Bill Ackman

William Albert Ackman (born May 11, 1966) is an American billionaire hedge fund manager who is the founder and chief executive officer of Pershing Square Capital Management, a hedge fund management company. His investment approach has made him an activist investor. As of May 2025, Ackman's net worth was estimated at $9.1 billion by ''Forbes''.

Ackman is a prolific philanthropist and signatory of The Giving Pledge, committing to give away at least 50% of his wealth by the end of his life to charitable causes.

A longtime donor to Democratic candidates and organizations, Ackman endorsed Donald Trump in the 2024 United States presidential election. Ackman has expressed public support for Israel's actions in the Gaza war and has demanded the publication of the names of Harvard students involved in signing a letter condemning statements from Israeli officials.

Early life and education

Ackman was raised in Chappaqua, New York, the son of Ronnie I. (née Posner) and Lawrence David Ackman, the former chairman of a New York real estate financing firm, Ackman-Ziff Real Estate Group. He is of Ashkenazi Jewish descent.

In 1988, he received a Bachelor of Arts degree ''magna cum laude'' in social studies from Harvard College. His thesis was titled "Scaling the Ivy Wall: The Jewish and Asian American Experience in Harvard Admissions"''.'' In 1992, he received a Master of Business Administration degree from Harvard Business School.

Career

Gotham Partners

In 1992, Ackman founded the investment firm Gotham Partners with fellow Harvard graduate David P. Berkowitz. The firm made small investments in public companies. In 1995, Ackman partnered with the insurance and real estate firm Leucadia National to bid for Rockefeller Center. Although they did not win the deal, the bid generated interest in Gotham from investors: three years later, Gotham had $500 million in assets under management (AUM). By 2002, Gotham had become entrenched in litigation with various external shareholders who also owned an interest in the companies in which Gotham invested.

In 2002, Ackman researched MBIA in order to challenge Standard & Poor's AAA rating of its bonds. At a billed cost of more than $100,000, his law firm copied 725,000 pages of statements regarding the financial services company to comply with a subpoena. Ackman called for a division between MBIA's structured finance business and its municipal bond insurance business.

He argued that MBIA was legally restricted from trading billions of dollars of credit default swap protection that it had sold against various mortgage-backed collateralized debt obligations, and was using a second corporation, LaCrosse Financial Products, which MBIA described as an "orphaned transformer". Ackman bought credit default swaps against MBIA corporate debt and sold them for a large profit during the 2008 financial crisis. He reported covering his short position on MBIA on January 16, 2009, according to the 13D filed with the SEC.

In 2003, a feud developed between Ackman and Carl Icahn over a deal involving Hallwood Realty. They agreed to a " shmuck insurance" arrangement, under which, if Icahn were to sell the shares within 3 years and made a profit of 10% or more, he and Ackman would split the proceeds. Icahn paid $80 per share. In April 2004, HRPT Property Trust acquired Hallwood, paying $136.16 per share. Under the terms of the contract, Icahn owed Ackman and his investors about $4.5 million. Icahn refused to pay. Ackman sued. Eight years later, Icahn was forced to pay the $4.5 million plus 9% interest per year, by court order.

Pershing Square Capital Management

In 2004, with $54 million from his personal funds and from his former business partner Leucadia National, Ackman started Pershing Square Capital Management.

In 2010 Pershing started buying J. C. Penney shares, paying an average of $22 for 39 million shares or 18% of J.C. Penney's stock. In August 2013, the two-year campaign to transform the department store came to an abrupt end when Ackman stepped down from the board following a disagreement with fellow board members.

In January 2015, LCH Investments named Ackman one of the world's top 20 hedge fund managers after Pershing Square delivered $4.5 billion in net gains for investors in 2014, bringing the fund's lifetime gains to $11.6 billion since its launch in 2004 through 2014.

On April 27, 2016, Ackman, along with Valeant Pharmaceuticals' outgoing CEO, J. Michael Pearson, and the company's former interim CEO, Howard Schiller, testified before the United States Senate Special Committee on Aging. The testifying panel answered questions related to the committee's concerns about repercussions to patients and the health care system posed by Valeant's business model and controversial pricing practices. Ackman opened his testimony saying, "As a shareholder of Valeant, I recognize my investment was an... endorsement of Valeant's strategy." Ackman sold his remaining 27.2 million share position in Valeant to the investment bank Jefferies for about $300 million in March 2017. It has been estimated that the total cost of the position, including direct stock purchases and 9.1 million shares that were underlying stock options traded with Nomura Global Financial Products, was $4.6 billion, leading to a substantial loss.

