Barlaam and Josaphat, also known as Bilawhar and Budhasaf, are

legend A legend is a genre of folklore that consists of a narrative featuring human actions, believed or perceived, both by teller and listeners, to have taken place in human history. Narratives in this genre may demonstrate human values, and possess ...

ary

Christian saint In religious belief, a saint is a person who is recognized as having an exceptional degree of holiness, likeness, or closeness to God. However, the use of the term ''saint'' depends on the context and denomination. In Catholic, Eastern Ort ...

s. Their life story was based on the life of the

Gautama Buddha Siddhartha Gautama, most commonly referred to as the Buddha, was a wandering ascetic and religious teacher who lived in South Asia during the 6th or 5th century BCE and founded Buddhism. According to Buddhist tradition, he was born in L ...

, and tells of the conversion of Josaphat to

Christianity Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth. It is the world's largest and most widespread religion with roughly 2.38 billion followers representing one-third of the global popula ...

. According to the legend, an Indian king persecuted the Christian Church in his realm. After astrologers predicted that his own son would some day become a Christian, the king imprisoned the young prince Josaphat, who nevertheless met the hermit Saint Barlaam and converted to Christianity. After much tribulation the young prince's father accepted the Christian faith, turned over his throne to Josaphat, and retired to the desert to become a hermit. Josaphat himself later abdicated and went into seclusion with his old teacher Barlaam.The Golden Legend: The Story of Barlaam and Josaphat

History

Battistero di parma, portale sud 03 leggenda di barlaam

The story of Barlaam and Josaphat or Joasaph is a

Christianized Christianization ( or Christianisation) is to make Christian; to imbue with Christian principles; to become Christian. It can apply to the conversion of an individual, a practice, a place or a whole society. It began in the Roman Empire, conti ...

and later version of the story of Siddhartha Gautama, who became the

Buddha Siddhartha Gautama, most commonly referred to as the Buddha, was a wandering ascetic and religious teacher who lived in South Asia during the 6th or 5th century BCE and founded Buddhism. According to Buddhist tradition, he was born in L ...

. The tale derives from a second to fourth century

Sanskrit Sanskrit (; attributively , ; nominally , , ) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages. It arose in South Asia after its predecessor languages had Trans-cultural diffusion ...

Mahayana ''Mahāyāna'' (; "Great Vehicle") is a term for a broad group of Buddhist traditions, texts, philosophies, and practices. Mahāyāna Buddhism developed in India (c. 1st century BCE onwards) and is considered one of the three main existing br ...

Buddhist Buddhism ( , ), also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya (), is an Indian religion or philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha. It originated in northern India as a -movement in the 5th century BCE, and ...

text, via a

Manichaean Manichaeism (; in New Persian ; ) is a former major religionR. van den Broek, Wouter J. Hanegraaff ''Gnosis and Hermeticism from Antiquity to Modern Times''SUNY Press, 1998 p. 37 founded in the 3rd century AD by the Parthian prophet Mani (AD ...

version, then the

Arabic Arabic (, ' ; , ' or ) is a Semitic language spoken primarily across the Arab world.Semitic languages: an international handbook / edited by Stefan Weninger; in collaboration with Geoffrey Khan, Michael P. Streck, Janet C. E.Watson; Walter ...

''Kitāb Bilawhar wa-Būd̠āsaf'' (Book of Bilawhar and Budhasaf), current in

Baghdad Baghdad (; ar, بَغْدَاد , ) is the capital of Iraq and the second-largest city in the Arab world after Cairo. It is located on the Tigris near the ruins of the ancient city of Babylon and the Sassanid Persian capital of Ctesiphon ...

in the eighth century, from where it entered into Middle Eastern Christian circles before appearing in European versions. The first Christianized adaptation was the Georgian epic ''Balavariani'' dating back to the 10th century. A Georgian monk, Euthymius of Athos, translated the story into

Greek Greek may refer to: Greece Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group. *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family. **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...

