Bahay na bato

''Bahay na bato'' (Tagalog, literally "house of stone", also known in Visayan as ''balay na bato'' or ''balay nga bato; in Spanish as Casa Filipino'') is a type of building originating during the Philippines' Spanish colonial period. It is an updated version of the traditional ''bahay kubo'' of the Christianized lowlanders, known for its use of masonry in its construction, using stone and brick materials and later synthetic concrete, rather than just full organic materials of the former style. Its design has evolved throughout the ages, but still maintains the ''bahay kubo'''s architectural principle, which is adapted to the tropical climate, stormy season, and earthquake-prone environment of the whole archipelago of the Philippines, and fuses it with the influence of Spanish colonizers and Chinese traders. It is one of the many architecture throughout the Spanish Empire known as Arquitectura mestiza. The style is a hybrid of Austronesian, Spanish, and Chinese; and later, with early 20th-century American architecture, supporting the fact that the Philippines is a result of these cultures mixing together. Its most common appearance features an elevated, overhanging wooden upper story (with balustrades, ''ventanillas'', and capiz shell sliding windows) standing on wooden posts in a rectangular arrangement as a foundation. The posts are placed behind Spanish-style solid stone blocks or bricks giving the impression of a first floor, but the ground level is actually storage rooms, cellars, shops, or other business-related functions. The second floor is the elevated residential apartment, as it is with the ''bahay kubo''. The roof materials either tiled or thatched ( nipa, sago palm, or cogon), with later 19th-century designs featuring galvanization. Roof styles, traditionally high pitched with, or gable roof, Hip roof, East Asian Hip roof, simplier East Asian hip-and-gable roof, Horses for carriages were housed in stables called ''caballerizas''.

It was popular among the elite or middle-class. The 19th century was the golden age of these houses, when wealthy Filipinos built them all over the archipelago.

The same architectural style was used for the Philippines' Spanish-era convents, monasteries, schools, hotels, factories, and hospitals, and with some of the American-era Gabaldon school buildings, all with few adjustments. This architecture was still used during the American colonization of the Philippines. After the Second World War, construction of these houses declined and eventually stopped in favor of post-World War II modern architecture.

Today, these houses are more commonly called Ancestral houses, due to most ancestral houses in the Philippines being of ''bahay na bato'' architecture.

Etymology

Though the Filipino term ''bahay na bato'' means "house of stone", these houses are not fully made up of stone; some are dominated more by wooden materials, while some more modern ones use concrete materials, in contrast to the organic materials that make up the ''bahay kubo''. The name was applied to the architecture over generations.

History

Precolonial Philippine architecture is based on the traditional stilt houses of the Austronesian people of Southeast Asia. The first buildings during the early years of Spanish occupation were of wood and bamboo, materials with which the pre-Hispanic indigenous Filipinos had been working expertly since early times known as ''bahay kubo'' (later named by the Americans as "nipa hut"). ''Bahay kubo'' roofs were made of nipa palm or cogon grass. In its most basic form, the house consisted of four walls enclosing one or more rooms, with the whole structure raised above ground on stilts.

The Spaniards then quickly introduced the idea of building more permanent communities with the church and government center as a focal points. By the mid-1580s, through the efforts of Domingo Salazar, the first bishop of Manila, and of the Jesuit Antonio Sedeño, edifices began to be constructed of stone. Fr. Sedeño built the first stone building, which was the residence of Bishop Salazar.

By 1587, Governor General Santiago de Vera required all buildings in Manila to be built of stone. For this purpose, the Chinese and the indigenous Filipinos were taught how to quarry and dress stone, how to prepare and use mortar, and how to mold bricks. Thus began what has been called the first golden age of building in stone. This new community setup made construction using heavier, more permanent materials desirable. Some of these materials included bricks, mortar, tiles and stone. Glowing accounts of towering palaces and splendid mansions reached the peninsula. However, the ambitious plans of the Spaniards were dashed in 1645 when a terrible earthquake struck Manila.The twin dangers of fire and earthquake gave rise to another type of architecture. Finding European construction styles impractical in local conditions, Spanish and Filipino builders quickly adapted the characteristics of the ''bahay kubo'' of the natives and applied it to Spanish Colonial architecture. This type of construction was soon called ''bahay na bato'' or as Jesuit Ignacio Alzina calls it, "arquitectura mestiza" or “mixed architecture”.

