Bonytongue

Osteoglossidae is a family of large-sized freshwater fish, which includes the arowanas. They are commonly known as bonytongues. The family has been regarded as containing two extant subfamilies Arapaiminae and Osteoglossinae, with a total of five living genera, but these are regarded as valid families in ''Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes'' The extinct Phareodontinae are known from worldwide during the Late Cretaceous and Paleogene; they are generally considered to be crown group osteoglossids that are more closely related to one of the extant osteoglossid subfamilies than the other, though their exact position varies.

Evolution

Osteoglossids are basal teleosts that originated during the Cretaceous, and are placed in the actinopterygian order Osteoglossiformes. The traditionally defined wider family includes several extant species from South America, one from Africa, two from Asia, and two from Australia. The earliest known osteoglossid is ''Cretophareodus'' from the middle Campanian of the Dinosaur Park Formation, Canada, but a potentially older genus may be ''Chanopsis'' from the Albian of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Although currently restricted to freshwater habitats in the tropics, the group was much more widespread during the Cretaceous and Paleogene, with genera known from North America and Europe, including marine taxa such as ''Brychaetus''. An indeterminate marine osteoglossid is known to have inhabited the seas around Greenland in the Early Paleocene, and they later become diverse in marine habitats during the Eocene, with many genera known from Europe.

Modern osteoglossids of both subfamilies have a roughly Gondwanan distribution confined to freshwater habitats. For this reason, it was formerly assumed that extant osteoglossids descend from an ancestor that inhabited the supercontinent of Gondwana during the Mesozoic, which split into different genera following its fragmentation. However, more recent studies have found that many of the closest extinct relatives to extant osteoglossid genera were marine fish, and thus that their current distribution likely originates from marine dispersal between different continents during the Paleogene. Incorporating both extant and extinct osteoglossids, at least four different colonizations of freshwater habitats from marine ones are predicted to have occurred.

Taxonomy

The following taxa are known from the family:

* Family Osteoglossidae Bonaparte, 1831
** Genus ?†''Chanopsis'' Casier, 1961
** Genus ?†'' Chauliopareion'' Murray and Wilson, 2005 (possibly a basal osteoglossiform)
** Genus †'' Heterosteoglossum'' Bonde, 2008 (possibly an arapaimine)''''
** Genus ?†''Singida'' Greenwood & Patterson, 1967 (possibly a basal osteoglossiform)
** Genus †'' Xosteoglossid'' Bonde, 2008 (possibly an arapaimine)''''
** Subfamily Osteoglossinae Bonaparte, 1831
*** Genus ''Osteoglossum'' Cuvier, 1829
*** Genus ''Scleropages'' Günther, 1864
** Subfamily † Phareodontinae D. S. Jordan, 1925
*** Genus †'' Brychaetoides'' Bonde, 2008
*** Genus †''Brychaetus'' Woodward, 1901
*** Genus †''Cretophareodus'' Li, 1996
*** Genus ?†'' Foreyichthys'' Taverne, 1979
*** Genus †'' Furichthys'' Bonde, 2008
*** Genus †'' Macroprosopon'' Capobianco, Zouhri & Friedman, 2024
*** Genus †'' Magnigena'' Forey & Hilton, 2010
*** Genus †''Monopteros'' Volta, 1796
*** Genus †'' Musperia'' Sanders, 1934
*** Genus ?†'' Opsithrissops'' Daniltshenko, 1968
*** Genus †'' Phareoides'' Taverne, 1973 (sometimes treated as synonymous with ''Phareodus'')
*** Genus †'' Phareodus'' Leidy, 1873
*** Genus †'' Phareodusichthys'' Gayet, 1991
*** Genus †'' Ridewoodichthys'' Taverne, 2009
*** Genus †'' Taverneichthys'' Kumar, Rana & Paliwal, 2005

The Phareodontinae is sometimes treated as a valid family, the Phareodontidae, proposed by Jordan in 1925.

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q546243

Teleostei families
Extant Campanian first appearances