, some time before he died in an accident while visiting

Constantinople la, Constantinopolis ota, قسطنطينيه , alternate_name = Byzantion (earlier Greek name), Nova Roma ("New Rome"), Miklagard/Miklagarth (Old Norse), Tsargrad ( Slavic), Qustantiniya (Arabic), Basileuousa ("Queen of Cities"), Megalopolis (" ...

in 1028."St. Euthymius of Athos the translator", Orthodox Church in America
/ref> There the Greek adaptation was translated into

Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through ...

in 1048 and soon became well known in Western Europe as ''Barlaam and Josaphat''. The Greek legend of "Barlaam and Ioasaph" is sometimes attributed to the 7th century

John of Damascus John of Damascus ( ar, يوحنا الدمشقي, Yūḥanna ad-Dimashqī; gr, Ἰωάννης ὁ Δαμασκηνός, Ioánnēs ho Damaskēnós, ; la, Ioannes Damascenus) or John Damascene was a Christian monk, priest, hymnographer, and ...

, but F. C. Conybeare argued it was transcribed by Euthymius in the 11th century. The story of Barlaam and Josaphat was popular in the

Middle Ages In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the late 5th to the late 15th centuries, similar to the post-classical period of global history. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire ...

, appearing in such works as the '' Golden Legend'', and a scene there involving three caskets eventually appeared, via Caxton's English translation of a Latin version, in

Shakespeare William Shakespeare ( 26 April 1564 – 23 April 1616) was an English playwright, poet and actor. He is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's nation ...

's "

The Merchant of Venice ''The Merchant of Venice'' is a play by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written between 1596 and 1598. A merchant in Venice named Antonio defaults on a large loan provided by a Jewish moneylender, Shylock. Although classified as ...

". The poet Chardri produced an

Anglo-Norman Anglo-Norman may refer to: *Anglo-Normans, the medieval ruling class in England following the Norman conquest of 1066 *Anglo-Norman language **Anglo-Norman literature *Anglo-Norman England, or Norman England, the period in English history from 1066 ...

version, ''La vie de seint Josaphaz'', in the 13th century. The story of Josaphat and Barlaam also occupies a great part of book xv of the Speculum Historiale (Mirror of History) by the 13th century French encyclopedist Vincent of Beauvais. One of the

Marco Polo Marco Polo (, , ; 8 January 1324) was a Venetian merchant, explorer and writer who travelled through Asia along the Silk Road between 1271 and 1295. His travels are recorded in '' The Travels of Marco Polo'' (also known as ''Book of the Marv ...

manuscripts notes the remarkable similarity between the tale of "Sakyamuni Burkham" (the name that Polo uses for

the Buddha Siddhartha Gautama, most commonly referred to as the Buddha, was a śramaṇa, wandering ascetic and religious teacher who lived in South Asia during the 6th or 5th century BCE and founded Buddhism. According to Buddhist tradition, he was ...

) and St. Josaphat, apparently unaware of the origins of the Josaphat story. Two

Middle High German Middle High German (MHG; german: Mittelhochdeutsch (Mhd.)) is the term for the form of German spoken in the High Middle Ages. It is conventionally dated between 1050 and 1350, developing from Old High German and into Early New High German. Hig ...

versions were produced: one, the "Laubacher ''Barlaam''", by Bishop Otto II of Freising and another, ''Barlaam und Josaphat'', a romance in verse, by Rudolf von Ems. The latter was described as "perhaps the flower of religious literary creativity in the German Middle Ages" by

Heinrich Heine Christian Johann Heinrich Heine (; born Harry Heine; 13 December 1797 – 17 February 1856) was a German poet, writer and literary critic. He is best known outside Germany for his early lyric poetry, which was set to music in the form of '' Lied ...

. In the 16th century, the story of Josaphat was re-told as a defence of monastic life during the

Protestant Reformation The Reformation (alternatively named the Protestant Reformation or the European Reformation) was a major movement within Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the Catholic Church and i ...

and of

free will Free will is the capacity of agents to choose between different possible courses of action unimpeded. Free will is closely linked to the concepts of moral responsibility, praise, culpability, sin, and other judgements which apply only to ac ...

against

Protestant Protestantism is a Christian denomination, branch of Christianity that follows the theological tenets of the Reformation, Protestant Reformation, a movement that began seeking to reform the Catholic Church from within in the 16th century agai ...

doctrines regarding

predestination Predestination, in theology, is the doctrine that all events have been willed by God, usually with reference to the eventual fate of the individual soul. Explanations of predestination often seek to address the paradox of free will, whereby ...

