Aqueduct (bridge)

Aqueducts are bridges constructed to convey watercourses across gaps such as valleys or ravines. The term ''aqueduct'' may also be used to refer to the entire watercourse, as well as the bridge. Large navigable aqueducts are used as transport links for boats or ships. Aqueducts must span a crossing at the same level as the watercourses on each end. The word is derived from the Latin ' ("water") and ' ("to lead"), therefore meaning "to lead water". A modern version of an aqueduct is a pipeline bridge. They may take the form of tunnels, networks of surface channels and canals, covered clay pipes or monumental bridges.

Ancient bridges for water

Although particularly associated with the Romans, aqueducts were likely first used by the Minoans around 2000 BCE. The Minoans had developed what was then an extremely advanced irrigation system, including several aqueducts.

In the seventh century BCE, the Assyrians built an 80 km long limestone aqueduct, which included a 10 m high section to cross a 300 m wide valley, to carry water to their capital city, Nineveh.

Roman Empire

Bridges were a distinctive feature of Roman aqueducts, which were built in all parts of the Roman Empire, from Germany to Africa, and especially in the city of Rome, where they supplied water to public baths and for drinking. Roman aqueducts set a standard of engineering that was not surpassed for more than a thousand years.

Modern aqueducts

Navigable aqueducts

Navigable aqueducts, also called water bridges, are water-filled bridges to allow vessels on a waterway to cross ravines or valleys. During the Industrial Revolution of the 18th century, navigable aqueducts were constructed as part of the boom in canal-building. A notable revolving aqueduct has been made on the Bridgewater Canal. This allowed vessels to cross at high and low levels while conserving water that would be lost in the operation of locks.

Notable aqueducts

Roman aqueducts

*The Pont du Gard in southern France
* Barbegal aqueduct, France
* Aqueduto de São Sebastião, in Coimbra, Portugal
* Eifel aqueduct, Germany
*Caesarea Maritima, Israel
*Patras, Greece
*Aqueduct of Segovia, Spain
* Acueducto de los Milagros, Mérida, Spain
*Tarragona, Spain
* Almuñécar, Spain (five aqueductsfour still in use)
* Valens Aqueduct, Istanbul, Turkey
* Aqua Augusta, Italy
*Aqua Claudia and the Anio Novus, as part of the Porta Maggiore, Rome, Italy
* Skopje Aqueduct, Skopje, North Macedonia

Other aqueducts

;France
*Aqueduct St-Clément, Montpellier, France17th century
*Roquefavour aqueduct, Francebuilt between 1842 and 1847

;Greece

* Kavala aqueduct, 16th-century Ottoman aqueduct in Kavala, Greece

;Malta
*Wignacourt Aqueduct, Malta; built in the 17th century to transport water from Dingli and Rabat to the new capital city Valletta; today, most of its arches still survive in the localities of Attard, Balzan, Birkirkara, Fleur-de-Lys and Santa Venera

;Montenegro
* Bar Aqueduct, Montenegro16th century
;Portugal

* Aqueduto da Amoreira, in Elvas, Portugal (built 1537–1620)
* Águas Livres Aqueduct, in Lisbon, Portugal (built 1731–1748)
* Aqueduto de Óbidos, in Óbidos, Portugal (built 1570)
* Aqueduto de Setúbal in Setúbal, Portugal (built 1696)
* Aqueduto dos Pegões in Tomar, Portugal (built 1593)
* Água de Prata Aqueduct, in Évora, Portugal (built 1531–1537)
* Santa Clara Aqueduct, in Vila do Conde, Portugal
;Russia
* Rostokino Aqueduct in Moscow (built 1780–1804)
;Spain
* Aqueduct of Teruel, Spain

Middle East

* Tabarja in Lebanon, aqueduct runs throughout the entire ancient town and is still actively used by the farmers of the area (built 1700–1750)

North America

* Greater Winnipeg Water District Aqueduct, Manitoba, Canadabuilt between 1915 and 1919
* High Bridge, part of the former Croton Aqueduct, built in 1848, is the oldest surviving bridge in New York City

