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Basidiocarps are classified into various types of growth forms based on the degree of differentiation into a stipe, pileus, and hymenophore, as well as the type of hymenophore, if present.
Growth forms include:
* Jelly fungus – fruiting body is jelly-like.
* Club fungus and coral fungus – erect fruiting body without a distinct stalk and cap, either unbranched (club fungus) or profusely branched (coral fungus).
* Polypore – underside of the fruiting body usually consists of tubes; otherwise very variable, usually wood-inhabiting
*tooth fungus or hydnoid fungus – underside of the fruiting body composed of spines or teeth
* Corticioid fungus – the underside of the fruiting body is usually smooth or with spines (vs. hydnoid fungi) but not poroid nor gilled; typically effused without caps
*Cantharelloid fungus – fruiting body with shallow fold-like gills running over most of the lower surface of the fruiting body and not much differentiation between the stalk and cap.
* Gasteromycete or "gastroid fungus" – fruiting body has a ball-like shape and in which the hymenophore has become entirely enclosed on the inside of the fruiting body.
* False truffle – like a gasteromycete, however, but with a hypogeous (underground) fruiting body.
* Secotioid fungus – like a gasteromycete, but with a stalk. Thought to be an evolutionarily intermediate stage between a gasteromycete and an agaric.
* Agaric or gill fungi – fruiting body with caps, gills, and (usually) a stalk.
* Bolete – fleshy fruiting body with a cap, a stalk, and tubes on the underside.
Basic divisions of Agaricomycotina were formerly based entirely upon the growth form of the mushroom.
Evolution & Morphology in the Homobasidiomycetes: The Clade/Morphology Chart
by Gary Lincoff & Michael Wood, ''MykoWeb'', November 27, 2005.
by Peter Werner, '' Mycena News'', December 2002. (Archived at ''MycoWeb'')
"Mycomorphology Part 2: Basidiocarp Keeps its Balance"
by Peter Werner, ''Mycena News'', March 2003. (Archived at ''MycoWeb'') Fungal morphology and anatomy
In fungi
A fungus (: fungi , , , or ; or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and mold (fungus), molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as one ...
, a basidiocarp, basidiome, or basidioma () is the sporocarp of a basidiomycete, the multicellular
A multicellular organism is an organism that consists of more than one cell (biology), cell, unlike unicellular organisms. All species of animals, Embryophyte, land plants and most fungi are multicellular, as are many algae, whereas a few organism ...
structure on which the spore
In biology, a spore is a unit of sexual reproduction, sexual (in fungi) or asexual reproduction that may be adapted for biological dispersal, dispersal and for survival, often for extended periods of time, in unfavourable conditions. Spores fo ...
-producing hymenium
The hymenium is the tissue layer on the hymenophore of a fungal fruiting body where the cells develop into basidia or asci, which produce spores. In some species all of the cells of the hymenium develop into basidia or asci, while in oth ...
is borne. Basidiocarps are characteristic of the hymenomycetes; rusts and smuts do not produce such structures. As with other sporocarps, epigeous (above-ground) basidiocarps that are visible to the naked eye (especially those with a more or less agaricoid morphology) are commonly referred to as mushroom
A mushroom or toadstool is the fleshy, spore-bearing Sporocarp (fungi), fruiting body of a fungus, typically produced above ground on soil or another food source. ''Toadstool'' generally refers to a poisonous mushroom.
The standard for the n ...
s, while hypogeous (underground) basidiocarps are usually called false truffles.
Structure
All basidiocarps serve as the structure on which the hymenium is produced. Basidia are found on the surface of the hymenium, and the basidia ultimately produce spores. In its simplest form, a basidiocarp consists of an undifferentiated fruiting structure with a hymenium on the surface; such a structure is characteristic of many simple jelly and club fungi. In more complex basidiocarps, there is differentiation into a stipe, a pileus, and/or various types of hymenophores.Types
Basidiocarps are classified into various types of growth forms based on the degree of differentiation into a stipe, pileus, and hymenophore, as well as the type of hymenophore, if present.
Growth forms include:
* Jelly fungus – fruiting body is jelly-like.
* Club fungus and coral fungus – erect fruiting body without a distinct stalk and cap, either unbranched (club fungus) or profusely branched (coral fungus).
* Polypore – underside of the fruiting body usually consists of tubes; otherwise very variable, usually wood-inhabiting
*tooth fungus or hydnoid fungus – underside of the fruiting body composed of spines or teeth
* Corticioid fungus – the underside of the fruiting body is usually smooth or with spines (vs. hydnoid fungi) but not poroid nor gilled; typically effused without caps
*Cantharelloid fungus – fruiting body with shallow fold-like gills running over most of the lower surface of the fruiting body and not much differentiation between the stalk and cap.
* Gasteromycete or "gastroid fungus" – fruiting body has a ball-like shape and in which the hymenophore has become entirely enclosed on the inside of the fruiting body.
* False truffle – like a gasteromycete, however, but with a hypogeous (underground) fruiting body.
* Secotioid fungus – like a gasteromycete, but with a stalk. Thought to be an evolutionarily intermediate stage between a gasteromycete and an agaric.
* Agaric or gill fungi – fruiting body with caps, gills, and (usually) a stalk.
* Bolete – fleshy fruiting body with a cap, a stalk, and tubes on the underside.
Basic divisions of Agaricomycotina were formerly based entirely upon the growth form of the mushroom. Molecular phylogenetic
Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to ...
investigation (as well as supporting evidence from micromorphology and chemotaxonomy) has since demonstrated that similar types of basidiomycete growth form are often examples of convergent evolution
Convergent evolution is the independent evolution of similar features in species of different periods or epochs in time. Convergent evolution creates analogous structures that have similar form or function but were not present in the last comm ...
and do not always reflect a close relationship between different groups of fungi. For example, agarics have arisen independently in the Agaricales, the Boletales, the Russulales, and other groups, while secotioid fungi and false truffles have arisen independently many times just within the Agaricales.
See also
* Ascocarp *Conidium
A conidium ( ; : conidia), sometimes termed an asexual chlamydospore or chlamydoconidium (: chlamydoconidia), is an Asexual reproduction, asexual, non-motility, motile spore of a fungus. The word ''conidium'' comes from the Ancient Greek word f ...
References
{{ReflistExternal links
Evolution & Morphology in the Homobasidiomycetes: The Clade/Morphology Chart
by Gary Lincoff & Michael Wood, ''MykoWeb'', November 27, 2005.
by Peter Werner, '' Mycena News'', December 2002. (Archived at ''MycoWeb'')
"Mycomorphology Part 2: Basidiocarp Keeps its Balance"
by Peter Werner, ''Mycena News'', March 2003. (Archived at ''MycoWeb'') Fungal morphology and anatomy