Legend

According to the legend, King Abenner in India persecuted the Christian Church in his realm, founded by the

Apostle Thomas Thomas the Apostle ( arc, 𐡀𐡌𐡅𐡕𐡌, hbo, תוֹמא הקדוש or תוֹמָא שליחא (''Toma HaKadosh'' "Thomas the Holy" or ''Toma Shlikha'' "Thomas the Messenger/Apostle" in Hebrew-Aramaic), syc, ܬܐܘܡܐ, , meaning "twi ...

. When astrologers predicted that his own son would some day become a Christian, Abenner had the young prince Josaphat isolated from external contact. Despite the imprisonment, Josaphat met the hermit Saint Barlaam and converted to Christianity. Josaphat kept his faith even in the face of his father's anger and persuasion. Eventually Abenner converted, turned over his throne to Josaphat, and retired to the desert to become a hermit. Josaphat himself later abdicated and went into seclusion with his old teacher Barlaam.

Names

The name Josaphat is derived from the

bodhisattva In Buddhism, a bodhisattva ( ; sa, 𑀩𑁄𑀥𑀺𑀲𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁆𑀯 (Brahmī), translit=bodhisattva, label=Sanskrit) or bodhisatva is a person who is on the path towards bodhi ('awakening') or Buddhahood. In the Early Buddhist schools ...

''. The Sanskrit word was changed to ' in

Middle Persian Middle Persian or Pahlavi, also known by its endonym Pārsīk or Pārsīg () in its later form, is a Western Middle Iranian language which became the literary language of the Sasanian Empire. For some time after the Sasanian collapse, Middle P ...

texts in the 6th or 7th century, then to ' or ' in an 8th-century Arabic document (Arabic initial "b" changed to "y" by duplication of a dot in handwriting). This became ' in Georgian in the 10th century, and that name was adapted as ''Ioasaph'' () in Greece in the 11th century, and then was assimilated to '' Iosaphat/Josaphat'' in Latin.D.M. Lang, The Life of the Blessed Iodasaph: A New Oriental Christian Version of the Barlaam and Ioasaph Romance (Jerusalem, Greek Patriarchal Library: Georgian MS 140), BSOAS 20.1/3 (1957): The name Barlaam derives from the Arabic name ''Bilawhar'' () borrowed through Georgian ( ) into

Byzantine Greek Medieval Greek (also known as Middle Greek, Byzantine Greek, or Romaic) is the stage of the Greek language between the end of classical antiquity in the 5th–6th centuries and the end of the Middle Ages, conventionally dated to the Ottoman c ...

( ). The Arabic ''Bilawhar'' has historically been thought to derive from the Sanskrit ''bhagavan'', an

epithet An epithet (, ), also byname, is a descriptive term (word or phrase) known for accompanying or occurring in place of a name and having entered common usage. It has various shades of meaning when applied to seemingly real or fictitious people, di ...

of the Buddha, but this derivation is unproven and others have been proposed. Almuth Degener suggests derivation from Sanskrit ''

purohita Purohita ( sa, पुरोहित), in the Hindu context, means ''chaplain'' or ''family priest'' within the Vedic priesthood. In Thailand and Cambodia, it refers to the royal chaplains. Etymology The word ''purohita'' derives from the ...

'' through a hypothetical

intermediate. The name of Josaphat's father, King Abenner, derives from the Greek name ''Abenner'' (), although another Greek version of the legend gives this name as ''Avenir'' (). These Greek names were adapted from the Georgian ''Abeneser'' (; later shortened to , ), which was itself derived from the Arabic version of the legend where he is named King ''Junaysar'' (). According to I.V. Abuladze, during borrowing from Arabic to Georgian, misplaced ''i‘jām'' resulted in the misreading of ''Junaysar'' as ''Habeneser'', after which the initial ''H''- was omitted. The origin of the Arabic name is unclear.

Sainthood

In the Middle Ages the two were identified as Christian saints, although they were never formally

canonized Canonization is the declaration of a deceased person as an officially recognized saint, specifically, the official act of a Christian communion declaring a person worthy of public veneration and entering their name in the canon catalogue of s ...

