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Benfluralin (or Benefin) is a 
It is used to control grasses and other weeds. Annual use in the United States was approximately in 2004, down from in 1974, when it was used more than
https://app.knovel.com/hotlink/toc/id:kpSHPAC00E/sittigs-handbook-pesticides/sittigs-handbook-pesticides Target weeds Benefin controls the following weeds: (non-exhaustive list) Grasses: Annual bluegrass (
herbicide
Herbicides (, ), also commonly known as weed killers, are substances used to control undesired plants, also known as weeds.EPA. February 201Pesticides Industry. Sales and Usage 2006 and 2007: Market Estimates. Summary in press releasMain page f ...
of the dinitroaniline
Dinitroanilines are a class of chemical compounds with the chemical formula C6H5N3O4. They are derived from both aniline and dinitrobenzenes. There are six isomers: 2,3-dinitroaniline, 2,4-dinitroaniline, 2,5-dinitroaniline, 2,6-dinitroaniline, 3 ...
class. The mechanism of action
In pharmacology, the term mechanism of action (MOA) refers to the specific biochemical Drug interaction, interaction through which a Medication, drug substance produces its pharmacological effect. A mechanism of action usually includes mention o ...
of benfluralin involves pre-emergent inhibition of mitosis
Mitosis () is a part of the cell cycle in eukaryote, eukaryotic cells in which replicated chromosomes are separated into two new Cell nucleus, nuclei. Cell division by mitosis is an equational division which gives rise to genetically identic ...
, root and shoot development, same as trifluralin
Trifluralin is a common pre-emergent selective herbicide, a dinitroaniline. With about used in the United States in 2001, and in 2012, it is one of the most widely used herbicides. Trifluralin is also used in Australia, New Zealand, Brazil an ...
, from which benfluralin was developed in 1963.
It is used to control grasses and other weeds. Annual use in the United States was approximately in 2004, down from in 1974, when it was used more than paraquat
Paraquat ( trivial name; ), or ''N'',''N''′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride (systematic name), also known as methyl viologen, is a toxic organic compound with the chemical formula C6H7N)2l2. It is classified as a viologen, a family o ...
. Non-agricultural use includes domestic use, turf, golf courses, ornamentals, tree plantations, roads and paths. It is used on lettuce, alfalfa, clover, fruit, nuts, berries, and vineyards. Benfluralin's EU approval expired in 2023, leaving pendimethalin
Pendimethalin is an herbicide of the dinitroaniline class p.328 used premergently and postemergently to control annual grasses and certain broadleaf weeds. It inhibits cell division and cell elongation. Pendimethalin is a K1-group (in Australia ...
as the only EU-approved dinitroaniline.
Benfluralin is practically non-toxic. Chronic exposure may harm the liver and kidneys. No endocrine disruption is known. EPA modelling puts benfluralin water concentrations below any level of concern, and real life evidence shows benfluralin levels to be lower than predicted.
Benfluralin's soil half-life is moderate, 22-79 days, and volatilises quickly. It can bioaccumulate in fish, to whom it is very toxic. It is practically non-toxic to birds and bees.
After application, benefin must be inforporated into soil. It is usually applied at ~1.2 lb/ac (1.35 kg/Ha) active ingredient.
Vapours of benefin can affect growing tobacco leaves, and exposed leaves are shortened, narrowed, thicker and distorted. Plant height is reduced, though more leaves sprout.
Uses
Benfluralin'sHRAC classification
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee (HRAC) classifies herbicides by their mode of action (MoA) to provide a uniform way for farmers and growers to identify the agents they use and better manage pesticide resistance around the world. It is r ...
is group K1 (global), D (Aus), 3 (numeric).
Tradenames
Benfluralin has been marketed as: Balan, Balfin, Benefex, Benfluralin, Benefin, Bethrodine, Bonalan, Carpidor, Emblem, EL-110, Flubalex, Pel-Tech, Quilan, Surflan XL 2G, Team, and XL 2G. (XL 2G tradenames also contain oryzalin
Oryzalin is a herbicide of the dinitroaniline class. It acts through the disruption ( depolymerization) of microtubules, thus blocking anisotropic growth of plant cells. It can also be used to induce polyploidy in plants as an alternative to co ...
