The ''Annales'' school () is a group of historians associated with a style of

historiography Historiography is the study of the methods used by historians in developing history as an academic discipline. By extension, the term ":wikt:historiography, historiography" is any body of historical work on a particular subject. The historiog ...

developed by French historians in the 20th century to stress long-term

social history Social history, often called history from below, is a field of history that looks at the lived experience of the past. Historians who write social history are called social historians. Social history came to prominence in the 1960s, spreading f ...

. It is named after its scholarly journal '' Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales'', which remains the main source of scholarship, along with many books and monographs. The school has been influential in setting the agenda for historiography in France and numerous other countries, especially regarding the use of social scientific methods by historians, emphasizing social and economic rather than political or diplomatic themes. The school deals primarily with late medieval and

early modern The early modern period is a Periodization, historical period that is defined either as part of or as immediately preceding the modern period, with divisions based primarily on the history of Europe and the broader concept of modernity. There i ...

Europe (before the French Revolution), with little interest in later topics. It has dominated French social history and heavily influenced historiography in Europe and Latin America. Prominent leaders include co-founders

Lucien Febvre Lucien Paul Victor Febvre ( ; ; 22 July 1878 – 11 September 1956) was a French historian best known for the role he played in establishing the Annales School of history. He was the initial editor of the ''Encyclopédie française'' together wit ...

(1878–1956), Henri Hauser (1866–1946) and

Marc Bloch Marc Léopold Benjamin Bloch ( ; ; 6 July 1886 – 16 June 1944) was a French historian. He was a founding member of the Annales School of French social history. Bloch specialised in medieval history and published widely on France in the Middle ...

(1886–1944). The second generation was led by

Fernand Braudel Fernand Paul Achille Braudel (; 24 August 1902 – 27 November 1985) was a French historian. His scholarship focused on three main projects: ''The Mediterranean'' (1923–49, then 1949–66), ''Civilization and Capitalism'' (1955–79), and the un ...

(1902–1985) and included Georges Duby (1919–1996), Pierre Goubert (1915–2012), Robert Mandrou (1921–1984), Pierre Chaunu (1923–2009),

Jacques Le Goff Jacques Le Goff (; 1 January 1924 – 1 April 2014) was a French historian and prolific author specializing in the Middle Ages, particularly the 12th and 13th centuries. Le Goff championed the Annales School movement, which emphasizes long-term ...

(1924–2014), and Ernest Labrousse (1895–1988). Institutionally it is based on the ''Annales'' journal, the SEVPEN publishing house, the (FMSH), and especially the 6th Section of the École pratique des hautes études, all based in Paris. A third generation was led by Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie (1929–2023) and includes Jacques Revel, and

Philippe Ariès Philippe Ariès (; 21 July 1914 – 8 February 1984) was a French medievalist and historian of the family and childhood, in the style of Georges Duby. He wrote many books on the common daily life. His most prominent works regarded the change in ...

(1914–1984), who joined the group in 1978. The third generation stressed history from the point of view of mentalities, or . The fourth generation of ''Annales'' historians, led by Roger Chartier (born 1945), clearly distanced itself from the approach, replaced by the

cultural Culture ( ) is a concept that encompasses the social behavior, institutions, and Social norm, norms found in human societies, as well as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, Social norm, customs, capabilities, Attitude (psychology), attitudes ...

and linguistic turn, which emphasizes the social history of cultural practices. The main scholarly outlet has been the journal ("Annals of Economic and Social History"), founded in 1929 by Lucien Febvre and Marc Bloch, which broke radically with traditional historiography by insisting on the importance of taking all levels of society into consideration and emphasized the collective nature of mentalities. Its contributors viewed events as less fundamental than the mental frameworks that shaped decisions and practices. However, informal successor as head of the school was Le Roy Ladurie. Multiple responses were attempted by the school. Scholars moved in multiple directions, covering in disconnected fashion the social, economic, and cultural history of different eras and different parts of the globe. By the time of the crisis the school was building a vast publishing and research network reaching across France, Europe, and the rest of the world. Influence spread out from Paris, but few new ideas came in. Much emphasis was given to quantitative data, seen as the key to unlocking all of social history. However, the ''Annales'' ignored the developments in quantitative studies underway in the U.S. and Britain, which reshaped economic, political, and demographic research. An attempt to require an ''Annales''-written textbook for French schools was rejected by the government. By 1980 postmodern sensibilities undercut confidence in overarching metanarratives. As Jacques Revel notes, the success of the ''Annales'' school, especially its use of social structures as explanatory forces, contained the seeds of its own downfall, for there is "no longer any implicit consensus on which to base the unity of the social, identified with the real". The ''Annales'' school kept its infrastructure, but lost its .