Feast days

Barlaam and Josaphat were included in earlier editions of the

Roman Martyrology The ''Roman Martyrology'' ( la, Martyrologium Romanum) is the official martyrology of the Catholic Church. Its use is obligatory in matters regarding the Roman Rite liturgy, but dioceses, countries and religious institutes may add duly approve ...

with a joint feast day on 27 November, however, they were not included in the

Roman Missal The Roman Missal ( la, Missale Romanum) is the title of several missals used in the celebration of the Roman Rite. Along with other liturgical books of the Roman Rite, the Roman Missal contains the texts and rubrics for the celebration of th ...

. Barlaam and Josaphat were entered into the

Greek Orthodox The term Greek Orthodox Church ( Greek: Ἑλληνορθόδοξη Ἐκκλησία, ''Ellinorthódoxi Ekklisía'', ) has two meanings. The broader meaning designates "the entire body of Orthodox (Chalcedonian) Christianity, sometimes also cal ...

liturgical calendar on 26 August ''Julian'' ( 8 September ''Gregorian''),Great Synaxaristes :
Ὁ Ὅσιος Ἰωάσαφ γιὸς τοῦ βασιλιὰ τῆς Ἰνδίας Ἄβενιρ
'' 26 Αυγούστου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ. and into liturgical calendar of the Slavic tradition of the

Eastern Orthodox Church The Eastern Orthodox Church, also called the Orthodox Church, is the second-largest Christian church, with approximately 220 million baptized members. It operates as a communion of autocephalous churches, each governed by its bishops via ...

, on 19 November ''Julian'' ( 2 December ''Gregorian'').
November 19/December 2
.'' Orthodox Calendar (Pravoslavie.ru).
Venerable Joasaph the Prince of India
'' OCA – Feasts and Saints.

Texts

There are a large number of different books in various languages, all dealing with the lives of Saints Barlaam and Josaphat in

India India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area, the List of countries and dependencies by population, second-most populous ...

. In this hagiographic tradition, the life and teachings of Josaphat have many parallels with those of

. "But not till the mid-nineteenth century was it recognised that, in Josaphat, the Buddha had been venerated as a Christian saint for about a thousand years." The authorship of the work is disputed. The origins of the story seem to be a Central Asian manuscript written in the

tradition. This book was translated into Georgian and

Greek manuscripts

The best-known version in Europe comes from a separate, but not wholly independent, source, written in

, and, although anonymous, attributed to a monk named John. It was only considerably later that the tradition arose that this was

, but most scholars no longer accept this attribution. Instead much evidence points to Euthymius of Athos, a Georgian who died in 1028.Barlaam and Ioasaph, John Damascene
Loeb Classical Library 34, at LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY The modern edition of the Greek text, from the 160 surviving variant manuscripts (2006), with introduction (German, 2009) is published as Volume 6 of the works of John the Damascene by the monks of the

Abbey of Scheyern Scheyern Abbey, formerly also Scheyern Priory (german: Kloster Scheyern), is a house of the Benedictine Order in Scheyern in Bavaria. First foundation The monastery at Scheyern was established in 1119 as the final site of the community founded ...

, edited by Robert Volk. It was included in the edition due to the traditional ascription, but marked "spuria" as the translator is the Georgian monk

Euthymius the Hagiorite Euthymius the Athonite ( ka, ექვთიმე ათონელი ''Ekvtime Atoneli''; 955–1024) was a Georgian monk, philosopher and scholar, who is venerated as a saint. His feast day in the Orthodox Church is May 13. Euthymius wa ...

(ca. 955–1028) at

Mount Athos Mount Athos (; el, Ἄθως, ) is a mountain in the distal part of the eponymous Athos peninsula and site of an important centre of Eastern Orthodox monasticism in northeastern Greece. The mountain along with the respective part of the peni ...

and not John the Damascene of the monastery of Saint Sabas in the Judaean Desert. The 2009 introduction includes an overview.

English manuscripts

Among the manuscripts in English, two of the most important are the

British Library The British Library is the national library of the United Kingdom and is one of the largest libraries in the world. It is estimated to contain between 170 and 200 million items from many countries. As a legal deposit library, the Briti ...