In early 2024, Ackman aimed to raise $25 billion to take Pershing Square public. However, after securing only $2 billion, he decided to withdraw the IPO on August 1, 2024. He announced plans to relaunch a version of the fund with a new "transaction structure."

Ackman was chairman of Howard Hughes Holdings, one of Pershing's longest-held investment, from 2010 until 2024, when he stepped down from its board.

Herbalife short

In December 2012, Ackman announced that Pershing Square had made a $1 billion short bet against Herbalife, a maker of weight-loss and vitamin supplements, calling the company a "pyramid scheme".
A few months after Ackman's initial comments, billionaire investor Carl Icahn challenged Ackman's comment in a public spat on national TV. Following this, Icahn announced a stake in Herbalife in January 2013. Over the following years, Icahn continued to buy Herbalife shares to combat Ackman's short.

Ackman's Pershing Square funded a persistent public relations campaign against Herbalife in an attempt to pressure state and federal regulators to investigate the company. He hired numerous lobbying firms, and had his team organize protests and letter writing campaigns. Ackman also paid organizations to help find victims of Herbalife, and personally lobbied Senators Linda Sánchez and Ed Markey, both of whom later sent letters to federal regulators. Following this campaign, the Federal Trade Commission initiated an investigation into Herbalife. Other regulators and law enforcement also got involved. In April 2014, ''Reuters'' reported that the FBI conducted a probe into Herbalife and reviewed documents obtained from the company's former distributors. On March 12, 2015, it was reported that federal prosecutors and the FBI were probing whether some people hired by Ackman made false statements in an attempt to encourage investigations and lower Herbalife's stock; Ackman was quoted that he would not back down from his claims against Herbalife. Neither Ackman nor Pershing Square were subpoenaed. The FBI probes affecting Herbalife and Ackman both failed to find sufficient evidence and were stalled.

Multiple Federal and State agencies found that Herbalife committed wrongdoing. In July 2016, Herbalife settled with the Federal Trade Commission, agreeing to pay $200 million and restructure its business practices in exchange for avoiding being labelled as a pyramid scheme. The FTC found that Herbalife "deceived consumers" and that "the small minority of distributors who do make a lot of money are compensated for recruiting new distributors." In 2019, Herbalife paid the SEC $20 million to settle charges that it made false and misleading statements about its China business model. In 2020, Herbalife paid more than $122 million after the Department of Justice and SEC found Herbalife "falsif edbooks and records and provide corrupt payments and benefits to Chinese government officials for the purpose of obtaining, retaining, and increasing Herbalife's business in China." In 2022, Herbalife paid $12.5 million settled a case of alleged RICO violations.

In November 2017, Ackman said that he had covered his short-sell position, but would continue to bet against Herbalife using put options. On February 28, 2018, Ackman exited his near billion-dollar bet against Herbalife at a loss.

COVID-19 response

Ahead of the 2020 stock market crash, Ackman hedged Pershing Square's portfolio, investing $27 million to purchase credit protection, insuring the portfolio against steep market losses. Pershing Square first disclosed the hedge on March 3, 2020. According to Reuters, "Ackman said hedging was preferable to selling off his portfolio of companies whose businesses are otherwise strong." The hedge was effective, generating $2.6 billion in less than one month.

On March 18, 2020, in a phone interview with CNBC, Ackman called upon President Donald Trump for a "30-day shutdown" of the American economy to slow the spread of coronavirus and minimize loss of life and ensuing economic destruction resulting from the shutdown. Ackman warned that without intervention, hotel stocks were "going to zero" and said that America could "end as we know it". He also cautioned U.S. companies to stop stock buyback programs because "hell is coming".

Ackman later received criticism for actively buying discounted equity stakes in the very companies he was warning could fail; however, Ackman already had realized roughly half of the gains before appearing during the CNBC interview.