The journal

The journal began in Strasbourg as ; it moved to Paris and kept the same name from 1929 to 1939. It was successively renamed (1939–1942, 1945), (1942–1944), (1946–1994), and (1994– ). In 1962, Braudel and Gaston Berger used

Ford Foundation The Ford Foundation is an American private foundation with the stated goal of advancing human welfare. Created in 1936 by Edsel Ford and his father Henry Ford, it was originally funded by a $25,000 (about $550,000 in 2023) gift from Edsel Ford. ...

money and government funds to create a new independent foundation, the (FMSH), which Braudel directed from 1970 until his death. In 1970, the 6th Section and the ''Annales'' relocated to the FMSH building. FMSH set up elaborate international networks to spread the ''Annales'' gospel across Europe and the world. In 2013, it began publication of an English language edition, with all the articles translated. The scope of topics covered by the journal is vast and experimental—there is a search for total history and new approaches. The emphasis is on social history, and very long-term trends, often using quantification and paying special attention to geography and to the intellectual world view of common people, or "mentality" (). Little attention is paid to political, diplomatic, or military history, or to biographies of famous men. Instead the ''Annales'' focused attention on the synthesizing of historical patterns identified from social, economic, and cultural history, statistics, medical reports, family studies, and even psychoanalysis.

Origins

The ''Annales'' was founded and edited by

and

in 1929, while they were teaching at the

University of Strasbourg The University of Strasbourg (, Unistra) is a public research university located in Strasbourg, France, with over 52,000 students and 3,300 researchers. Founded in the 16th century by Johannes Sturm, it was a center of intellectual life during ...

and later in Paris. These authors, the former a medieval historian and the latter an early modernist, quickly became associated with the distinctive ''Annales'' approach, which combined geography, history, and the sociological approaches of the (many members of which were their colleagues at Strasbourg) to produce an approach which rejected the predominant emphasis on politics, diplomacy and war of many 19th and early 20th-century historians as spearheaded by historians whom Febvre called Les Sorbonnistes. Instead, they pioneered an approach to a study of long-term historical structures () over events and political transformations. Geography, material culture, and what later Annalistes called , or the psychology of the epoch, are also characteristic areas of study. The goal of the Annales was to undo the work of the Sorbonnistes, to turn French historians away from the narrowly political and diplomatic toward the new vistas in social and economic history. Co-founder

(1886–1944) was a quintessential modernist who studied at the elite École Normale Supérieure, and in Germany, serving as a professor at the University of Strasbourg until he was called to the Sorbonne in Paris in 1936 as professor of economic history. Bloch's interests were highly interdisciplinary, influenced by the geography of Paul Vidal de la Blache (1845–1918) and the sociology of

Émile Durkheim David Émile Durkheim (; or ; 15 April 1858 – 15 November 1917) was a French Sociology, sociologist. Durkheim formally established the academic discipline of sociology and is commonly cited as one of the principal architects of modern soci ...

(1858–1917). His own ideas, especially those expressed in his masterworks, ''French Rural History'' (, 1931) and ''Feudal Society'', were incorporated by the second-generation Annalistes, led by

Precepts

Georges Duby, a leader of the school, wrote that the history he taught: :relegated the sensational to the sidelines and was reluctant to give a simple accounting of events, but strove on the contrary to pose and solve problems and, neglecting surface disturbances, to observe the long and medium-term evolution of economy, society and civilisation. The Annalistes, especially

, advocated a , or , a complete study of a historic problem.

