General revelation In theology, general revelation, or natural revelation, refers to knowledge about God and spiritual matters, discovered through natural means, such as observation of nature (the physical universe), philosophy, and reasoning. Christian theologia ...
*
Progressive revelation (Christianity) Progressive revelation is the doctrine in Christianity that the sections of the Bible that were written later contain a fuller revelation of God than the earlier sections. Proponents believe that God didn't tell people his entire plan all at onc ...
* Thought inspiration * Verbum Domini - apostolic exhortation of the
Pope Benedict XVI Pope Benedict XVI ( la, Benedictus XVI; it, Benedetto XVI; german: link=no, Benedikt XVI.; born Joseph Aloisius Ratzinger, , on 16 April 1927) is a retired prelate of the Catholic church who served as the head of the Church and the sovereig ...
.


References


Bibliography

* Warfield, B. B. (1977 reprint). ''Inspiration and Authority of Bible'', with a lengthy introductory essay by
Cornelius Van Til Cornelius Van Til (May 3, 1895 – April 17, 1987) was a Dutch-American reformed philosopher and theologian, who is credited as being the originator of modern presuppositional apologetics. A graduate of Calvin College, Van Til later received ...
. . * Sproul, R. C. ''Hath God Said?'' (Video series). * Geisler, Norman, ed. (1980). ''Inerrancy''. . *


Further reading

*


External links


"The Authority & Inspiration of the Scriptures"
by B. B. Warfield

by B. B. Warfield

by Loraine Boettner
''The Divine Inspiration of the Bible''
by Arthur Pink
"The Protestant Rule of Faith"
chapter 6 of the introduction from
Charles Hodge Charles Hodge (December 27, 1797 – June 19, 1878) was a Reformed Presbyterian theologian and principal of Princeton Theological Seminary between 1851 and 1878. He was a leading exponent of the Princeton Theology, an orthodox Calvinist theo ...
's ''Systematic Theology'', which argues for the traditional doctrine over and against the Modernist doctrine.
Bibliography for and on-line articles about inspiration

Scholarly articles on Biblical Inspiration from the Wisconsin Lutheran Seminary Library


{{DEFAULTSORT:Biblical Inspiration Christian theology of the Bible Christian terminology Evangelical theology