MS Egerton 876 (the basis for Ikegami's book) and ''MS Peterhouse 257'' (the basis for Hirsh's book) at the

University of Cambridge , mottoeng = Literal: From here, light and sacred draughts. Non literal: From this place, we gain enlightenment and precious knowledge. , established = , other_name = The Chancellor, Masters and Schola ...

. The book contains a tale similar to The Three Caskets found in the '' Gesta Romanorum'' and later in

's ''

''.

Editions

Arabic

E. Rehatsek Edward Rehatsek (3 July 1819 – 11 December 1891) was an Orientalist and translator of several works of Islamic literature including the ''Gulistan'' of Saadi Shirazi, ibn Ishaq’s ''Prophetic biography'', and the '' Rawẓat aṣ-ṣafāʾ ...

– ''The Book of the King's Son and the Ascetic'' – English translation (1888) based on the Halle Arabic manuscript * Gimaret – ''Le livre de Bilawhar et Budasaf'' – French translation of Bombay Arabic manuscript

Georgian

* David Marshall Lang: ''The Balavariani: A Tale from the Christian East'' California University Press: Los Angeles, 1966. Translation of the long version Georgian work that probably served as a basis for the Greek text. Jerusalem MS140 *David Marshall Lang: ''Wisdom of Balahvar'' – the short Georgian version Jerusalem MS36, 1960
The Balavariani (Georgian and Arabic ბალავარიანი, بلوریانی)

Greek

*Robert Volk, Die Schriften des Johannes von Damaskos VI/1: Historia animae utilis de Barlaam et Ioasaph (spuria). Patristische Texte und Studien Bd. 61. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2009. Pp. xlii, 596. . *Robert Volk, Die Schriften des Johannes von Damaskos VI/2: Historia animae utilis de Barlaam et Ioasaph (spuria). Text und zehn Appendices. Patristische Texte und Studien Bd. 60. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2006. Pp. xiv, 512. . *Boissonade – older edition of the Greek *G.R. Woodward and H. Mattingly – older English translation of the Gree
Online Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA, 1914
* S. Ioannis Damasceni Iacobo Billio Prunæo, S. Michaëlis in eremo Cœnobiarcha interprete. Coloniae, In Officina Birckmannica, sumptibus Arnoldi Mylij. Anno M. D. XCIII. – Modern Latin translation of the Greek. * ''Vitæ et res gestæ SS. Barlaam eremitæ, et Iosaphat Indiæ regis.'' S. Io. Damasceno avctores, Iac. Billio Prunæo interprete. Antverpiæ, Sumptibus Viduæ & hæredum Ioannis Belleri. 1602. – Modern Latin translation of the Greek. * S. Ioannis Damasceni Iacobo Billio Prvnæo, S. Michaëlis in eremo Cœnobiarcha, interprete. Nune denuò accuratissimè à P. Societate Iesv revisa & correcta. Coloniæ Agrippinæ, Apud Iodocvm Kalcoven, M. DC. XLIII. – Modern Latin translation of the Greek.

Latin

* Codex VIII B10, Naples * ''Reading Medieval Latin with the Legend of Barlaam and Josaphat'', ed. by Donka D. Marcus (2018) (an edition of Jacobus de Voragine's shortened, Latin version)

Ethiopic

*''Baralâm and Yĕwâsĕf''.

Budge, E.A. Wallis Sir Ernest Alfred Thompson Wallis Budge (27 July 185723 November 1934) was an English Egyptologist, Orientalist, and philologist who worked for the British Museum and published numerous works on the ancient Near East. He made numerous trips ...

. ''Baralam and Yewasef : the Ethiopic version of a Christianized recension of the Buddhist legend of the Buddha and the Bodhisattva''. Published: London; New York: Kegan Paul; Biggleswade, UK: Distributed by Extenza-Turpin Distribution; New York: Distributed by Columbia University Press, 2004.