Postwar

Bloch was shot by the

Gestapo The (, ), Syllabic abbreviation, abbreviated Gestapo (), was the official secret police of Nazi Germany and in German-occupied Europe. The force was created by Hermann Göring in 1933 by combining the various political police agencies of F ...

during the

German occupation of France The Military Administration in France (; ) was an interim occupation authority established by Nazi Germany during World War II to administer the occupied zone in areas of northern and western France. This so-called ' was established in June 19 ...

in World War II for his active membership of the

French Resistance The French Resistance ( ) was a collection of groups that fought the German military administration in occupied France during World War II, Nazi occupation and the Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy#France, collaborationist Vic ...

, and Febvre carried on the ''Annales'' approach in the 1940s and 1950s. It was during this time that he mentored Braudel, who would become one of the best-known exponents of this school. Braudel's work came to define a "second" era of ''Annales'' historiography and was influential throughout the 1960s and 1970s, especially for his work on the Mediterranean region in the era of

Philip II of Spain Philip II (21 May 152713 September 1598), sometimes known in Spain as Philip the Prudent (), was King of Spain from 1556, King of Portugal from 1580, and King of Naples and List of Sicilian monarchs, Sicily from 1554 until his death in 1598. He ...

. Braudel developed the idea, often associated with Annalistes, of different modes of historical time: (the quasi motionless history) of historical geography, the history of social, political and economic structures (), and the history of men and events, in the context of their structures. While authors such as Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, Marc Ferro and

continue to carry the ''Annales'' banner, today the ''Annales'' approach has been less distinctive as more and more historians do work in

cultural history Cultural history records and interprets past events involving human beings through the social, cultural, and political milieu of or relating to the arts and manners that a group favors. Jacob Burckhardt (1818–1897) helped found cultural history ...

political history Political history is the narrative and survey of political events, ideas, movements, organs of government, voters, parties and leaders. It is closely related to other fields of history, including diplomatic history, constitutional history, soci ...

and

economic history Economic history is the study of history using methodological tools from economics or with a special attention to economic phenomena. Research is conducted using a combination of historical methods, statistical methods and the Applied economics ...

Bloch's (1924) looked at the long-standing folk belief that the king could cure scrofula by his thaumaturgic touch. The kings of France and England indeed regularly practiced the ritual. Bloch was not concerned with the effectiveness of the royal touch—he acted instead like an anthropologist in asking why people believed it and how it shaped relations between king and commoner. The book was highly influential in introducing comparative studies (in this case France and England), as well as long durations ("longue durée") studies spanning several centuries, even up to a thousand years, downplaying short-term events. Bloch's revolutionary charting of mentalities, or , resonated with scholars who were reading Freud and
Proust Valentin Louis Georges Eugène Marcel Proust ( ; ; 10 July 1871 – 18 November 1922) was a French novelist, literary critic, and essayist who wrote the novel (in French language, French – translated in English as ''Remembrance of Things Pas ...
. In the 1960s, Robert Mandrou and Georges Duby harmonized the concept of history with
Fernand Braudel Fernand Paul Achille Braudel (; 24 August 1902 – 27 November 1985) was a French historian. His scholarship focused on three main projects: ''The Mediterranean'' (1923–49, then 1949–66), ''Civilization and Capitalism'' (1955–79), and the un ...
's structures of historical time and linked mentalities with changing social conditions. A flood of studies based on these approaches appeared during the 1970s and 1980s. By the 1990s, however, history had become interdisciplinary to the point of fragmentation, but still lacked a solid theoretical basis. While not explicitly rejecting history, younger historians increasingly turned to other approaches.

Braudel

Fernand Braudel became the leader of the second generation after 1945. He obtained funding from the Rockefeller Foundation in New York and founded the 6th Section of the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, which was devoted to the study of history and the social sciences. It became an independent degree-granting institution in 1975 under the name École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (EHESS). Braudel's followers admired his use of the approach to stress slow, and often imperceptible effects of space, climate and technology on the actions of human beings in the past. The ''Annales'' historians, after living through two world wars and incredible political upheavals in France, were deeply uncomfortable with the notion that multiple ruptures and discontinuities created history. They preferred to stress inertia and the longue durée. Special attention was paid to geography, climate, and demography as long-term factors. They believed the continuities of the deepest structures were central to history, beside which upheavals in institutions or the superstructure of social life were of little significance, for history lies beyond the reach of conscious actors, especially the will of revolutionaries. They rejected the Marxist idea that history should be used as a tool to foment and foster revolutions. In turn the Marxists called them conservatives. Braudel's first book, (1949) (''The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II'') was his most influential. This vast panoramic view used ideas from other social sciences, employed effectively the technique of the longue durée, and downplayed the importance of specific events and individuals. It stressed geography but not . It was widely admired, but most historians did not try to replicate it and instead focused on their specialized monographs. The book dramatically raised the worldwide profile of the Annales School. In 1951, historian Bernard Bailyn published a critique of , which he framed as dichotomizing politics and society.