In a November 2020 interview, Ackman said that he had grown concerned about COVID-19 because he had seen the film '' Contagion''.

Investment style

Ackman has said that his most successful investments have always been controversial, and that his first rule of activist investing is to "make a bold call that nobody believes in".

His most notable market plays include shorting MBIA's bonds during the 2008 financial crisis, his proxy fight with Canadian Pacific Railway, and his stakes in the Target Corporation, Valeant Pharmaceuticals, and Chipotle Mexican Grill. From 2012 to 2018, Ackman held a US$1 billion short against the nutrition company Herbalife, a company he has described as a pyramid scheme designed as a multi-level marketing firm. His efforts were reported in the documentary film '' Betting on Zero''.

After weak performance in 2015–2018, Ackman told investors in January 2018 that he was going to go back to basics by cutting staff, ending investor visits that were eating into his time, and hunkering down in the office to do research. The next year, Pershing Square returned 58.1%, which Reuters says qualified it as "one of the world's best performing hedge funds" for 2019.

Critics of Ackman have called him an oligarch, basing accusations on his use of market manipulation and use of his wealth to push for his own policy preferences, particularly with respect to Israel.

Philanthropy

Ackman is a signer of The Giving Pledge, committing to give away at least 50% of his wealth by the end of his life to charitable causes. In 2006, Ackman, and his then wife Karen, founded the Pershing Square Foundation to fund innovative organizations focused on economic development, education, healthcare, human rights, arts and urban development and more. Since its inception, the foundation has committed more than $750 million in grants to more than 100 organizations. Grantees have included One Acre Fund, Saïd Business School's Oxford-Pershing Square Graduate Scholarships, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Center for Jewish History, Innocence Project, African Parks and Planned Parenthood. Ackman and his wife, Neri Oxman, are the Foundation's co-trustees as of 2024. In 2011, Bill and Karen Ackman were on The Chronicle of Philanthropy's "Philanthropy 50" list of the most generous donors; Ackman was listed again in 2021 with Neri Oxman.

On March 15, 2021, he announced that he donated 26.5 million shares in South Korean e-commerce company Coupang, valued at $1.36 billion, to three entities, one of them his own foundation.

In December 2022, Ackman auctioned a lunch with himself for charity in partnership with the David Lynch Foundation. The proceeds would go toward helping "New York's frontline healthcare workers, police and veterans who battle anxiety, depression, addiction and suicide every day", with Ackman matching the winning bid to support the foundation. The highest winning bid over prior instances was $210,000.

Ackman is a supporter of David M. Sabatini, a biologist who was previously fired by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and resigned from the Whitehead Institute and MIT due to allegations and investigations of sexual misconduct. On March 1, 2022, at a Pershing Square Foundation event, he delivered remarks about what he called Sabatini's unfair treatment. In February 2023, Ackman announced that his foundation and an anonymous donor would together fund Sabatini US$25 million over five years to establish and run a new research laboratory.

Personal views

Support of Israel

Bill Ackman has expressed public support for Israel's actions in the Gaza war.

On October 8, 2023, following the October 7 Hamas-led attack on Israel, several Harvard undergraduate student groups signed a letter condemning statements from Israeli officials promising to "open the gates of hell" in Gaza, holding Israel's "apartheid regime" "entirely responsible for all unfolding violence", and describing Palestinians in Gaza as being "forced to live in an open-air prison". The letter called on Harvard to "take action to stop the ongoing annihilation of Palestinians." In response, Ackman demanded the publication of the names of all students involved in signing the letter so that he could ensure his company and others do not "inadvertently hire" any of the signatories. Ackman posted, "One should not be able to hide behind a corporate shield when issuing statements supporting the actions of terrorists," and the names "should be made public so their views are publicly known".
Ackman's stance had support by other CEOs such as Jonathan Neman. Former Harvard president Lawrence Summers called Ackman's request for a list of names "the stuff of Joe McCarthy".

