British S-class Submarine (1931)

The S-class submarines of the Royal Navy were originally designed and built during the modernisation of the submarine force in the early 1930s to meet the need for smaller boats to patrol the restricted waters of the North Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, replacing the British H-class submarines. As part of the major naval construction for the Royal Navy during the Second World War, the S class became the single largest group of submarines ever built for the Royal Navy. A total of 62 were constructed over a period of 15 years, with fifty of the "improved" S class being launched between 1940 and 1945.

At the start of the Second World War the S class was together with the British U and T class, Dutch and German Type VII one of the most advanced submarine classes in service at the time.

Service

The submarines operated in the waters around the United Kingdom and in the Mediterranean, and later in the Far East after being fitted with extra tankage.

After the war S-class boats continued to serve in the Royal Navy until the 1960s. The last operational boat in the Royal Navy was , launched in 1945 and scrapped in February 1966. was in Israeli service as INS ''Tanin'' and was decommissioned in 1972.

Several S-class submarines were sold on or lent to other navies:
*Netherlands 1
*Portugal 3
*France 4
*Israel 2. (HMS ''Springer'' as INS ''Tanin'' (S71), landed commandos and fought with an Egyptian ship in the Six-Day War)

A modified version was ordered by the Turkish navy in 1939 as the .

Service losses

Of the twelve S-class boats that were in service in 1939, only three survived to see the end of World War II, a loss rate that inspired the song "Twelve Little S-Boats", based on a nursery rhyme originally written by Septimus Winner in 1868:

:Twelve little S-boats "go to it" like Bevin,
:: ''Starfish'' goes a bit too far — then there were eleven.
:Eleven watchful S-boats doing fine and then
:: ''Seahorse'' fails to answer — so there are ten.
:Ten stocky S-boats in a ragged line,
:: ''Sterlet'' drops and stops out — leaving us nine.
:Nine plucky S-boats, all pursuing Fate,
:: ''Shark'' is overtaken — now we are eight.
:Eight sturdy S-boats, men from Hants and Devon,
:: ''Salmon'' now is overdue — and so the number's seven.
:Seven gallant S-boats, trying all their tricks,
:: ''Spearfish'' tries a newer one — down we come to six.
:Six tireless S-boats fighting to survive,
::No reply from ''Swordfish'' — so we tally five.
:Five scrubby S-boats, patrolling close inshore,
:: ''Snapper'' takes a short cut — now we are four.
:Four fearless S-boats, too far out to sea,
:: ''Sunfish'' bombed and scrap-heaped — we are only three.
:Three threadbare S-boats patrolling o'er the blue,
::...
:Two ice-bound S-boats...
::...
:One lonely S-boat...
::...

The survivors, left blank in the fatalistic rhyme, were HMS ''Sealion'' (scuttled), HMS ''Seawolf'' (broken up), and HMS ''Sturgeon'' (sold).

General characteristics

First group

The first group of S-class submarines consisted of four boats. They were smaller and slower than later classes, and carried less armament, but could be crewed by fewer men. All four were built at Chatham Dockyard, between 1930 and 1932. During the war, they operated in home waters, particularly the English Channel, and off the Scandinavian coast. The later second and third groups of S-class submarines would have their fuel capacity expanded to allow them to operate further and overcome this limitation.

The mortality rate of these early boats was particularly high. Only one, HMS ''Sturgeon'', survived to the end of the war.

Boats:

Two ordered under the 1929 Construction Programme:
* HMS ''Swordfish''
* HMS ''Sturgeon''
Two ordered under the 1930 Construction Programme:
* HMS ''Seahorse''
* HMS ''Starfish''

Second group

The second group of S-class submarines consisted of eight boats. They were larger than the preceding first group and required more men to crew but carried a similar armament. Construction was divided between Chatham Dockyard, and the yards of Scotts, of Greenock and Cammell Laird & Co Limited, of Birkenhead. All the boats were built between 1934 and 1937. During the war, they, like the submarines of the first group, mostly operated in home waters, ranging as far afield as the Bay of Biscay and the Scandinavian coast. One, HMS ''Sunfish'', was assigned to the Soviet Navy (named ''V-1'') and was sunk by friendly aircraft on the transfer route from Dundee to Murmansk. Group Two boats had their fuel capacity increased to a maximum of which increased range to at .

A large percentage of these submarines were also lost during the war. Only two, HMS ''Sealion'' and HMS ''Seawolf'', survived to the end of the war.

Boats:

Two ordered under the 1931 Construction Programme:
* HMS ''Sealion''
* HMS ''Shark''
Two ordered under the 1932 Construction Programme:
* HMS ''Snapper''
* HMS ''Salmon''
One ordered under the 1933 Construction Programme:
* HMS ''Seawolf''
Two ordered under the 1934 Construction Programme:
* HMS ''Spearfish''
* HMS ''Sunfish''
One ordered under the 1935 Construction Programme:
* HMS ''Sterlet''

Third group

The third and by far the most numerous group of S-class submarines consisted of 50 boats. They were the largest and most heavily armed of the S class and required more men to crew. They were one knot faster on the surface, but two knots slower when submerged. Most of the group were built at the yards of either Scotts, of Greenock or Cammell Laird & Co Limited, of Birkenhead, with a handful being built at Chatham, or by Vickers Armstrongs Ltd, of Barrow-in-Furness. Construction was carried out throughout the war, particularly between 1941 and 1945. Equipped with a greater fuel capacity, of up to 98 long tons, than their predecessors, they operated much further afield, in the Mediterranean and in the Pacific.