Regionalism

Before ''Annales'', French history supposedly happened in Paris. Febvre broke decisively with this paradigm in 1912, with his sweeping doctoral thesis on . The geography and social structure of this region overwhelmed and shaped the king's policies. The ''Annales'' historians did not try to replicate Braudel's vast geographical scope in . Instead they focused on regions in France over long stretches of time. The most important was the study of '' The Peasants of Languedoc'' by Braudel's star pupil and successor Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie. The regionalist tradition flourished especially in the 1960s and 1970s in the work of Pierre Goubert in 1960 on Beauvais and René Baehrel on Basse-Provence. ''Annales'' historians in the 1970s and 1980s turned to urban regions, including Pierre Deyon (Amiens), Maurice Garden (Lyon), Jean-Pierre Bardet (Rouen), Georges Freche (Toulouse), Gregory Hanlon (Agen and Layrac), and Jean-Claude Perrot (Caen). By the 1970s the shift was underway from the earlier economic history to cultural history and the history of mentalities.

Impact outside France

The ''Annales'' school systematically reached out to create an impact on other countries. Its success varied widely. The ''Annales'' approach was especially well received in

Italy Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern Europe, Southern and Western Europe, Western Europe. It consists of Italian Peninsula, a peninsula that extends into the Mediterranean Sea, with the Alps on its northern land b ...

and

Poland Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It extends from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Sudetes and Carpathian Mountains in the south, bordered by Lithuania and Russia to the northeast, Belarus and Ukrai ...

. Franciszek Bujak (1875–1953) and Jan Rutkowski (1886–1949), the founders of modern economic history in Poland and of the journal (1931– ), were attracted to the innovations of the Annales school. Rutkowski was in contact with Bloch and others, and published in the ''Annales''. After the Communists took control in the 1940s Polish scholars were safer working on the Middle Ages and the early modern era rather than contemporary history. After the " Polish October" of 1956 the Sixth Section in Paris welcomed Polish historians and exchanges between the circle of the ''Annales'' and Polish scholars continued until the early 1980s. The reciprocal influence between the French school and Polish historiography was particularly evident in studies on the Middle Ages and the early modern era studied by Braudel. In South America the ''Annales'' approach became popular. From the 1950s Federico Brito Figueroa was the founder of a new Venezuelan historiography based largely on the ideas of the Annales School. Brito Figueroa carried his conception of the field to all levels of university study, emphasizing a systematic and scientific approach to history and placing it squarely in the social sciences. Spanish historiography was influenced by the "Annales School" starting in 1950 with Jaume Vicens Vives (1910–1960). In Mexico, exiled Republican intellectuals extended the Annales approach, particularly from the Center for Historical Studies of El Colegio de México, the leading graduate studies institution of Latin America. British historians, apart from a few Marxists, were generally hostile. Academic historians decidedly sided with Geoffrey Elton's '' The Practice of History'' against Edward Hallett Carr's '' What Is History?'' One of the few British historians who were sympathetic towards the work of the ''Annales'' school was

Hugh Trevor-Roper Hugh Redwald Trevor-Roper, Baron Dacre of Glanton, (15 January 1914 – 26 January 2003) was an English historian. He was Regius Professor of Modern History (Oxford), Regius Professor of Modern History at the University of Oxford. Trevor-Rope ...

. Among American academics, founding figure in American

history of technology The history of technology is the history of the invention of tools and techniques by humans. Technology includes methods ranging from simple stone tools to the complex genetic engineering and information technology that has emerged since the 19 ...

