Test or shell
Simple tests are made by secretion (autogenous tests), agglutination of foreign material (xenogenous tests), or sometimes a combination of both. Past environmental changes can be determined by analysing the composition of fossil tests, including the reconstruction of pastEvolutionary history
Fossils of arcellinid testate amoebae date back to theClassification
The classification of Arcellinida, as of 2019: * Suborder Phryganellina Bovee 1985 ** Family Phryganellidae Jung 1942 *** '' Phryganella'' Penard 1902 ** Family Cryptodifflugiidae Jung 1942 *** ?'' Prantlitina'' Vasicek & Ruzicka 1957 *** ?'' Pseudocucurbitella'' Gauthier-Lievre & Thomas 1960 *** ?'' Pseudowailesella'' Sudzuki 1979 *** '' Cryptodifflugia'' Penard 1890 'Difflugiella''_Cash_1904;_''Geococcus_(eukaryote).html" ;"title="Difflugiella.html" ;"title="'Difflugiella">'Difflugiella'' Cash 1904; ''Geococcus (eukaryote)">Geococcus'' Francé 1913 non Green 1902] *** ''Meisterfeldia'' Bobrov 2016 *** ''Wailesella'' Deflandre 1928 * Suborder Organoconcha Lahr et al. 2019 ** Family Microchlamyiidae Ogden 1985 *** '' Microchlamys'' Cockerell 1911 'Pseudochlamys''_Claparede_&_Lachmann_1859_non_Lacordaire_1848_non_Comas_1977.html" ;"title="Pseudochlamys.html" ;"title="'Pseudochlamys">'Pseudochlamys'' Claparede & Lachmann 1859 non Lacordaire 1848 non Comas 1977">Pseudochlamys.html" ;"title="'Pseudochlamys">'Pseudochlamys'' Claparede & Lachmann 1859 non Lacordaire 1848 non Comas 1977*** ''Pyxidicula'' Ehrenberg 1838 non Ehrenberg 1834 non Strelnikova & Nikolajev 1986 *** ''Spumochlamys'' Kudryavtsev & Hausmann 2007 * Suborder Glutinoconcha Lahr et al. 2019 ** Infraorder Volnustoma Lahr et al. 2019 *** Family Heleoperidae Jung 1942 **** '' Awerintzewia'' Schouteden 1906 **** '' Heleopera'' Leidy 1879 ** Infraorder Hyalospheniformes Lahr et al. 2019 *** Family Hyalospheniidae Schulze, 1977 Taranek 1882">ebelidae Taranek 1882**** ?'' Apolimia'' Korganova 1987 **** ?'' Deflandria'' Jung 1942 **** ?'' Heleoporella'' Couteaux 1978 **** ?'' Leidyella'' Jung 1942 **** ?'' Metaheleopera'' Bartos 1954 **** ?'' Marsipos'' Medioli et al. 1990 **** ?'' Paranebela'' Jung 1942 **** ?'' Penardiella'' Kahl 1930 **** ?'' Pseudogeamphorella'' Décloitre 1964 nomen nudum **** ?'' Pseudohyalosphenia'' Stepanek 1967 nomen nudum **** ?'' Pterygia'' Jung 1942 non Roeding 1798 non Link 1807 non Laporte 1832 **** ?'' Schaudinnia'' Jung 1942 non Schulze 1900 **** ?'' Umbonaria'' Jung 1942 **** '' Alabasta'' Duckert et al. 2018 **** '' Alocodera'' Jung 1942a **** '' Apodera'' Loeblich & Tappan 1961 **** '' Certesella'' Loeblich & Tappan 1961 **** '' Cornutheca'' Kosakyan et al. 2016 **** '' Gibbocarina'' Kosakyan et al. 2016 **** '' Hyalosphenia'' Stein 1859 **** '' Longinebela'' Kosakyan et al. 2016 **** '' Mrabella'' Kosakyan et al. 2016 **** '' Nebela'' Leidy 1875 **** '' Padaungiella'' Lara & Todorov 2012 **** '' Planocarina'' Kosakyan et al. 2016 **** '' Porosia'' Jung 1942 **** '' Quadrulella'' Cockerell 1909 'Quadrula''_Schulze_1875_non_Rafinesque_1820.html" ;"title="Quadrula.html" ;"title="'Quadrula">'Quadrula'' Schulze 1875 non Rafinesque 1820">Quadrula.html" ;"title="'Quadrula">'Quadrula'' Schulze 1875 non Rafinesque 1820** Infraorder Excentrostoma Lahr et al. 2019 *** ?''Centropyxiella'' Valkanov 1970 *** ?''Oopyxis'' Jung 1942 *** Family Centropyxidae **** ''Armipyxis'' Dekhtiar 2009 **** '' Centropyxis'' Stein 1857 'Echinopyxis''_Claparede_&_Lachmann_1859_non_Pantocsek_1913;_''Collaripyxidia.html" ;"title="Echinopyxis.html" ;"title="'Echinopyxis">'Echinopyxis'' Claparede & Lachmann 1859 non Pantocsek 1913; ''Collaripyxidia">Echinopyxis.html" ;"title="'Echinopyxis">'Echinopyxis'' Claparede & Lachmann 1859 non Pantocsek 1913; ''Collaripyxidia'' Zivkovic 1975; ''Toquepyxis'' Laminger 1971] **** ''Conicocassis'' Nasser & Patterson 2015 **** ''Proplagiopyxis'' Schönborn 1964 *** Family Plagiopyxidae **** '' Bullinularia'' Deflandre 1953 'Bullinula''_Penard_1911.html" ;"title="Bullinula.html" ;"title="' 'Bullinula''_Penard_1911">Bullinula.html"_;"title="'Bullinula">'Bullinula''_Penard_1911****_''Geoplagiopyxis.html" ;"title="Bullinula">'Bullinula'' Penard 1911">Bullinula.html" ;"title="'Bullinula">'Bullinula'' Penard 1911**** ''Geoplagiopyxis">Bullinula">'Bullinula'' Penard 1911">Bullinula.html" ;"title="'Bullinula">'Bullinula'' Penard 1911**** ''Geoplagiopyxis'' Chardez 1961 **** ''Hoogenraadia'' GauthierLievre & Thomas 1958 **** ''Paracentropyxis'' Bonnet 1960 **** ''Plagiopyxis'' Penard 1910 **** ''Planhoogenraadia'' Bonnet 1977 **** '' Protoplagiopyxis'' Bonnet 1962 ** Infraorder Longithecina Lahr et al. 2019 *** Family Lesquereusiidae Deflandre 1953">araquadrulidae Deflandre 1953**** '' Fabalesquereusia'' Snegovaya & Alekperov 2005 **** '' Lesquereusia'' Schlumberger 1845 **** '' Microquadrula'' Golemansky 1968 **** '' Paraquadrula'' Deflandre 1932 **** '' Pomoriella'' Golemansky 1970 *** Family Difflugiidae Wallich 1864 **** ?'' Lagenodifflugia'' Medioli & Scott 1983 **** ?'' Maghrebia'' Gauthier-Lievre & Thomas 1958 **** ?'' Pentagonina'' Bovee & Jahn 1974 Pentagonia''_Gauthier-Lievre_&_Thomas_1958_non_Cozzens_1846;_''Falsidifflugia.html" ;"title="Pentagonia_(amoeba).html" ;"title="'Pentagonia (amoeba)">Pentagonia'' Gauthier-Lievre & Thomas 1958 non Cozzens 1846; ''Falsidifflugia">Pentagonia_(amoeba).html" ;"title="'Pentagonia (amoeba)">Pentagonia'' Gauthier-Lievre & Thomas 1958 non Cozzens 1846; ''Falsidifflugia'' Haman 1988] **** ?''Pseudopontigulasia'' Oye 1956 **** ?''Sexangularia'' Awerintzew 1906 **** ?''Suiadifflugia'' Green 1975 **** ?''Zivkovicia'' Ogden 1987 **** '' Armatodifflugia'' Snegovaya & Alekperov 2005 **** '' Difflugia'' Leclere 1815 ex Lamarck 1816 **** '' Mediolus'' Patterson 2014 **** '' Nabranella'' Snegovaya & Alekperov 2009 **** '' Pelecyamoeba'' Snegovaya & Alekperov 2005 **** '' Pontigulasia'' Rhumbler 1895 **** '' Pseudonebela'' Gauthier-Lievre 1954 non Schönborn 1964 ** Infraorder Sphaerothecina Kosakyan et al. 2016 *** ?'' Cornuapyxis'' Couteaux & Chardez 1981 *** ?'' Cucurbitella'' Penard 1902 non Walpers 1846 *** ?'' Ellipsopyxella'' Bonnet 1975 *** ?'' Ellipsopyxis'' Bonnet 1965 *** ?'' Protocucurbitella'' Gauthier-Lievre & Thomas 1960 non Naumov *** Family Distomatopyxidae Bonnet 1970 **** '' Distomatopyxis'' Bonnet 1970 *** Family Lamtopyxidae Bonnet 1974 **** '' Lamtopyxis'' Bonnet 1974 *** Family Netzeliidae Kosakyan et al. 2016 Schönborn 1989">yclopyxidae Schönborn 1989**** '' Cyclopyxis'' Bonnet 1953 **** '' Netzelia'' Ogden 1979 *** Family Arcellidae Ehrenberg 1832 **** '' Antarcella'' Ehrenberg 1838 **** '' Arcella'' Deflandre 1928 'Arcellina''_Carter_1856_non_DuPlessis_1876_non_Haeckel_1894;_''Cyphidium.html" ;"title="Arcellina.html" ;"title="'Arcellina">'Arcellina'' Carter 1856 non DuPlessis 1876 non Haeckel 1894; ''Cyphidium">Arcellina.html" ;"title="'Arcellina">'Arcellina'' Carter 1856 non DuPlessis 1876 non Haeckel 1894; ''Cyphidium'' Ehrenberg 1837 non Magnus 1875; ''Leptocystis'' Playfair 1918] *** Trigonopyxidae Loeblich 1964 **** ''Geopyxella'' Bonnet & Thomas 1955 **** ''Trigonopyxis'' Penard 1912 ArcellinidaReferences
External links