Ackman was involved in a long-standing WhatsApp group chat with Israeli military leaders and top US business leaders with the stated goal to "change the narrative" in favor of Israel by conveying “the atrocities committed by Hamas" and "help sraelwin the war" on U.S. public opinion following U.S. protests against the Gaza war. Information about the WhatsApp group chat was reported by The Washington Post on May 16, 2024. Members of the group chat discussed how they received private briefings by, and worked closely with, members of the Israeli government, including former Israeli prime minister Naftali Bennett; Benny Gantz, a member of the Israeli war cabinet; and Israel's ambassador to the United States, Michael Herzog. Group members, including Ackman, worked with the Israeli government to screen a film titled "Bearing Witness to the October 7th Massacre", which shows footage compiled by the Israeli Defense Forces portraying killings committed by Hamas on October 7. Screenings of the film were conducted in New York City and, with Ackman's help, at Harvard University, his alma mater.

Members of the 2023-2024 WhatsApp group chat also held a video call in April 2024 with New York City Mayor Eric Adams in an effort to, according to reporting by ''The Washington Post'', "pressure Columbia's president and trustees to permit the mayor to send police to the campus" to shut down the campus protests. During the video call, group members discussed making political donations to Adams. A spokesperson for Ackman said he had not participated in the group chat since January 10, 2024, and that although Ackman "likes and is supportive of the Mayor," he had never spoken to Adams about the Columbia protests or donated to Adams's campaign.

In November 2023, Ackman supported Elon Musk after he expressed support for antisemitic remarks made by an X user who falsely asserted that "Jewish communities" supported "hordes of minorities flooding their country" and pushed "dialectical hatred against whites", describing it as "shoot from the hip commentary". The same month, Ackman engaged in a campaign to remove Claudine Gay from her position as Harvard's president. He argued that her response to antisemitism was "insufficient" and amplified allegations that she engaged in plagiarism.

On January 3, 2024, ''Business Insider'' published an exposé detailing how Ackman's wife, Neri Oxman, plagiarized portions of her dissertation. A day after the article's publication, Oxman apologized for "citation errors" in portions of her dissertation. Ackman, in response to the article, pledged to conduct a plagiarism review of all MIT faculty, including MIT's president, Sally Kornbluth, who, alongside Gay, attended a congressional hearing on antisemitism in higher education.

On June 14, 2025, Ackman posted a tweet on Twitter advocating for the US to join Israel in its war against Iran.

US politics

Ackman is a longtime donor to Democratic candidates and organizations, including Richard Blumenthal, Chuck Schumer, Robert Menendez, the Democratic National Committee, and the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee. He endorsed Michael Bloomberg as a prospective candidate for President of the United States in the 2016 presidential election. Ackman voted for Trump in the 2016 election.

Ackman supported the Democratic Party and endorsed Congressman Dean Phillips for the Democratic presidential nomination in the 2024 presidential primaries. On January 15, 2024, Phillips floated a possible Cabinet post for Ackman and Elon Musk in a forum with them. Following the suspension of Phillips' candidacy, Ackman donated to Robert F. Kennedy Jr.'s presidential campaign. In April 2024, Ackman announced via X that he would not support Joe Biden in the upcoming election because of Biden's alleged "lack of support" for Israel and that he was open to voting for former President Trump. On July 14, 2024, Ackman endorsed Trump in the aftermath of his attempted assassination.

Personal life

Ackman married Karen Ann Herskovitz, a landscape architect, on July 10, 1994. They have three children. On December 22, 2016, it was reported that the couple had separated.

In 2018, Ackman became engaged to Israeli-American designer Neri Oxman. In January 2019, Oxman and Ackman married at the Central Synagogue in Manhattan, and they had their first child together in spring 2019.

Ackman is a keen amateur tennis player and controversially commented that he could play a close and even doubles match against John McEnroe in a Bloomberg News interview with David Rubenstein business jet, as of 2017. He owns a $90 million penthouse apartment in Manhattan, among other residential properties.

References

Further reading

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* Richard, Christine.
Confidence Game
' (Wiley, 2010) with ''Bloomberg News.''
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Ackman, Bill
1966 births
Living people
American billionaires
American chief executives of financial services companies
American financial company founders
American financiers
American hedge fund managers
American investors
American money managers
American stock traders
American Zionists
Businesspeople from New York (state)
Canadian Pacific Railway people
Harvard Business School alumni
People from Chappaqua, New York
Stock and commodity market managers
Philanthropists from New York (state)
Harvard College alumni
21st-century American philanthropists
21st-century American Jews
Shareholder-rights activists