Lynn White Jr. dedicated his seminal and controversial book ''Medieval Technology and Social Change'' to ''Annales'' founder Marc Bloch. Both the American and the ''Annales'' historians picked up important family reconstitution techniques from French demographer Louis Henry. The

Wageningen Wageningen () is a Municipalities of the Netherlands, municipality and a historic city in the central Netherlands, in the province of Gelderland. It is famous for Wageningen University, which specialises in life sciences. The municipality had a ...

school centered on Bernard Slicher van Bath was viewed internationally as a Dutch counterpart of the Annales school, although Slicher van Bath himself vehemently rejected the idea of a quantitative "school" of historiography. The ''Annales'' school has been cited as a key influence in the development of

World Systems Theory World-systems theory (also known as world-systems analysis or the world-systems perspective)Immanuel Wallerstein, (2004), "World-systems Analysis." In ''World System History'', ed. George Modelski, in ''Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems'' (E ...

by sociologist Immanuel Wallerstein.Wallerstein, Immanuel M. 2004. World-Systems Analysis: An Introduction. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

Current

The current leader is Roger Chartier, who is Directeur d'Études at the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales in Paris, Professeur in the Collège de France, and Annenberg Visiting professor of history at the

University of Pennsylvania The University of Pennsylvania (Penn or UPenn) is a Private university, private Ivy League research university in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. One of nine colonial colleges, it was chartered in 1755 through the efforts of f ...

. He frequently lectures and teaches in the United States, Spain, Mexico, Brazil and Argentina. His work in Early Modern European History focuses on the history of education, the history of the book and the history of reading. Recently, he has been concerned with the relationship between written culture as a whole and literature (particularly theatrical plays) for France, England and Spain. His work in this specific field (based on the criss-crossing between literary criticism, bibliography, and sociocultural history) is connected to broader historiographical and methodological interests which deal with the relation between history and other disciplines: philosophy, sociology, anthropology. Chartier's typical undergraduate course focuses upon the making, remaking, dissemination, and reading of texts in early modern Europe and America. Under the heading of "practices", his class considers how readers read and marked up their books, forms of note-taking, and the interrelation between reading and writing from copying and translating to composing new texts. Under the heading of "materials", his class examines the relations between different kinds of writing surfaces (including stone, wax, parchment, paper, walls, textiles, the body, and the heart), writing implements (including styluses, pens, pencils, needles, and brushes), and material forms (including scrolls, erasable tables, codices, broadsides and printed forms and books). Under the heading of "places", his class explores where texts were made, read, and listened to, including monasteries, schools and universities, offices of the state, the shops of merchants and booksellers, printing houses, theaters, libraries, studies, and closets. The texts for his course include the ''Bible'', translations of Ovid, ''Hamlet'', ''Don Quixote'', Montaigne's essays, Pepys's diary, Richardson's ''Pamela'', and Franklin's autobiography.

References

* Aurell i Cardona, Jaume. "Autobiographical Texts as Historiographical Sources: Rereading Fernand Braudel and Annie Kriegel", ''Biography'', Volume 29, Number 3, Summer 2006, pp. 425–44
in Project Muse
* Bintliff, John L. (ed.), ''The Annales School and archaeology'', Leicester : Leicester University Press (1991), * Burguière, André. ''L'École des Annales: Une histoire intellectuelle''. Paris: Odile Jacob. 2006. Pp. 366. (English edition) ''Annales School: An Intellectual History''. Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press. 2009. Pp. 309 * Burke, Peter. ''The French Historical Revolution: The Annales School 1929–89'', (1990), the major study in Englis
excerpt and text search
* Carrard, Philippe. "Figuring France: The Numbers and Tropes of Fernand Braudel", ''Diacritics'', Vol. 18, No. 3 (Autumn, 1988), pp. 2–1
in JSTOR
* Carrard, Philippe. ''Poetics of the New History: French Historical Discourse from Braudel to Chartier'', (1992) * Clark, Stuart, ed. ''The Annales School: Critical Assessments'' (4 vol, 1999) * Crifò, Giuliano. "Scuola delle Annales e storia del diritto: la situazione italiana", '' Mélanges de l'École française de Rome, antiquité'', vol. No. 93, (1981), pp. 483-49
in Persée
* Dewald, Jonathan. ''Lost Worlds: The Emergence of French Social History, 1815–1970'' (2006) 250p
excerpt and text search
* Dosse, Francois. ''New History in France: The Triumph of the Annales'', (1994, first French edition, 1987
excerpt and text search
* Fink, Carole. ''Marc Bloch: A Life in History'', (1989
excerpt and text search
* Forster, Robert. "Achievements of the Annales School", ''The Journal of Economic History'', Vol. 38, No. 1, (Mar., 1978), pp. 58–7
in JSTOR
* Friedman, Susan W. ''Marc Bloch, Sociology and Geography: Encountering Changing Disciplines'' (1996
excerpt and text search
* Harris, Olivia. "Braudel: Historical Time and the Horror of Discontinuity", ''History Workshop Journal'', Issue 57, Spring 2004, pp. 161–17