Under more than three centuries of Spanish initiative, buildings of wood, stone, and brick were constructed all over the archipelago, from the Batanes Islands in the north to Tawi-Tawi in the south, from Palawan in the west to Samar in the east.

During World War II, many of these houses were destroyed by both the American and Japanese forces.

Styles

Different styles depend on each house's individual appearance. For example, some ''bahay na bato'' do not have ''ventanillas'', some do not have Capiz windows, and some lack both. Some have galvanized roofs, some have tiled roofs, and some have nipa or cogon roofs. First-level walls may be made of bricks, adobe stones, coral stones or wood; more modern structures use concrete. Although retaining the basic form, the 19th-century ''bahay na bato'' reflected changing tastes through the incorporation of motifs from the prevalent styles.

Houses such as the Vega Ancestral House that have emerging stone works at the bottom part of the house but have almost wooden materials appearance even to the first level walls are still considered'' bahay na bato''; the name ''bahay na bato'' was applied to this architecture over generations, as most of these houses use stone materials, contrary to the precolonial era that used little to no stones at all. The same principle applies to the nipa hut: not all nipa huts use nipa materials; some use cogon.

Though many houses are built in standard design, many houses are also mixed, arranged, patterned and/or coated with varieties of designs from different architectural styles from cultures connected to the Philippines, by any means, including, Chinese, Romanesque and Classical etc. These houses could have an unprecedented mixing and matching of architectural styles, such that it can have Neogothic and Neo-Mudéjar or Moorish Revival details in the same corners – that is, on top of the Baroque. Although retaining the basic form, the 19th-century ''bahay na bato'' reflected changing tastes through the incorporation of motifs from the prevalent styles such as Victorian. Renaissance Revival and Neoclassical decorations included columns, pilasters, caryatids, Atlases and friezes adopted from classical architecture of Greek and Roman origin, the civilizations from which Spanish culture is descended. Classical traditions in these houses also appeared in Beaux-Arts later in history. The dawn of Art Nouveau was also a great influence on the mixing of styles and aesthetics of these houses. Many later ''bahay na bato'' adapted design styles such as Art Deco during the latter era of American rule, and even through the postwar period of loose restoration. These mixes give the ''bahay na bato'' a distinct architectural style reflective of the Philippines' multicultural heritage and society.

Regional variants

The style of ''bahay na bato'' may also vary by area. Each region evolved its own building style, which were in many cases dependent on the materials available. As construction techniques were developed, quarries opened, and kilns constructed, various parts of the country began to show a preference for specific building materials. As a result, ''bahay na bato'' have several variations along ethnic lines. The ''bahay na bato'' in Cebu, for example, differs from the one in Ilocos and so on.

Metro Manila

Manila, the capital of the Philippines, has some of the most diverse styles and materials of ''bahay na bato'', ranging from the early period of Spanish colonization to the American era. Many were destroyed by World War II. However, the Metro Manila area still has one of the largest concentrations of ''bahay na bato'' houses. Most buildings in Manila and Central Luzon were of adobe, a volcanic tuff quarried from the hills, which is entirely different from the material of the same name found in Latin America (adobe in those Hispanic countries refers to mud and straw formed into rectangular blocks which are then dried in the sun).