Latin America

* Carioca Aqueduct in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (built 1744–1750)
* Surviving Spanish aqueducts in Mexico:
**Aqueduct of Querétaro, Mexicobuilt between 1726 and 1738, long and featuring 74 arches
**Aqueduct of Zacatecas, Zacatecas.
** Aqueduct of Padre Tembleque, Zempoala, Hidalgo Mexicobuilt between 1553 and 1570
**Aqueduct of Morelia, Michoacán, built between 1735 and 1738
** Aqueduct of Los Remedios, Naucalpan, Mexico, 1765
**Aqueduct of Acámbaro, Guanajuato, built in 1528MexicoTravel
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** Chapultepec aqueduct, Mexico City
** Aqueduct of Guadalupe, Mexico Citypresent-day only partially preserved due Modern avenues works
*Aqueduct of Bogotá, Colombia, built in 1955, notable by being the most modern aqueduct of Latin America in the 20th century.

India

* Mathur Aqueduct in Tamil Nadu state, India

Australia

* Boothtown Aqueduct in Sydney, Australia (built 1886–1888)

Gallery

File:AcueductoSegovia edit1.jpg, Aqueduct in Segovia, Spain
File:Zaghouan aqueduc.jpg, Roman aqueduct supplying Carthage, Tunisia
File:Pont du Gard 3.jpg, Pont du Gard near the town of Vers-Pont-du-Gard in southern France
File:Acueducto de los Remedios 05.jpg, De los Remedios Aqueduct, Naucalpan, Mexico
File:Bozdoģan Kemeri - panoramio.jpg, Aqueduct of Valens, Istanbul
File:Ghalehatam Bridge from sky.jpg, Qaleh-ye Hatam bridge in Borujerd, west of Iran
File:Roman aqueduct in the historic centre of Évora.jpg, Traditional homes built between the arches of the Água de Prata Aqueduct in Évora, Portugal
File:Skopje Aqueduct 9.jpg, Roman-era Skopje Aqueduct near Skopje, North Macedonia
File:SevenArches2240.jpg, A small disused aqueduct in Leeds, England
File:Acueducto Chihuahua - 01.JPG, Aqueduct in Chihuahua, Mexico
File:Lamas aqueduct, Mersin.jpg, Ruins of Lamas Aqueduct a Roman Aqueduct near Mersin, Turkey
File:Rostokinsky Aqueduct(Moscow).jpg, Rostokino Aqueduct in Moscow
File:Arcos da Lapa.jpg, Carioca Aqueduct in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
File:Greystanesaqueduct.jpg, 19th-century aqueduct in Sydney, Australia

See also

* List of bridge types
*Ancient Roman architecture
*Ancient Roman engineering
* List of aqueducts
* List of canal aqueducts in the United Kingdom
* List of Roman aqueduct bridges
*Pipelinesome used to carry water
*Viaduct
*Water resources

Notes

References

* Sextus Julius Frontinus,
De Aquaeductu Urbis Romae
' (''On the water management of the city of Rome''), Translated by R. H. Rodgers, 2003, University of Vermont
*Chanson, H. (2002)
Certains Aspects de la Conception hydrauliques des Aqueducs Romains. ('Some Aspect on the Hydraulic Design of Roman Aqueducts.')
Journal La Houille Blanche, No. 6/7, pp. 43–57 (ISSN 0018-6368)
*Chanson, H. (2008)
"The Hydraulics of Roman Aqueducts: What do we know? Why should we learn?"
in Proceedings of World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2008 Ahupua'a, ASCE-EWRI Education, Research and History Symposium, Hawaii, USA, Invited Keynote lecture, 13–16 May, R.W. Badcock Jr and R. Walton Eds., 16 pages ()

External links

Imperial Rome Water Systems600 Roman aqueducts with 25 descriptions in detailworldhistory.org
*http://britannica.com/technology/aqueduct-engineering
*

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