.)Greene, Stanley A. Pohanish, Richard P.. (2005). Sittig's Handbook of Pesticides and Agricultural Chemicals. William Andrew Publishing. Retrieved from https://app.knovel.com/hotlink/toc/id:kpSHPAC00E/sittigs-handbook-pesticides/sittigs-handbook-pesticides Target weeds Benefin controls the following weeds: (non-exhaustive list) Grasses: Annual bluegrass (
Poa annua
''Poa annua'', or annual meadow grass (known in America more commonly as annual bluegrass or simply poa), is a widespread low-growing turfgrass in temperate climates. Notwithstanding the reference to annual plant in its name, perennial bio-types ...
), barnyardgrass / watergrass (Echinochloa crus-galli
''Echinochloa crus-galli'' is a type of wild grass originating from tropical Asia that was formerly classified as a type of panicum grass. It is commonly known as cockspur (or cockspur grass), barnyard millet, Japanese millet, water grass, commo ...
), crabgrass Digitaria
''Digitaria'' is a genus of plants in the grass family native to tropical and warm temperate regions but can occur in tropical, subtropical, and cooler temperate regions as well. Common names include crabgrass, finger-grass, and fonio. They ar ...
, crowfootgrass (dactyloctenium aegyptium
''Dactyloctenium aegyptium'', or Egyptian crowfoot grass is a member of the family Poaceae native to Africa and Asia. The plant mostly grows in heavy soils at damp sites.
Description
This grass creeps and has a straight shoot which are usuall ...
), foxtails / bottlegrass / bristlegrass / pigeongrass (Setaria
''Setaria'' is a widespread genus of plants in the grass family. The name is derived from the Latin word ''seta'', meaning "bristle" or "hair", which refers to the bristly spikelets.
The genus includes over 100 species distributed in many t ...
), Johnsongrass (seedling only) (Sorghum halepense
Johnson grass or Johnsongrass, ''Sorghum halepense'', is a plant in the grass family, Poaceae, native to Asia and northern Africa. The plant has been introduced to all continents except Antarctica, and most larger islands and archipelagos. It re ...
), junglerice ( Echinochloa colonum), fall panicum (panicum dichotomiflorum
''Panicum dichotomiflorum'', known by the common names fall panicgrass, autumn millet (Britain and Ireland), and fall panicum is a species of Poaceae "true grass". It is native to much of the eastern United States and parts of Canada, and it can ...
), Texas panicum / buffalograss / coloradograss (panicum texanum) and ryegrass / sandbur (lolium multiflorum
''Lolium multiflorum'' (Italian rye-grass, annual ryegrass) is a ryegrass native to temperate Europe, though its precise native range is unknown.
It is a herbaceous annual, biennial, or perennial grass that is grown for silage, and as a cover ...
). Weeds: carpetweed ( Mollugo verticillata), chickweed (stellaria media
''Stellaria media'', chickweed, is an annual flowering plant in the family Caryophyllaceae. It is native to Eurasia and naturalized throughout the world, where it is a weed of waste ground, farmland and gardens. It is sometimes grown as a salad ...
), florida pusley / purslane / mexican clover ( Richardia scabra), knotweed (Polygonum aviculare
''Polygonum aviculare'' or common knotgrass is a plant related to buckwheat and dock. It is also called prostrate knotweed, birdweed, pigweed and lowgrass. It is an annual found in fields and wasteland, with white flowers from June to October. I ...
), common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album
''Chenopodium album'' is a fast-growing annual plant in the flowering plant family Amaranthaceae. Though cultivated in some regions, the plant is elsewhere considered a weed. Common names include lamb's quarters, melde, goosefoot, wild spinach a ...
), pigweeds (Amaranthus
''Amaranthus'' is a cosmopolitan group of more than 50 species which make up the genus of annual or short-lived perennial plants collectively known as amaranths. Some names include " prostrate pigweed" and " love lies bleeding". Some amaranth ...
), common purslane (Portulaca oleracea
''Portulaca oleracea'' (common purslane, also known as little hogweed, or pursley) is a succulent plant in the family Portulacaceae.
Description
The plant may reach in height. It has smooth, reddish, mostly prostrate stems, and the leaves, w ...
) and redmaids (Calandrinia ciliata
''Calandrinia ciliata'' is a species of flowering plant known as fringed redmaids and red-maids. While formerly included in the Purslane family, it is now treated as a member of the family Montiaceae.
It is native to western North America from ...
).
References
Links
* {{Aniline Herbicides Herbicides Anilines Trifluoromethyl compounds Nitrobenzene derivatives Preemergent herbicides Group 3 herbicides