In Manila, the largest, fanciest, and most prestigious companies eventually established themselves along the Escolta; by the second half of the 19th century it was the most important commercial district in the country. The opening of Manila as a free port encouraged British people, Germans, French people, and other foreigners to set up businesses on the Escolta and adjacent streets, and majestic ''bahay na bato'' buildings were built.
File:Intramuros houses.jpg, Inside the old walled city of Intramuros
File:Kalesa Manila.jpg, Casa Manila
File:09900jfBarangays San Roque Santa Elena Church Kapitan Moy Residence Marikina Cityfvf 07.jpg, Kapitan Moy ancestral house in Marikina
File:La Escolta c. 1910.jpg, Escolta, 1910
File:Raymundo Ancestral House, Malabon City.jpg, Raymundo ancestral house
File:Americans guarding Pasig River bridge, 1898.jpg, A perfume factory built in the ''bahay na bato'' style along the Escolta
File:Unknown artist - Manila canal 19th C watercolour Philippines IMG 9389 Museum of Asian Civilisation.jpg, A Manila canal with ''bahay na bato'' buildings

Northern Luzon

Northern Luzon has some of the best preserved ''bahay na bato'' in the whole Philippines. The unique style of the north, commonly in the Ilocos Region, usually bases its design on brick materials. This material is commonly used in ''bahay na bato'', churches and other constructed buildings, walls, monuments and fortification of the region.

Brick was the essential building material in northern Luzon; houses and churches of brick were also built in scattered areas of the archipelago, all the way down to Jolo, Sulu. Unique designs of the north may include having the façade walls of the second level made up of stone material in many buildings, rather than the more common wooden second level façade in the rest of the country. However, buildings built in this style in the region still remain faithful to the nipa hut principle. These non-wooden (stone) second level façade walls style are also present in some of the ''bahay na bato'' of other regions besides the north, like the 1730 Jesuit house of Cebu in Visayas. The wooden second level façade ''bahay na bato'' are still present in the north.

In Vigan, the capital of Ilocos Sur, many home owners chose to build both stories in brick, which was available in large quantities. With the massive walls, the ''volada'' (an overhanging baclony) disappeared in many residences, and the kitchen became an extension in stone, with vents piercing the walls to let out smoke.
File:Bahay na Bato Ilocos.jpg, Cariño ancestral house in Candon, Ilocos Sur
File:Father Burgos House 3.jpg, Father Burgos house
File:Old Houses.JPG, Vigan house
File:Diocesan Museum of Laoag.jpg, The Northern Luzon variant's most common feature is the use of brick up to the second floor facade, in contrast with the common wooden second floor facade in other provinces. This particular building is the convent of Sarrat Church in Ilocos Norte.

File:Colonial-era house in Vigan City.JPG, A colonial-era house in Vigan, Ilocos Sur
File:Vigan Calle Crisologo 5.jpg, Calle Crisologo, Vigan
File:Edralin House, Sarrat, Ilocos Norte.jpg, Edralin House, Sarrat, Ilocos Norte
File:Luna House Badoc Ilocos Norte.jpg, Luna House, Badoc, Ilocos Norte
File:Europese woning in Vigan, Filippijnen, KITLV 141996.tiff, Old house, Vigan
File:Quema house outside view.jpg, Quema ancestral house
File:Abogada Corazon Abad House Ruins.jpg, Ruined house in Ilocos
File:Laoag City Hall.jpg, Laoag City Hall

Calabarzon

Calabarzon is a region with some of the most thoroughly-preserved heritage houses, built mostly using adobe stones. Towns along the coasts of Luzon, especially in Batangas, used roughly hewn blocks of coral and adobe stone.
File:Marcela Agoncillo Ancestral House.JPG, Marcela Agoncillo house
File:Taaljf2104 11.JPG, Old house in Taal, Batangas
File:FelipeAgoncillojf2144 04.JPG, Felipe Agoncillo House
File:Bacoor revo govt HQ.jpg, Cuenca Ancestral house
File:Alberto Mansion Biñan City, Laguna.jpg, Alberto Mansion Biñan Laguna
File:CasaTayabas.jpg, Casa Comunidad de Tayabas
File:854Rodriguez, Rizal Barangays Roads Landmarks 18.jpg, Eulogio Rodriguez Ancestral House

Central Luzon

The ''bahay na bato'' in Bulacan and many in Central Luzon are famous for their carvings. The most notable ones are in the Malolos, in its heritage core, where ancestral houses are located. Since adobe lends itself to sculpture, houses in Bulacan had façades decorated with carved flowers, leaves, and religious symbols.