* Herubel, Jean-Pierre V. M. "Historiography's Horizon and Imperative: Febvrian Annales Legacy and Library History as Cultural History", ''Libraries & Culture'', 39#3 (2004), pp. 293–31

* Hexter, J. H. "Fernand Braudel and the Monde Braudellien", ''Journal of Modern History'', 1972, vol. 44, pp. 480–53
in JSTOR
* Hufton, Olwen. "Fernand Braudel", ''Past and Present'', No. 112. (Aug., 1986), pp. 208–213
in JSTOR
* Hunt, Lynn. "French History in the Last Twenty Years: the Rise and Fall of the Annales Paradigm". ''Journal of Contemporary History'' 1986 21(2): 209–224. Fulltext
in Jstor
* Huppert, George. "Lucien Febvre and Marc Bloch: The Creation of the Annales". ''The French Review'' 55#4 (1982), pp. 510–51
in JSTOR
* Iggers, G.G. ''Historiography in the Twentieth Century: From Scientific Objectivity to the Postmodern Challenge'' (1997), ch.5 * Leroux, Robert, ''Histoire et sociologie en France: de l'histoire-science à la sociologie durkheimienne'', Paris, Presses universitaires de France, 1998. * Long, Pamela O. "The Annales and the History of Technology", ''Technology and Culture'', 46#1 (2005), pp. 177–18

* Megill, Allan. "Coherence and Incoherence in Historical Studies: From the Annales School to the New Cultural History", ''New Literary History'', 35#2 (2004), pp. 207–23

* Rubin, Miri. ''The Work of Jacques Le Goff and the Challenges of Medieval History'' (1997) 272 page
excerpts and text search
* Moon, David. "Fernand Braudel and the Annales School
online edition
* Poirrier, Philippe. ''Aborder l'histoire'', Paris, Seuil, 2000. * Roberts, Michael. "The Annales school and historical writing". in Peter Lambert and Phillipp Schofield, eds. ''Making History: An Introduction to the History and Practices of a Discipline''. (2004), pp 78–9
online edition
* Schilling, Derek. "Everyday Life and the Challenge to History in Postwar France: Braudel, Lefebvre, Certeau", ''Diacritics'', Volume 33, Number 1, Spring 2003, pp. 23–4

* Steiner, Frederick. "Material Life: Human Ecology and the Annales School", Landscape Architecture Volume 76, Number 1, pp. 69–75. * Stirling, Katherine. "Rereading Marc Bloch: the Life and Works of a Visionary Modernist". ''History Compass'' 2007 5#2: 525–538. in History Compass * Stoianovich, Traian. ''French Historical Method: The Annales Paradigm'', (1976) * Trevor-Roper, H. R. "Fernand Braudel, the Annales, and the Mediterranean", ''The Journal of Modern History'', 44#4 (1972), pp. 468–47
in JSTOR