Old French

* Jean Sonet, ''Le roman de Barlaam et Josaphat'' (Namur, 1949–52) after Tours MS949 * Leonard Mills, after Vatican MS660 * Zotenberg and Meyer, after Gui de Cambrai MS1153

Catalan

* Gerhard Moldenhauer Vida de Barlan MS174

Provencal

* Ferdinand Heuckenkamp, version in langue d'Oc * Jeanroy, Provençal version, after Heuckenkamp * Nelli, Troubadours, after Heuckenkamp * Occitan, BN1049

Italian

* G.B. Bottari, edition of various old Italian MS. * Georg Maas, old Italian MS3383

Portuguese

*Hilário da Lourinhã. ''Vida do honorado Infante Josaphate, filho del Rey Avenir, versão de frei Hilário da Lourinhã: e a identificação, por Diogo do Couto (1542–1616), de Josaphate com o Buda''. Introduction and notes by Margarida Corrêa de Lacerda. Lisboa: Junta de Investigações do Ultramar, 1963.

Serbian

* "Barlaam and Josaphat" in the

Eastern Orthodox Eastern Orthodoxy, also known as Eastern Orthodox Christianity, is one of the three main branches of Chalcedonian Christianity, alongside Catholicism and Protestantism. Like the Pentarchy of the first millennium, the mainstream (or " canonical ...

version comes from

, copied and translated into

Old Church Slavonic Old Church Slavonic or Old Slavonic () was the first Slavic literary language. Historians credit the 9th-century Byzantine missionaries Saints Cyril and Methodius with standardizing the language and using it in translating the Bible and othe ...

by anonymous monk-

scribes A scribe is a person who serves as a professional copyist, especially one who made copies of manuscripts before the invention of automatic printing. The profession of the scribe, previously widespread across cultures, lost most of its promin ...

from the 9th-11th centuries, and in modern Serbian by Ava Justin Popović ("Lives of the Saints" for November, pp. 563–590), an abridged version of which is given in the Ohrid Prologue of Bishop

Nikolaj Velimirović Nikolaj Velimirović ( Serbian Cyrillic: Николај Велимировић; – ) was bishop of the eparchies of Ohrid and Žiča (1920–1956) in the Serbian Orthodox Church. An influential theological writer and a highly gifted o ...

Croatian

Three Croatian versions exist, all translations from Italian. The older

Shtokavian Shtokavian or Štokavian (; sh-Latn, štokavski / sh-Cyrl, italics=no, штокавски, ) is the prestige dialect of the pluricentric Serbo-Croatian language and the basis of its Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian and Montenegrin standards. It ...

untitled version originated in the

Republic of Ragusa The Republic of Ragusa ( dlm, Republica de Ragusa; la, Respublica Ragusina; it, Repubblica di Ragusa; hr, Dubrovačka Republika; vec, Repùblega de Raguxa) was an aristocratic maritime republic centered on the city of Dubrovnik (''Ragusa'' ...

and was transcribed to a codex from an earlier source in the 17th century, while the younger

Chakavian Chakavian or Čakavian (, , , sh-Latn, čakavski proper name: or own name: ''čokovski, čakavski, čekavski'') is a South Slavic regiolect or language spoken primarily by Croats along the Adriatic coast, in the historical regions of Dalmat ...

translations, one manuscript and one printed, originated in the beginning of the 18th century. The book was published by Petar Maçukat in

Venice Venice ( ; it, Venezia ; vec, Venesia or ) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto Regions of Italy, region. It is built on a group of 118 small islands that are separated by canals and linked by over 400 ...

in 1708 and titled ''Xivot S

eto ETO may refer to: Science and technology * Emitter turn off thyristor, a semiconductor device * Ethylene oxide, an organic compound * RUNX1T1, a gene * Efforts to Outcomes, software produced by Social Solutions Sports * ETO-SZESE Győr FKC, a ...

a Giosafata obrachien od Barlaama'' and is currently held in the National and University Library in Zagreb. Both manuscripts were published in 1913 by Czech slavist Josef Karásek and Croatian philologist Franjo Fancev and reprinted in 1996. The

translations had a common source while the older

one used an earlier Italian version as well as the '' Golden Legend''. *Petar Maçukat (translator). ''Xivot S

a Giosafata obrachien od Barlaama s yednim verscem nadostavglien radi xena bitti osudyen''. Venice: Published by Domenico Lovisa, 1708. *Josip Karásek and Franjo Fancev (editors). ''Dubrovačke legende''. Prague: Published for Hohen Unterrichtsministeriums in Wien and the Hlávka family fond by Edvard Leschinger, 1913. *Branimir Donat (editor). ''Dubrovačke legende''. Zagreb: Published for Zorka Zane by Dora Krupićeva, 1996 (Reprint). *Vesna Badurina Stipčević (editor). ''Hrvatska srednjovjekovna proza''. Zagreb: Published for Igor Zidić by Matica hrvatska, 2013. Hungarian * Translation from the Golden Legend in the Kazincy-codex between 1526 and 1541