File:09599jfBaliuag Museum and Library Bulacan Exhibitfvf 10.jpg, Baliuag Museum and Library
File:Ancestral House in Gapan, Nueva Ecija.jpg, Gapan Nueva, Ecija
File:0294jfLandscapes Perez Mercado Houses Roads Bustos Bulacanfvf 13.JPG, Bustos, Bulacan
File:00910jfMacArthur Highway Constantino House Wawa Town Proper Balagtas Bulacanfvf 10.jpg, Constantino House, Balagtas, Bulacan
File:04137jfBonga Menor Mayor Perez Ancestral Houses Bustos Bulacanfvf.JPG, Bonga Menor Mayor Perez Ancestral Houses, Bustos, Bulacan
File:Former Pamintuan Mansion.jpg, Pamintuan Mansion in Angeles, Pampanga
File:Jf90San Vicente Gosioco Santa Rita Pampangafvf.JPG, San Vicente Gosioco, Santa Rita, Pampanga
File:0042jfCatalino Sevilla House San Miguel Bulacanfvf 17.JPG, Catalino Sevilla House, San Miguel, Bulacan

Bicol

Many constructions in the Bicol peninsula took advantage of the abundant volcanic stone sourced from nearby volcanoes. One characteristic of houses in Bicol is that ground floor overhangs are common considering the rainy climate of the region. Decorations tend to be minimal for these houses. Larger towns in Bicol boast a decent number of ''bahay na bato'' homes.

File:Claveria visit to NC Feb 16 1845.jpg, Painting of 1800s Nueva Caceres (modern-day Naga), with its buildings and houses
File:Guinobatan Bahay na Bato.jpg, A dental clinic in Guinobatan, Albay
File:Pedalcabs crossing near Manalang House in Tabaco City.jpg, Manalang house, Tabaco City, Albay
File:W._Vinzon's_Ancestral_house.jpg, Vinzon House, Daet, Camarines Norte
File:Ancestral House in Juban, Sorsogon.jpg, Historical house in Juban, Sorsogon

Visayan

Most ''bahay na bato'' in Visayas uses coral stone material though many are still adobe and bricks. Cebu, Bohol, Negros and Iloilo are famous for their ''bahay na bato'' houses. Throughout the Visayas, the craft of cutting stone or coral was virtually elevated into a fine art, with blocks fitting so precisely into each other that not even a razor blade could be inserted between blocks. The material was so durable that it did not have to be protected with a layer of ''paletada''. Aside from ''bahay na bato'' Visayan noble settlements are also dominated by mansion-type ''payag'' (''bahay kubo''), which forms like a ''bahay na bato'' but uses wooden wall instead of stone walls covering the bottom floor. These arts was brought by the Visayan settlers to the coastal towns of Mindanao.
File:Bahay Na Bato Cebu.jpg, ''Bahay na bato'' in Cebu with its Coral stones typical to Visayas
File:Panares Ancestral House.jpg, Panares ancestral house
File:Yap-Sandiego Ancestral House (C. Agustin) - Flickr.jpg, Yap-Sandiego ancestral house
File:Victor Fernandez Gaston Ancestral House, Silay City, Cebu.jpg, Victor Fernandez Gaston ancestral house, Silay, Negros
File:Clarin House in Loay, Bohol 2.jpg, Clarin ancestral house in Bohol
File:Façade of the Oppus Ancestral House in Maasin.jpg, Oppus ancestral house in Maasin, Leyte
File:Bongabong House Alburquerque 001.JPG, Bongabong house, Alburquerque, Bohol
File:The Casa Rocha House.jpg, Casa Rocha, Bohol
File:Faigao ancestral house.JPG, Casa Faigao, Bohol
File:Old House somewhere in Iloilo Philippines.JPG, Ancestral house in Iloilo
File:Cebu Bahay na bato.jpg, Ancestral house in Cebu

