A taxonomic system, the Bentham & Hooker system for seed plants, was published in Bentham and Hooker's ''Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita'' in three volumes between 1862 and 1883.

George Bentham George Bentham (22 September 1800 – 10 September 1884) was an English botanist, described by the weed botanist Duane Isely as "the premier systematic botanist of the nineteenth century". Born into a distinguished family, he initially studie ...

(1800–1884) and

Joseph Dalton Hooker Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker (30 June 1817 – 10 December 1911) was a British botanist and explorer in the 19th century. He was a founder of geographical botany and Charles Darwin's closest friend. For twenty years he served as director of ...

(1817–1911) were British botanists who were closely affiliated to the

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew is a non-departmental public body in the United Kingdom sponsored by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. An internationally important botanical research and education institution, it employs 1,10 ...

, in England. Their system of botanical taxonomy was based on the principle of natural affinities and is considered as pre-Darwinian as it does not take evolution into account. The ''Genera plantarum'' classified an estimated 97,205 species into 202 families and 7,569 genera.

Summary

The system recognises the following main groups: * Class

DICOTYLEDONES The dicotyledons, also known as dicots (or, more rarely, dicotyls), are one of the two groups into which all the flowering plants (angiosperms) were formerly divided. The name refers to one of the typical characteristics of the group: namely, t ...

**DICOTYLEDONUM POLYPETALE vol I ***: Series 1. Thalamiflorae ***: Series 2. Disciflorae ***: Series 3. Calyciflorae **DICOTYLEDONES GAMOPETALÆ vol II ***: Series 1. Inferae ***: Series 2. Heteromerae ***: Series 3. Bicarpellatae **DICOTYLEDONES MONOCHLAMIDEÆ vol III * Class GYMNOSPERMEÆ vol III (1) * Class MONOCOTYLEDONES vol III (2)

Families and orders in the Bentham & Hooker system

Note that this system was published well before there were internationally accepted rules for botanical nomenclature. It indicates a family by "ordo"; an order is indicated by "cohors" (in the first two volumes) or "series" (in the third volume); in the first two volumes “series” refers to a rank above that of order. Terminations for families are not what they are now. Neither of these phenomena is a problem from a nomenclatural perspective: the ''

ICBN The ''International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants'' (ICN) is the set of rules and recommendations dealing with the formal botanical names that are given to plants, fungi and a few other groups of organisms, all those "trad ...