English

*Hirsh, John C. (editor). ''Barlam and Iosaphat: a Middle English life of Buddha''. Edited from MS Peterhouse 257. London; New York: Published for the

Early English Text Society The Early English Text Society (EETS) is a text publication society founded in 1864 which is dedicated to the editing and publication of early English texts, especially those only available in manuscript. Most of its volumes contain editions of ...

by the Oxford University Press, 1986. *Ikegami, Keiko. ''Barlaam and Josaphat : a transcription of MS Egerton 876 with notes, glossary, and comparative study of the Middle English and Japanese versions'', New York: AMS Press, 1999. *John Damascene, ''Barlaam and Ioasaph'' (Loeb Classical Library). David M. Lang (introduction), G. R. Woodward (translator), Harold Mattingly (translator)· Publisher: Loeb Classical Library, W. Heinemann; 1967, 1914. *MacDonald, K.S. (editor). ''The story of Barlaam and Joasaph : Buddhism & Christianity''. With philological introduction and notes to the Vernon, Harleian and Bodleian versions, by John Morrison. Calcutta: Thacker, Spink, 1895.

Old Norse

''Barlaams saga ok Jósafats'' is an

Old Norse Old Norse, Old Nordic, or Old Scandinavian, is a stage of development of North Germanic dialects before their final divergence into separate Nordic languages. Old Norse was spoken by inhabitants of Scandinavia and their overseas settlement ...

(specifically

Old Norwegian nn, gamalnorsk , region = Kingdom of Norway (872–1397) , era = 11th–14th century , familycolor = Indo-European , fam2 = Germanic , fam3 = North Germanic , fam4 = West Scandinavian , fam5 ...

) rendering of the story of ''Barlaam and Josaphat''. This Old Norwegian version is based on a Latin translation from the 12th century; the saga of Guðmundur Arason records that it was translated by King Haakon III Sverresson (died 1204). There are several other Old Norse versions of the same story, translated independently from different sources. There are two

Old Swedish Old Swedish (Modern Swedish: ) is the name for two distinct stages of the Swedish language that were spoken in the Middle Ages: Early Old Swedish (), spoken from about 1225 until about 1375, and Late Old Swedish (), spoken from about 1375 unti ...

versions, the older of which draws on the '' Golden Legend'', while the younger uses the '' Speculum historiale'' as its main source. The early sixteenth-century Icelandic legendary Reykjahólarbók includes a version translated from Low German. *Magnus Rindal (editor). ''Barlaams ok Josaphats saga''. Oslo: Published for Kjeldeskriftfondet by Norsk historisk kjeldeskrift-insitutt, 1981. *

Tibetan

* Rgya Tch'er Rol Pa – ou: Développement des jeux, Philippe Édouard Foucaux (1811–1894) 1847. Lalitavistara

Hebrew

* Avraham ben Shmuel ha-Levi Ibn Hasdai, ''Ben hammelekh vehannazir'' (13th century) * Habermann, Avraham Meir (ed.), Avraham ben Hasdai, Ben hammelekh vehannazir, Jerusalem: Mahberot lesifrut – Mossad haRav Kook 1950 (in Hebrew). * Abraham ben Shemuel Halevi ibn Hasdai, ''Ben hamelekh vehanazir'', Ed. by Ayelet Oettinger, Universitat Tel Aviv, Tel Aviv 2011 (in Hebrew).

Notes and references

External links

*
Barlaam and Ioasaph E-book in English
The Project Gutenberg * *
Barlaam and Josaphat
in Jewish Encyclopedia
Barlaam et Josaphat.
Augsburg, Günther Zainer, ca. 1476. From th
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at the

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Barlaam and Josaphat narrative in the Arabic, Georgian, Greek, Latin, and French
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