Batanes

The Ivatan people of Batanes have a very different style of ''bahay na bato''. As the islands of Batanes were absorbed to the colonial Philippines much later through Spanish conquest, their ''bahay na bato'' developed much later as well. Structures combined the pre-colonial Ivatan-style (presumably the ''jin-jin)'' and colonial Filipino-style ''bahay na bato,'' particularly the northern style from Ilocos and Cagayan, but with the use of thick limestone blocks instead of the bricks traditionally used in the northern mainland. In addition, structures incorporated practical methods suitable to their unique environment prone to destructive typhoons. Their variant styles include the common s''inadumparan,'' which is similar to the mainland ''bahay na bato'', having storage areas below and living quarters above. However, the storage floor is partially underground, acting as a basement, and the first floor serves as living quarters, appearing as a one-story house. The ''rakuh'' style however upholds the mainland tradition of having the first floor as storage and the second floor as living quarters, appearing as a two-storey house. The mainland ''bahay na bato'' influence is very much clear in the ''rakuh'' building.

File:Batanes Stone house.jpg, Rakuh
File:Oldest House in Ivatan.jpg, Sinadumparan
File:Chavayan Village, Sabtang Island, Batanes.jpg, Batanes street

Other buildings

Many convents, monasteries, schools, hospitals, offices, stations, etc. also adapted the ''bahay kubo'' architecture to the Spanish colonial style. As a result, many of these buildings ends up being a ''bahay na bato'' as well.

Examples of such buildings include the University of Santo Tomas (Intramuros), Colegio de Santa Rosa Manila campus, San Juan de Dios Educational Foundation, Tutuban station, AMOSUP hospital, Hotel de Oriente in Binondo, Malacañang Palace, and many other church convents which are still standing today.

Examples:

File:San Isidro Labrador Convent.jpg, Lazi Convent
File:Malacañang Palace (local img).jpg, Malacañang Palace
File:Camarines Sur National High School in 2002-facuty and staff.jpg, Camarines Sur National High School
File:Tutuban centermall.jpg, Tutuban station, 1890s
File:San-Juan-de-Letran.jpg, Pre-World War II San Juan de Letran
File:The aguinaldo shrine.JPG, Aguinaldo palace
File:ZAMBOANGA CITY Asia's Latin City City Hall and Plaza Rizal (Ayunamiento y Plaza Rizal).jpg, Zamboanga City Hall
File:01827jfLandmarks Buildings Intramuros Manilafvf 44.jpg, El Amanecer Building
File:Hotel de Oriente Binondo 1890.jpg, Pre-World War II Hotel de Oriente
File:Museo de Loboc, Bohol.png, Museo de Loboc/Convent
File:TaalBasilicajf2305 04.JPG, Taal, Batangas convent
File:Sultan's Palace Maimbung, Sulu.jpg, Sultan's palace in Sulu, Mindanao

Parts of a ''bahay na bato''

As with any vernacular architecture, different features of ''bahay na bato'' vary from building to building, and houses may have or lack certain elements from the following list:

* Accessoria – Apartment-type dwelling characterized by common party walls shared by adjoining units with a separate door in front of each
* Aljibe – Cistern
* Anta
* Antesal – Caida
* Aparador de tres lunas – Armoire with three sections
* Arko – Arch
* Azotea – Open-air balcony beside the kitchen that housed a cistern (aljibe) and the bathroom, and was usually a work area
* Atlas, Atlantes – A column, pilaster and other decorative features in the shape of a man
* Balconaje, Balcon – Balcony
*Banggera – A wooden dish rack that extends outside the kitchen window. After the dishes are washed, they are placed here to be air-dried. The inverted cups are placed on the ends of the wooden sticks and the plates are placed in between or above the slats. On the far left is a tapayan/banga, an earthenware jar that keeps water cool.
* Bañera – Bathtub
* Baño – Bathroom
* Barandillas – railing or balustrade (usually wooden)
* Barrigones – "Buntis" (or bombere, pregnant) grillwork on windows, to accommodate planters
* Batalan – Rear part of house used for washing and water storage, with a flooring often made of slatted bamboo; more a part of a ''bahay kubo'' (but may be present as well at the rear of a ''bahay na bato'')
* Baul mond – Traveling trunk
* Bentwood beech chairs and other furniture – Imported dark wood furniture
* Brackets – Series of often diagonal braces placed in support of the volada on the second floor
* Butaka – A version of silla perezosa with no leg rests
* Caida – Landing on the upper entrance hall; foyer of the second floor; also called "antesala"
* Calado – Lace-style fretwork or latticework used to adorn room dividers and to allow air to circulate
* Capilla – Long bench, a staple item in the caida
*Capital – Topmost member of a column (or pilaster) mediating between the column and the load"
* Capiz Windows – (Often) sliding window made of capiz shells cut into squares Caryatid – A sculpted female figure serving as an architectural support taking the place of a Pilaster, column or a pillar etc. supporting an entablature on her head
* Clerestory – Any high windows above eye level for the purpose of bringing outside light, fresh air, or both into the inner space
*Cocina – Kitchen, which was typically built separately from the house
*Colonette – A small, thin decorative column supporting a beam (horizontal timber) or lintel (beam spanning a door or window)
*Comedor – Dining room
* Comun – Toilet; also called "latrina"
*Corbel – A projection jutting out from a wall to support a structure above it; also "braces"
* Cornice – A ledge or generally any horizontal decorative molding that crowns a building or furniture element
*Court, courtyard – A space enclosed by walls and is open to the sky; has azotea or balconaje
* Cuartos – Rooms
* Cuatro aguas – Hip roof, which has more corners and angles, making it stronger than the dos aguas (gable) or high-pitched roof due to stronger aerodynamics (i.e., more wind resistance); also has the advantage of providing an overhang, which is effective for protecting the house from rainwater and from direct sunlight
* Dapugan – A platform in the kitchen where the kalan or clay stove is placed
* Despacho – Office; also "oficina"
* Dispensa – Pantry
* Dos aguas – Gable or high-pitched roof
*Dougong – A simplified and localized Filipino version of the ones in China. Chinese neighboring cultures evolved different variation and localized versions of this, one such example aside from Filipino Dougong is the Japanese Tokyō Brackets.
* Eave – Bottom edge of a roof
* Engaged column – Column in support of the roof above
* Entresuelo – Mezzanine; literally meaning "between floors", this is the area where clients, tenants or estate managers (if the owner was a rich landowner) wait before being admitted to the oficina (office)
* Escalera – Stairway
* Escritorio – A large chest of drawers, commonly adorned with inlay work
* Estante – Dining room cabinet where chinaware and silverware are displayed
* Facade – Front
* Finial – A usually foliated ornament forming an upper extremity
* Fresquera – Storage room for salted food, etc.; placed on the wall of the house facing outside
*Gable – The part of a wall that encloses the end of a pitched roof
* Gallinera – Literally, "chicken seat"; "usually found outside the oficina of a landowner; coming from the Spanish word 'gallo' (chicken), this church bench-inspired settee is used for farmers to place chickens on the cage underneath in exchange for paying cash" (Old Manila Nostalgia blog)
*Gargoyle – A carved stone grotesque with a spout designed to convey water from a roof and away from the side of a building, thereby preventing rainwater from running down masonry walls and eroding the mortar between
* Gingerbread trim, running trim – 19th century Victorian style of fancifully cut and pierced frieze boards, scrolled brackets, sawn balusters, and braced arches, to transform simple frame cottages into one-of-a-kind homes; usually attached to the eaves to make it more decorative and to curving iron rods that help support the media agua
* Kama – Four-poster bed
* Kama ni Ah Tay – A once popular signature four-poster bed design that was carved by a famous Chinese furniture maker named Eduardo Ah Tay. To have this bed was considered a symbol of status during the Spanish era.Old Manila Nostalgia blog
* Kantoneras (brackets) – Either plain calado cut-outs or fully carved embellishments usually placed where beams and columns intersect especially under the soffit or overhanging ceiling outside house; also seen to decorate door or window openings, hallways or simply dividing spaces
* Lansenas – Kitchen sideboards
* Latrina – Comun
* Load-bearing wall – Wall used in place of posts to bear weight
*Machuca tiles (formerly known as "baldozas mosaicas") – colorful Mediterranean-style cement tiles used for the zaguan flooring, often in harlequin pattern; manufactured by the Machuca company; another brand is Majolica
* Mascaron – An architectural ornament representing a face or head, human or animal, that is often grotesque or frightening
* Media aguas – Canopy or roof shed, consisting of a piece of metal roof that protects the window from rain or heat; not to be confused with awning
* Mirador – Lighthouse; lookout tower
* Moulding, molding – A strip of material (such as wood or metal) with some design or pattern that is used as a decoration on a wall, on the edge of a table, etc.
* Oratorio – Prayer room with an altar of Christ, the Virgin Mary, and the saints
*Painted metal sheet ceiling – Pressed tin or copper ceiling from maybe late Victorian to early American colonial period, to prevent decay by moisture or worms (or even mouse)
* Paminggalan – A cabinet where leftover food and preserves are stored. The doors of the cabinet have slats so that it can absorb air and room temperature inside. To avoid ants from coming up and getting to the food, the legs of the cabinet are placed on containers filled with kerosene or any liquid.
* Pasamano – Window ledge
* Persiana – Louver window
* Piedra china – Chinese stone used to pave the floor of the zaguan
*Pilaster – False pillar used to give the appearance of a supporting column and to articulate an extent of wall, with only an ornamental function