There were two distinct subgroups. The first were boats of 842 tons, comprising those ordered under the 1939 War Emergency, 1940 and 1941 Programmes (except ''Sea Devil'' and ''Scotsman''), plus ''Sturdy'' and ''Stygian'' of the 1942 Programme; these carried an external stern torpedo tube in addition to the six bow tubes. The second subgroup were boats of 814 tons, comprising ''Sea Devil'' and ''Scotsman'' of the 1941 Programme, plus those ordered under the 1942 and 1943 Programmes (except ''Sturdy'' and ''Stygian''); these carried no external torpedo tube, but had a thicker welded pressure hull providing for an operational depth limit of - compared with the limit in the first subgroup.

Losses continued to be high. Nine boats; ''P222'', ''Saracen'', ''Sahib'', ''Sickle'', ''Simoom'', ''Splendid'', ''Stonehenge'', ''Stratagem'' and ''Syrtis'' were lost during the war, and ''Shakespeare'' and ''Strongbow'' were so badly damaged that they were written off and scrapped. Many surviving boats remained in service after the war. ''Sportsman'', by now transferred to the French Navy, was lost off Toulon in 1952 and ''Sidon'' was sunk after a torpedo malfunction in 1955.

Boats:

Five ships were ordered under the 1939 War Emergency Programme.
* HMS ''Safari''
* HMS ''Sahib''
* HMS ''Saracen''
* HMS ''Satyr''
* HMS ''Sceptre''
Twenty boats were ordered under the 1940 Programme. These differed from the initial five by having an external ''stern'' torpedo tube fitted, also a 20 mm Oerlikon AA gun and air warning RDF installed.
* HMS ''Seadog''
* HMS ''Sibyl''
* HMS ''Sea Rover''
* HMS ''Seraph''
* HMS ''Shakespeare''
* HMS ''P222'' which was lost before a name could be allotted to her.
* HMS ''Sea Nymph''
* HMS ''Sickle''
* HMS ''Simoom''
* HMS ''Sirdar''
* HMS ''Spiteful''
* HMS ''Splendid''
* HMS ''Sportsman''
* The final seven further boats (''P81'' to ''P87'') ordered under the 1940 Programme, all from Vickers-Armstrongs, were cancelled during 1943 (and were never laid down or named).
Fifteen boats were ordered under the 1941 Programme.
* HMS ''Stoic''
* HMS ''Stonehenge''
* HMS ''Storm''
* HMS ''Stratagem''
* HMS ''Strongbow''
* HMS ''Spark''
*
* HMS ''Stubborn''
* HMS ''Surf''
* HMS ''Syrtis''
* HMS ''Shalimar''
* HMS ''Scotsman''
* HMS ''Sea Devil''
* HMS ''Spirit''
* HMS ''Statesman''
Thirteen boats were ordered under the 1942 Programme.
* HMS ''Sturdy''
*
* HMS ''Subtle''
* HMS ''Supreme''
* HMS ''Sea Scout''
* HMS ''Selene''
* HMS ''Seneschal''
* HMS ''Sentinel''
* HMS ''Sidon''
* HMS ''Sleuth''
* HMS ''Solent''
* HMS ''Spearhead''
* HMS ''Springer'' – sold to Israel, recommissioned August 1959 as , participated in the Six-Day War
Eight boats were ordered under the 1943 Programme, but only four were completed. The other four submarines was cancelled after the war ended in 1945, and they became surplus to peacetime requirements.
* HMS ''Saga''
* HMS ''Scorcher''
* HMS ''Spur''
* HMS ''Sanguine'' – sold to Israel, recommissioned August 1959 as INS ''Rahav''
* HMS ''Sea Robin'' (P267) – cancelled
* HMS ''Sprightly'' (P268) – cancelled
* HMS ''Surface'' (P269) – cancelled
* HMS ''Surge'' (P271) – cancelled

Boats in foreign service

Several S-class submarines were sold on or lent to other navies.Conway p51-52

From the First group:
*In 1943 HMS ''Sturgeon'' was transferred to the Royal Netherlands Navy as ''Zeehond''. She was returned in 1945

From the Second group
*In 1944 HMS ''Sunfish'' was transferred to the Soviet Navy (and renamed ''V-1''); she was sunk in a friendly fire incident while on transfer to Murmansk.

From the Third group
*In 1948 three submarines were transferred to Portugal
** HMS ''Spearhead'' became ''Neptuno''
** HMS ''Saga'' became ''Nautilo''
** HMS ''Spur'' became ''Narval''
*In 1952 four submarines were transferred to France and were known as the ''Saphir'' class
** HMS ''Satyr'' became ''Saphir''
** HMS ''Spiteful'' became ''Sirene''
** HMS ''Sportsman'' became ''Sibylle'' but was lost in a diving accident in September 1952
** HMS ''Statesman'' became ''Sultane''
*In 1959 two submarines were sold to Israel
** HMS ''Springer'' became INS ''Tanin'' and saw action during the Six Day War
** HMS ''Sanguine'' became INS ''Rahav''

See also

*List of submarines of France

References

Sources

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{{WWII British ships

S class submarine, British, 1931

S class submarine