'' provides for this

Dicotyledonae

Dicotyledonae * DICOTYLEDONUM POLYPETALARUM Vol I *: SERIES I THALAMIFLORÆ *:: COHORS I. RANALES *::: I. RANUNCULACEÆ *::: II. DILLENIACEAE *::: III. CALYCANTHACEÆ *::: IV. MAGNOLIACEAE *::: V. ANONACEAE ic*::: VI. MENISPERMACEÆ *::: VII. BERBERIDACEÆ *::: VIII. NYMPHÆACEAE *:: COHORS II. PARIETALES *::: IX. SARRACENIACEAE *::: X. PAPAVERACEAE *::: XI. CRUCIFERAE *::: XII. CAPPARIDEAE *::: XIII. RESEDACEAE *::: XIV. CISTINEAE *::: XV. VIOLARIEAE p. 114 4 tribes *::: XVI. CANELLACEAE *::: XVII. BIXINEAE *:: COHORS III. POLYGALINÆ *::: XVIII. PITTOSPOREÆ *::: XIX. TREMANDREAE *::: XX. POLYGALAE *::: XXa. VOCHYSIACEAE *:: COHORS IV. CARYOPHYLLINÆ *::: XXI. FRANKENIACEÆ *::: XXII. CARYOPHYLLEÆ *::: XXIII. PORTULACEÆ *::: XIV. TAMARISCINEÆ *:: COHORS V. GUTTIFERALES *::: XXV. ELATINEÆ *::: XXVI. HYPERICINEÆ *::: XXVII. GUTTIFERÆ *::: XXVIII. TERNSTROEMIACEÆ *::: XXIX. DIPTEROCARPEÆ *::: XXX. CHLENACEÆ *:: COHORS VI. MALVALES *::: XXXI. MALVACEÆ *::: XXXII. STERCULIACEÆ *::: XXXIII. TILIACEÆ *: SERIES II. DISCIFLORÆ *:: COHORS VII. GERANIALES *::: XXXIV LINEÆ *::: XXXV. HUMIRIACEÆ *::: XXXVI. MALPIGHIACEÆ *::: XXXVII. ZYGOPHYLLEÆ *::: XXXVIII. GERANIACEÆ *::: XXXIX. RUTACEÆ *::: XL. SIMARUBEÆ ic*::: XLI. OCHNACEÆ *::: XLII. BURSERACEÆ *::: XLIII. MELIACEÆ *::: XLIV. CHAILLETIACEÆ *:: COHORS VIII. OLACALES *::: XLV. OLACINEÆ *::: XLVI. ILICINEÆ *:: COHORS IX. CELASTRALES *::: XLVII. CELASTRINEÆ *::: LVII. LEGUMINOSÆ *::: LVIII. ROSACEÆ *::: LIX. SAXIFRAGEÆ *::: LX. CRASSULACEÆ *::: LXI. DROSERACEÆ *::: LXII. HAMAMELIDEÆ *::: LXIII. BRUNIACEÆ *::: LXIV. HALORAGEÆ *:: COHORS XII. MYRTALES *::: LXV. RHIZOPHOREÆ *::: LXVI. COMBRETACEÆ *::: LXVII. MYRTACEÆ *::: LXVIII. MELASTOMACEÆ *::: LXIX. LYTHRARIEÆ *::: LXX. ONAGRARIEÆ *:: COHORS XIII. PASSIFLORALES *::: LXXI. SAMYDACEÆ *::: LXXII. LOASEÆ *::: LXXIII. TURNERACEÆ *::: LXXIV. PASSIFLOREÆ *::: LXXV. CUCURBITACEÆ *::: LXXVI. BEGONIACEÆ *::: LXXVII. DATISCEÆ *:: COHORS XIV. FICOIDALES *::: LXXVIII. CACTEÆ *::: LXXIX. FICIOIDEÆ *:: COHORS XV. UMBELLALES *::: LXXX. UMBELLIFERÆ *::: LXXXI. ARALIACEÆ *::: LXXXII. CORNACEÆ *DICOTYLEDONES GAMOPETALÆ vol II *: SERIES I. INFERÆ *:: COHORS I. RUBIALES *::: LXXXIII. CAPRIFOLIACEÆ *::: LXXXIV. RUBIACEÆ *:: COHORS II. ASTERALES *::: LXXXV. VALERIANEÆ *::: LXXXVI. DIPSACEÆ *::: LXXXVII. CALCEREÆ *::: LXXXVIII. COMPOSITÆ *:: COHORS III. CAMPANALES *::: LXXXIX. STYLIDIEÆ *::: LC. GOODENOVIEÆ *::: XCI. CAMPANULACEÆ *: SERIES II. HETEROMERÆ *:: COHORS IV ERICALES *::: XCII. VACCINIACEÆ *::: XCIII. ERICACEÆ *::: XCIV. MONOTROPEÆ *::: XCV. EPACRIDEÆ *::: XCVI. DIAPENSIACEÆ *::: XCVII. LENNOACEÆ *:: COHORS V. PRIMULALES *::: XCVIII. PLUMBAGINEÆ *::: XCIX. PRIMULACEÆ *::: C. MYRSINEÆ *:: COHORS VI. EBENALES *::: CI. SAPOTACEÆ *::: CII. EBENACEÆ *::: CIII. STYRACEÆ *: SERIES III. BICARPELLATÆ *:: COHORS VII. GENTIANALES *::: CIV. OLEACEÆ *::: CV. SALVADORACEÆ *::: CVI. APOCYNACEÆ *::: CVII. ASCLEPIADEÆ *::: CVIII. LOGANIACEÆ *::: CIX. GENTIANEÆ *:: COHORS VIII. POLEMONIALES *::: CX. POLEMONIACEÆ *::: CXI. HYDROPHYLLACEÆ *::: CXII. BORAGINEÆ *::: CXIII. CONVOLVULACEÆ *::: CXIV. SOLANACEÆ *:: COHORS IX. PERSONALES *::: CXV. SCROPHULARINEÆ *::: CXVI. OROBRANCHACEÆ *::: CXVII. LENTIBULARIEÆ *::: CXVIII. COLUMELLIACEÆ *::: CXIX. GESNERACEÆ ic*::: CXX. BIGNONIACEÆ *::: CXXI. PEDALINEÆ *::: CXXII. ACANTHACEÆ *:: COHORS X. LAMIALES *::: CXXIII. MYOPORINEÆ *::: CXXIV. SELAGINEÆ *::: CXXV. VERBENACEÆ *::: CXXVI. LABIATÆ *:: incertae sedis *::: CXXVII. PLANTAGINEÆ *DICOTYLEDONES MONOCHLAMIDEÆ vol III *:: Series I. Curvembryeæ *::: CXXVIII. NYCTAGINEÆ *::: CXXIX. ILLECEBRACEÆ *::: CXXX. AMARANTACEÆ ic*::: CXXXI. CHENOPODIACEÆ *::: CXXXII. PHYTOLACCACEÆ *::: CXXXIII. BATIDEÆ *::: CXXXIV. POLYGONACEÆ *:: Series II. Multiovulatæ Aquaticæ *::: CXXXV. PODOSTEMONACEÆ *:: Series III. Multiovulatæ Terrestres *::: CXXXVI. NEPENTHACEÆ *::: CXXXVII. CYTINACEÆ *::: CXXXVIII. ARISTOLOCHIACEÆ *:: Series IV. Microembryeæ *::: CXXXIX. PIPERACEÆ *::: CXL. CHLORANTACEÆ *::: CXLI. MYRISTICEÆ *::: CXLII. MONIMIACEÆ *:: Series V. Daphnales *::: CXLIII. LAURINEÆ *::: CXLIV. PROTEACEÆ *::: CXLV. THYMELÆACEÆ *::: CXLVI. PENÆACEÆ *::: CXLVII. ELÆAGNACEÆ *:: Series VI. Achlamydosporeæ *::: CXLVIII. LORANTHACEÆ *::: CXLIX. SANTALACEÆ *::: CL. BALANOPHOREÆ *:: Series VII. Unisexuales *::: CLI. EUPHORBIACEÆ *::: CLII. BALANOPEÆ *::: CLIII. URTICACEÆ *::: CLIV. PLATANACEÆ *::: CLV. LEITNERIEÆ *::: CLVI. JUGLANDEÆ *::: CLVII. MYRICACEÆ *::: CLVIII. CASUARINEÆ *::: CLIX. CUPULIFERÆ *:: Series VIII. Ordines anomali (''incertae sedis'') *::: CLX. SALICINEÆ *::: CLXI. LACISTEMACEÆ *::: CLXII. EMPETRACEÆ *::: CLXIII. CERATOPHYLLEÆ *GYMNOSPERMEÆ'' icvol III (1) *::: CLXIV. GNETACEÆ *::: CLXV. CONIFERÆ *::: CLXVI. CYCADACEÆ

Gymnosperms

* vol III (1)

Monocotyledons

Monocotyledons Monocotyledons (), commonly referred to as monocots, ( Lilianae '' sensu'' Chase & Reveal) are grass and grass-like flowering plants (angiosperms), the seeds of which typically contain only one embryonic leaf, or cotyledon. They constitute one of ...

*Summary pp viii–xi *MONOCOTYLEDONES vol III (2) p. 448

Series I. Microspermæ p. 448

*::: CLXVII. HYDROCHARIDEÆp. 448 *::: CLXVIII. BURMANNIACEÆ *::: CLXIX. ORCHIDEÆ p. 460

Series II Epigynæ p. 636

*::: CLXX. SCITAMINEÆ p. 636 *::: CLXXI. BROMELIACEÆ p. 657 *::: CLXXII. HAEMODORACEÆ p. 671 *::: CLXXIII. IIRIDEÆ p. 681 3 tribes *::: CLXXIV. AMARYLLIDEÆ p. 711 5 tribes *:::: I Tribus Hypoxideae p. 716 *:::: II Tribus Amarylleae p. 718 3 subtribes *:::: III Tribus Alstroemerieae p. 735 *:::: IV Tribus Agaveae p. 737 *:::: V Tribus Vellosieae p. 739 *::: CLXXV. TACCACEÆ p. 740 *::: CLXXVI. DIOSCOREACEÆ p. 741

Series III Coronarieæ p. 746

*::: CLXXVII. ROXBURGHIACEÆ p. 746 *::: CLXXVIII. LILIACEÆ p. 748 (20 tribes) Schema 748–763 *:::: Tribus I Smilaceae p. 763 *:::: Tribus II Asparageae p. 764 *:::: Tribus III Luzuriageae *:::: Tribus IV Polygonateae p. 768 *:::: Tribus V Convallariae *:::: Tribus VI Aspidistreae *:::: Tribus VII Hemerocalleae *:::: Tribus VIII Aloineae *... *:::: Tribus X Asphodeleae p. 781 5 subtribes *:::: Tribus XI Johnsonieae p. 795 *:::: Tribus XII Allieae p. 798 Schema p. 750 4 subtribes *::::: Subtribus I Agapantheae p. 798 *::::: Subtribus II Euallieae p. 798 *::::: Subtribus III Gilliesieae p. 804 *::::: Subtribus IV Massonieae p. 806 *:::: Tribus XIII Scilleae p. 807 *:::: Tribus XIV Tulipeae p. 816 *:::: Tribus XV Colchiceae *... *:::: Tribus XX Veratreae p. 834 *::: CLXXIX. PONTEDERIACEÆ p. 836 *::: CLXXX. PHILYDRACEÆ p. 840 *::: CLXXXI. XYRIDEÆ p. 841 *::: CLXXXII. MAYACEÆ p. 843 *::: CLXXXIII. COMMELINACEÆ p. 844 *::: CLXXXIV. RAPATEACEÆ p. 857

Series VI Calycineæ p. 860

*::: CLXXXV. FLAGELLARIEÆ *::: CLXXXVI. JUNCACEÆ *::: CLXXXVII. PALMÆ

Series V. Nudifloreæ p. 949

*::: CLXXXVIII. PANDANEÆ *::: CLXXXIX. CYCLANTHACEÆ *::: CXC TYPHACEÆ *::: CXCI. AROIDEÆ *::: CXCII. LEMNACEÆ p. 1000

Series VI. Apocarpæ p.1001

*::: CXCIII. TRIURIDEÆ *::: CXCIV. ALISMACEÆ p. 1003 *::: CXCV. NAIADACEÆ ic

Series VII. Glumaceæ p. 1019

*::: CXCVI. ERIOCAULEÆ *::: CXCVII. CENTROLEPIDEÆ p. 1025 *::: CXCVIII. RESTIACEÆ *::: CXCIX. CYPERACEÆ *::: CC. GRAMINEÆ

References

Bibliography

* *
1 Part 1 Index p.441
* * {{DEFAULTSORT:Bentham and Hooker system system, Bentham and Hooker