* Platera – Aparador or cabinet for kitchenware (chiefly china)
* Porte cochere – Horse carriage porch or portico at the main entrance
* Portico – "(From Italian) a porch leading to the entrance of a building, or extended as a colonnade, with a roof structure over a walkway, supported by columns or enclosed by walls"
* Puerta – "Door of the entrada principal (main entrance)"
* Puertita – "small cut door that is part of the puerta"
* Pugon – Clay oven
* Punkah – Ceiling cloth fan
* Sala mayor – Main living room, place for late-afternoon parties called tertulias and dances called "bailes"
* Sala menor – Secondary living room
* Sillas Americanas – "American chairs, considered the Monobloc chairs of their time (due to ubiquity)"
* Silla perezosa – Lazy chair
* Solihiya – Typical wicker weave pattern in furniture
* Stained glass – "Glass colored or stained (as by fusing metallic oxides into it) for decorative applications (as in windows)"
* Transom – "Transverse horizontal structural beam or bar" often in floral tracery design
*Trompe-l'œil – "A style of painting in which things are painted in a way that makes them look like real objects"
* Tumba-tumba – Philippine rocking chair
* Tympanum – triangular decorative wall surface over an entrance, door or window
* Valance – "A length of decorative drapery hung above a window to screen the curtain fittings"
* Ventana – "Wooden window panel that uses a grid pattern with flattened Capiz shell pane"; often in sliding style, as opposed to flinging out
* Ventanilla – Literally 'small window'; "sliding panels between the floor and windows" to allow more air and light; "usually protected by balustrades which can either be wooden or wrought iron grills"
* Volada – "An enclosed overhanging balcony"; "a gallery (along the elaborate system of windows) which protects the rooms from the heat of the sun"
* Yerong pukpok – Gingerbread trim
* Zaguan – Ground floor (literally "passageway" in Arabic) to accommodate horse carriages and carrozas (processional carriages)

See also

* History of the Philippines
* Culture of the Philippines
* Architecture of the Philippines
* Nipa hut
* Ancestral houses of the Philippines
* Earthquake Baroque
* Outline of classical architecture
* Rumah adat
* Rumah Melayu
* Spanish Colonial architecture
* Chinese architecture
* Sino-Portuguese architecture
* Shophouse
* Hanok

Citations

References

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Houses in the Philippines