Major books and essays from the school

* Ariès, Philippe et al. eds, ''A History of Private Life'' (5 vols. 1987–94) * Bloch, Marc. ''Les Rois Thaumaturges'' (1924), translated as ''The Royal Touch: Monarchy and Miracles in France and England'' (1990) * Bloch, Marc. ''Feudal Society: Vol 1: The Growth and Ties of Dependence'' (1989); ''Feudal Society: Vol 2: Social Classes and Political Organisation''(1989
excerpt and text search
* Bloch, Marc. ''French Rural History: An Essay on Its Basic Characteristics'' (1972) * Braudel, Fernand. ''La Méditerranée et le Monde Méditerranéen à l'Epoque de Philippe II'' (1949) (translated as ''The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II'
excerpt and text search vol. 1
* Braudel, Fernand. ''Civilisation Matérielle, Economie et Capitalisme XVe–XVIIIe Siècle'' (3 vol. 1979) (translated as ''Capitalism and Material Life''
excerpt and text search vol. 1excerpt and text search vol 3
* Burguière, André, and Jacques Revel. ''Histoire de la France'' (1989), textbook * Chartier, Roger. ''Inscription and Erasure: Literature and Written Culture from the Eleventh to the Eighteenth Century'' (2007
excerpt and text search
* Earle, P., ed. ''Essays in European Economic History, 1500–1800'', (1974), translated articles from ''Annales'' * Ferro, Marc, ed. ''Social Historians in Contemporary France: Essays from "Annales"'', (1972) * Goubert, Pierre. ''The French Peasantry in the Seventeenth Century'' (1986
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* Goubert, Pierre. ''The Ancien Régime, 1600–1750'' (1974) * Le Roy Ladurie, Emmanuel. ''Montaillou: Cathars and Catholics in a French Village, 1294–1324'' (1978
excerpt and text search
* Le Roy Ladurie, Emmanuel. ''The Peasants of Languedoc'' (1966; English translation 1974
search
* Hunt, Lynn, and Jacques Revel (eds). ''Histories: French Constructions of the Past''. The New Press. 1994. (A collection of 64 essays with many pieces from the Annales).

Historiography from the school

* Bloch, Marc. ''Méthodologie Historique'' (1988); originally conceived in 1906 but not published until 1988; revised in 1996 * Bloch, Marc. ''Apologie pour l'histoire ou Métier d'historien'' (1949), translated as ''The Historian's Craft'' (1953
excerpt of 1992 introduction by Peter Burke (historian), and text search
* Braudel, Fernand. ''Ecrits sur l'histoire'' (1969), reprinted essays; translated as ''On History'', (1980
excerpt and text search
**includes Braudel, Fernand. "Histoire et Science Sociale: La Longue Durée" (1958) ''Annales E.S.C.'', 13:4 October–December 1958, 725–753 * Braudel, Fernand. "Personal Testimony". ''Journal of Modern History'' 1972 44(4): 448–467.
in JSTOR
* Burke, Peter, ed. ''A New Kind of History From the Writings of Lucien Febvre'', (1973) * Duby, Georges. ''History Continues'', (1991, translated 1994) * Febvre, Lucien. ''A New Kind of History: From the Writings of Lucien Febvre'' ed. by Peter Burke (1973) translated articles from ''Annales'' * Le Roy Ladurie, Emmanuel. ''The Mind and Method of the Historian'' (1981) * Le Roy Ladurie, Emmanuel. ''The Territory of the Historian'' (1979) * Le Goff, Jacques and Paul Archambault. "An Interview with Jacques Le Goff". ''Historical Reflections'' 1995 21(1): 155–185. * Le Goff, Jacques, ''History and Memory'' (1996
excerpt and text search
* Revel, Jacques, and Lynn Hunt, eds. ''Histories: French Constructions of the Past'', (1995). 654pp * Revel, Jacques, ed. ''Political Uses of the Past: The Recent Mediterranean Experiences'' (2002
excerpt and text search
* Vovelle, M. ''Ideologies and Mentalities'' (1990)

External links

Free access to all issues of the ''Annales'' from 1929 to 2002.

Recent issues of ''Annales: Histoire, Sciences Sociales'' (2003–present).

* ttp://www.age-of-the-sage.org/history/historian/Fernand_Braudel.html Biography of Fernand Braudel.
Detailed bibliographies of major historians.

{{Portal bar, History 20th century Historical schools Historiography of France Historiography Interdisciplinary historical research History journals Sociology journals Academic journals established in 1929 Academic journals published in France School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences