Andrés de Jesús María y José Bello López (; November 29, 1781 – October 15, 1865) was a

Venezuela Venezuela (; ), officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela ( es, link=no, República Bolivariana de Venezuela), is a country on the northern coast of South America, consisting of a continental landmass and many islands and islets in th ...

n- Chilean

humanist Humanism is a philosophical stance that emphasizes the individual and social potential and agency of human beings. It considers human beings the starting point for serious moral and philosophical inquiry. The meaning of the term "human ...

, diplomat, poet, legislator,

philosopher A philosopher is a person who practices or investigates philosophy. The term ''philosopher'' comes from the grc, φιλόσοφος, , translit=philosophos, meaning 'lover of wisdom'. The coining of the term has been attributed to the Greek th ...

, educator and

philologist Philology () is the study of language in oral and written historical sources; it is the intersection of textual criticism, literary criticism, history, and linguistics (with especially strong ties to etymology). Philology is also defined ...

, whose political and literary works constitute an important part of

Spanish America Spanish America refers to the Spanish territories in the Americas during the Spanish colonization of the Americas. The term "Spanish America" was specifically used during the territories' imperial era between 15th and 19th centuries. To the e ...

n culture. Bello is featured on the old 2,000

Venezuelan bolívar The bolívar is the official currency of Venezuela. Named after the hero of Latin American independence Simón Bolívar, it was introduced following the monetary reform in 1879, before which the venezolano was circulating. Due to its decade- ...

and the 20,000 Chilean peso notes. In Caracas, where he was born, Andrés Bello was

Simón Bolívar Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar y Palacios (24 July 1783 – 17 December 1830) was a Venezuelan military and political leader who led what are currently the countries of Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Panama and B ...

's teacher for a short period of time and participated in the process that led to Venezuelan independence. As a diplomat for the new independent government that he helped establish, he went with Luis López Méndez and Simón Bolívar on their first diplomatic mission to London. He lived in London from 1810 to 1829. In 1829, Bello went with his family to Chile. He was hired by the Chilean government and made great works in the field of law and humanities. In Santiago he held positions as a senator and a professor, as well as directing several local newspapers. As a legislator, he was the main promoter and editor of the

Chilean Civil Code The Civil Code of the Republic of Chile (''Código Civil de la República de Chile'', also referred to as the ''Code of Bello'') is the work of jurist and legislator Andrés Bello. After several years of individual work (though officially present ...

, one of the most innovative and influential American legal works of his time. In 1842, under his inspiration and with his decisive support, the

University of Chile The University of Chile ( es, Universidad de Chile) is a public research university in Santiago, Chile. It was founded on November 19, 1842, and inaugurated on September 17, 1843.

was created, an institution of which he became the first rector, staying in the post for more than two decades. Due to his great contributions, on 17 October 1832 he was given Chilean nationality through a law approved by the

Congress A congress is a formal meeting of the representatives of different countries, constituent states, organizations, trade unions, political parties, or other groups. The term originated in Late Middle English to denote an encounter (meeting of ...

Biographical information

Life in Venezuela (1781-1810)

Bello was born in

Caracas Caracas (, ), officially Santiago de León de Caracas, abbreviated as CCS, is the capital and largest city of Venezuela, and the center of the Metropolitan Region of Caracas (or Greater Caracas). Caracas is located along the Guaire River in th ...

and grew up studying at the academy of Ramón Vanlonsten. He was the first son of the lawyer don Bartolomé Bello and Ana Antonia López, whose parents descended from people from the

Canary Islands The Canary Islands (; es, :es:Canarias, Canarias, ), also known informally as the Canaries, are a Spanish Autonomous communities of Spain, autonomous community and archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean, in Macaronesia. At their closest point to ...

. He also frequented the Convent of las Mercedes, where he studied Latin under Father Cristobal de Quesada. After the monk's death in 1796, Bello translated Book V of the

Aeneid The ''Aeneid'' ( ; la, Aenē̆is or ) is a Latin epic poem, written by Virgil between 29 and 19 BC, that tells the legendary story of Aeneas, a Trojan who fled the fall of Troy and travelled to Italy, where he became the ancestor of ...

.Biblioteca de Traducciones Hispanoamericanas
/ref> He studied

Liberal Arts Liberal arts education (from Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as La ...

Law Law is a set of rules that are created and are enforceable by social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior,Robertson, ''Crimes against humanity'', 90. with its precise definition a matter of longstanding debate. It has been vario ...

and

Medicine Medicine is the science and practice of caring for a patient, managing the diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, treatment, palliation of their injury or disease, and promoting their health. Medicine encompasses a variety of health care pr ...

at the University of Caracas and graduated on May 9, 1800, with a degree of Bachelor of Arts. As well as having unfinished studies in law and medicine, he also learned English and French on his own. He gave private classes, with the young

among his students. His translations and adaptations of classic texts gave him prestige, and in 1802 won, by contest, the rank of officer Second Secretary of the colonial government. During the period 1802–1810, Bello became one of the most intellectually influential people in the society of Caracas, standing in performing political work for the colonial administration, besides gaining notoriety as a poet, translating the tragedy ''Zulima'' by

Voltaire François-Marie Arouet (; 21 November 169430 May 1778) was a French Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher. Known by his '' nom de plume'' M. de Voltaire (; also ; ), he was famous for his wit, and his criticism of Christianity—e ...

. He later became known for his early writings and translations, edited the newspaper ''

Gazeta de Caracas ''La Gazeta de Caracas'' ( es, The Caracas Gazette) was the first newspaper printed in Venezuela; its first issue was published on October 24, 1808. In 1814, its name changed to ''Gaceta de Caracas''. The newspaper was issued, with some interrupt ...

'' and held important offices in the government of the

Captaincy General A captaincy ( es, capitanía , pt, capitania , hr, kapetanija) is a historical administrative division of the former Spanish and Portuguese colonial empires. It was instituted as a method of organization, directly associated with the home-rule ...

of Venezuela. He accompanied

Alexander von Humboldt Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander von Humboldt (14 September 17696 May 1859) was a German polymath, geographer, naturalist, explorer, and proponent of Romantic philosophy and science. He was the younger brother of the Prussian minister ...

in a part of his Latin American expedition (1800) and was for a short time Simón Bolívar's teacher.Arismendi Posada, Ignacio; ''Gobernantes Colombianos'', trans. Colombian Presidents; Interprint Editors Ltd.; Italgraf; Segunda Edición; Page 10; Bogotá, Colombia; 1983 His relationships with both men became a major factor in cultivating his ideas for his intellectual career. Bello spent ten years after his formal education in his homeland of Caracas. He authored two pieces of literary work, ''Calendario manual y guía universal del forastero en Venezuela para el año de 1810'' and the ''Resumen de la historia de Venezuela''.Gregory Weinberg "Andres Bello" UNESCO: International Bureau of Education, 2000 Both works became widely accepted in Venezuela, and from this point Bello started his career as a poet. As time progressed, Bello further expanded his notions on

humanism Humanism is a philosophical stance that emphasizes the individual and social potential and agency of human beings. It considers human beings the starting point for serious moral and philosophical inquiry. The meaning of the term "human ...

and

conservatism Conservatism is a cultural, social, and political philosophy that seeks to promote and to preserve traditional institutions, practices, and values. The central tenets of conservatism may vary in relation to the culture and civilizati ...

. From his theories and ideas, Bello was eventually hailed as one of the foremost humanists of his time. On April 19, 1810, Bello participated in events that helped to spark the independence of Venezuela, including the dismissal of Captain General Vicente Emparan by the Cabildo de Caracas. The Supreme Junta of Caracas, the institution that governed the Captaincy General of Venezuela following the forced resignation of Emparan, and immediately named Bello First Officer of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. On June 10 of that year, he set sail on a diplomatic mission to London as a representative of the new Republic. He was commissioned, together with Simón Bolívar and Luis López Méndez, to obtain British support for the cause of independence. Bello was chosen for his knowledge and command of the English language, which he had acquired predominantly on his own.

Life in Britain (1810-1829)

As First Officer of

's Foreign Secretariat after the coup on April 19, 1810, he was sent to

London London is the capital and List of urban areas in the United Kingdom, largest city of England and the United Kingdom, with a population of just under 9 million. It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a estuary dow ...

with

and Luis López Méndez serving as Diplomatic Representative to procure funds for the revolutionary effort until 1813. Bello landed at

Portsmouth Portsmouth ( ) is a port and city in the ceremonial county of Hampshire in southern England. The city of Portsmouth has been a unitary authority since 1 April 1997 and is administered by Portsmouth City Council. Portsmouth is the most d ...

as an attaché to Bolívar's mission in July 1810. Bello had an admittedly hard life throughout his stay in England, though he managed to further develop his ideas and took a particular interest in

England England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Wales to its west and Scotland to its north. The Irish Sea lies northwest and the Celtic Sea to the southwest. It is separated from continental Europe ...

's social changes from the industrial and agricultural revolution. In order to earn a living while in London, Bello taught Spanish and tutored Lord Hamilton's children. In London, he met

Francisco de Miranda Sebastián Francisco de Miranda y Rodríguez de Espinoza (28 March 1750 – 14 July 1816), commonly known as Francisco de Miranda (), was a Venezuelan military leader and revolutionary. Although his own plans for the independence of the Spani ...

and became a frequent visitor of his library in Grafton Way, as well as of the

British Museum The British Museum is a public museum dedicated to human history, art and culture located in the Bloomsbury area of London. Its permanent collection of eight million works is among the largest and most comprehensive in existence. It docum ...

. Along with Bello, Bolívar and López also became friends with Miranda and used their opportunity to become known thanks to Miranda's accomplishments. During his lengthy stay in England, he curbed his feelings of homesickness and became contemporaries with thinkers and intellectuals such as

José María Blanco White Joseph Blanco White, born José María Blanco y Crespo (11 July 1775 – 20 May 1841), was an Anglo-Spanish political thinker, theologian, and poet. Life Blanco White was born in Seville, Spain. He had Irish ancestry and was the son of the mer ...

, Bartólome José Gallardo,

Vicente Rocafuerte Vicente Rocafuerte y Bejarano (1 May 1783 – 16 May 1847) was an influential figure in Ecuadorian politics and President of Ecuador from 10 September 1834 to 31 January 1839. He was born into an aristocratic family in Guayaquil, Ecuador, and ...

to name a few. He stayed in London for nineteen years acting as a secretary to legations and diplomatic affairs for

Chile Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in the western part of South America. It is the southernmost country in the world, and the closest to Antarctica, occupying a long and narrow strip of land between the Andes to the eas ...

and

Colombia Colombia (, ; ), officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country in South America with insular regions in North America—near Nicaragua's Caribbean coast—as well as in the Pacific Ocean. The Colombian mainland is bordered by the ...

. In his free time he was involved in study, teaching and journalism."Bello, Andrés." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 28 Oct. 2008 An

English Heritage English Heritage (officially the English Heritage Trust) is a charity that manages over 400 historic monuments, buildings and places. These include prehistoric sites, medieval castles, Roman forts and country houses. The charity states that i ...

blue plaque A blue plaque is a permanent sign installed in a public place in the United Kingdom and elsewhere to commemorate a link between that location and a famous person, event, or former building on the site, serving as a historical marker. The term ...

commemorates Bello at 58 Grafton Way, his Fitzrovia address. In 1812, Andrés Bello suffered economically as he tried to return home to Venezuela. The earthquake that occurred March 26, 1812, prevented Bello's family from helping him financially in his return. The fall of the First Republic ended the mode of financial support he received from Latin America and the arrest of Francisco de Miranda did not make any thing better. In 1814, Andrés Bello married Mary Ann Boyland, a 20-year-old Englishwoman. They had three children, (1815–1854), Francisco Bello Boyland (1817–1845), and Juan Pablo Antonio Bello Boyland (1820–1821). His family situation was constantly affected by his financial situation forcing him to always find new work. He worked for the government of Cundinamarca in 1815 and the

United Provinces of the Río de la Plata The United Provinces of the Río de la Plata ( es, link=no, Provincias Unidas del Río de la Plata), earlier known as the United Provinces of South America ( es, link=no, Provincias Unidas de Sudamérica), was a name adopted in 1816 by the Co ...

the following year. In 1821, his wife died of

tuberculosis Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by '' Mycobacterium tuberculosis'' (MTB) bacteria. Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but it can also affect other parts of the body. Most infections show no symptoms, ...

and shortly after his son, Juan Pablo died as well. In 1823, Bello published the with Juan Garcia del Rio which was widely hailed in Europe. Their collaboration included a reform of Spanish orthography that became official in several Spanish American countries, most lastingly in Chile. In 1826 he published the journal ''Repertorio Americano'' to which he frequently contributed as both editor and poet.John Crow (1992), ''The Epic of Latin America'', California:

University of California Press The University of California Press, otherwise known as UC Press, is a publishing house associated with the University of California that engages in academic publishing. It was founded in 1893 to publish scholarly and scientific works by facul ...

. p643 His two epic poems by which he was made famous, entitled , were originally published during his time in London around 1826 and documented the emerging culture of the

New World The term ''New World'' is often used to mean the majority of Earth's Western Hemisphere, specifically the Americas."America." ''The Oxford Companion to the English Language'' (). McArthur, Tom, ed., 1992. New York: Oxford University Press, p. ...

. The second of the poems is the most famous of the two, and is a poetic description of South America's tropical lands in a style reminiscent of

Virgil Publius Vergilius Maro (; traditional dates 15 October 7021 September 19 BC), usually called Virgil or Vergil ( ) in English, was an ancient Roman poet of the Augustan period. He composed three of the most famous poems in Latin literature: th ...

, a poet of great influence for Bello. His situation temporarily got better in 1822 when Antonio José de Irisarri, a Chilean minister in London, named Bello interim secretary of the legation. On February 24, 1824, Bello remarried Isabel Antonia Dunn, with whom he had 12 children (three born in London and the rest in Chile). Bello was able to become interim secretary again but for Colombia and took charge on February 7, 1825. This job was not what he expected as he was paid irregularly due to the financial crisis in Latin America. In December 1826, Bello wrote a letter to Bolívar asking him to help out with his financial situation in London. Not only did he write because of his economic crisis, but because he believed that his friendship with Bolívar had disappeared. In April 1827, Bello wrote to Bolívar again but his situation did not get any better. Their friendship eventually came to an end when Bolívar gave Bello's position to someone else and Bello had to find another job. In 1828, the government of Chile offered Bello a job in the Ministry of Finance and on February 14, 1829, he finally left the United Kingdom. AndrésBello

Life in Chile (1829-1865)

In 1829 he accepted a post in the Chilean Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Santiago, Chile under the administration of Chilean minister Diego Portales. While a surprising candidate considering his Venezuelan birth, he gladly accepted the post and was later named Senator of Santiago. As Senator, Bello founded the

University of Chile The University of Chile ( es, Universidad de Chile) is a public research university in Santiago, Chile. It was founded on November 19, 1842, and inaugurated on September 17, 1843.

in 1843 and held a position as Rector for the remainder of his life. Until his death at the age of eighty-three, Bello worked tirelessly to train the young minds of the new

republic A republic () is a " state in which power rests with the people or their representatives; specifically a state without a monarchy" and also a "government, or system of government, of such a state." Previously, especially in the 17th and 18th ...

. Such brilliant thinkers and writers as

José Victorino Lastarria José Victorino Lastarria (; 23 March 1817 – 14 June 1888) was a Chilean writer, legislative deputy, senator, diplomat, and finance minister. Early life José Victorino Lastarria was the son of Francisco Lastarria y Cortés and Carmen Santander ...

and

Francisco Bilbao Francisco Bilbao Barquín (; 19 January 1823 – 9 February 1865) was a Chilean writer, philosopher and liberal politician. Early life Francisco Bilbao Barquin was born in Santiago on 9 January 1823 to Rafael Bilbao Beyne and Argentina Mercedes ...

were influenced by their time with Bello. The Gramática de la lengua castellana destinada al uso de los americanos, or ''Castilian Grammar Intended for the Use by Americans'' (''Americans'' referring to Castilian- or Spanish-speaking inhabitants of the Americas), finished in 1847, was the first Spanish-American Grammar, with many original contributions, a product of long years of study. Republished over the years with many revisions, the most significant of which are by

Rufino José Cuervo Rufino José Cuervo Urisarri (Bogotá, Colombia), was a Colombian writer, linguist, and philologist. He studied Latin and Greek, but the main part of his work was dedicated to the study of the dialectal variations of Spanish spoken in Colombia. ...

, this is still a valuable reference work. Bello was accepted in the

Royal Spanish Academy The Royal Spanish Academy ( es, Real Academia Española, generally abbreviated as RAE) is Spain's official royal institution with a mission to ensure the stability of the Spanish language. It is based in Madrid, Spain, and is affiliated with ...

as Correspondent Member in 1861.

Works

Prose

*Complete works from Santiago, Chile ** I. Philosophy of the Understanding. ** II. Poem of the Cid ** III. Poetry ** IV. Grammar of the Castilian Language ** V. Grammatical Tracts ** VI. Literary and Critical Booklets ** VII. Literary and Critical Booklets ** VIII. Literary and Critical Booklets ** IX. Legal Brochures ** X. International Law ** XI. Project of Civil Code ** XII. Draft Civil Code ** XIII. Unpublished Project of Civil Code ** XIV. Scientific Booklets ** XV. Miscellaneous * Complete works from Caracas, Venezuela ** I. Poetry ** II. Drafts of Poetry ** III. Philosophy of Understanding and Other Philosophical Writings ** IV. Grammar of the Castilian Language Destined to the Use of the Americans ** XVIII. Legal and Social Issues ** XIX. Texts and Government Messages ** XX. Labor in the Senate of Chile (Speeches and Writings) ** XXIII. Topics of History and Geography ** XXIV. Cosmography and Other Writings of Scientific Divulgation ** XXV. Epistolario ** XXVI. Epistolario

Poems

* ''El romance a un samán'' nglish: ''The Romance of a Samán'' (Caracas)* ''A un Artista'' nglish: ''To an Artist'' (Caracas)* ''Oda al Anauco'' nglish: ''Ode to Anauco'', 1800* ''Oda a la vacuna'' nglish: ''Ode to the Vaccine'', 1804* ''Tirsis habitador del Tajo umbra'' nglish: ''Tirsis Inhabitant of the Shady Tagus'', 1805* ''Los sonnets a la victoria de Bailén'' nglish: ''The Sonnets to the Victory of Bailén'', 1808* ''A la nave (imitation de Horacio)'' nglish:_''To_the_Ship_(Imitation_of_Horace)'',_1808.html" ;"title="Horace.html" ;"title="nglish: ''To the Ship (Imitation of Horace">nglish: ''To the Ship (Imitation of Horace)'', 1808">Horace.html" ;"title="nglish: ''To the Ship (Imitation of Horace">nglish: ''To the Ship (Imitation of Horace)'', 1808* ''Alocución a la Poesía, Londres'' [English: ''Speech to Poetry (London)'', 1823] * ''El incendio de la Compañía (canto elegíaco)'', Santiago de Chile, Imprenta del Estado [English: ''The Fire of the Company (Elegiac Song)'' Santiago, Chile, 1841] * ''La agricultura de la zona tórrida'' (in ''Las Cien Mejores Poesías de la Lengua Castellana'') nglish: ''The agriculture of the torrid zone'' (in ''The Hundred Best Poems in the Castilian Language'')

Accomplishments

One of Bello's most famous accomplishments was his promulgation of the 1852 Civil Code of Chile, passed by Chilean Congress in 1855. It served primarily as a governing code similar to Europe's Napoleonic Code. He worked on this Code for twenty years, and it was later adopted by both Colombia and

Ecuador Ecuador ( ; ; Quechua: ''Ikwayur''; Shuar: ''Ecuador'' or ''Ekuatur''), officially the Republic of Ecuador ( es, República del Ecuador, which literally translates as "Republic of the Equator"; Quechua: ''Ikwadur Ripuwlika''; Shuar: ' ...

Memorials

Bello is also revered by the

María Lionza María Lionza is the central figure in one of the most widespread new religious movements in Venezuela. The cult of María Lionza began in the 20th century as a blend of African, indigenous and Catholic beliefs. She is revered as a goddess of ...

cult of Venezuela. * In 1953 the Andrés Bello Catholic University (Universidad Católica Andrés Bello) was founded and named in his honour. * Chile's Andrés Bello Diplomatic Academy (Academia Diplomática de Chile Andrés Bello) was named after Bello. Unab

* A raised bust was erected in Bello's honour at

St Antony's College, Oxford St Antony's College is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England. Founded in 1950 as the result of the gift of French merchant Sir Antonin Besse of Aden, St Antony's specialises in international relations, economi ...

, with an inscription that reads: 'Poet, Jurist, Philosopher, Philologist, Educator: Born Caracas 1781. Died Santiago de Chile 1865. From 1810 to 1829 he served the cause of South American Independence'. * Bello is featured on the old 2,000

and the 20,000 Chilean peso notes. There is also a decoration, the Venezuelan Order of Andrés Bello. * In 1988,

Andrés Bello National University The Andrés Bello National University ( es, Universidad Andrés Bello or Universidad Nacional Andrés Bello :es:Universidad Andrés Bello) (UNAB) is a Chilean private university established in 1988. UNAB is ranked 56th of Latin American univ ...

, a private university in Chile, adopted his name. * In 2001, the Andrés Bello Chair in Latin American Cultures and Civilizations was established at

New York University New York University (NYU) is a private research university in New York City. Chartered in 1831 by the New York State Legislature, NYU was founded by a group of New Yorkers led by then- Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin. In 1832, th ...

’s King Juan Carlos I of Spain Center. * In 2008, the

University of Chile The University of Chile ( es, Universidad de Chile) is a public research university in Santiago, Chile. It was founded on November 19, 1842, and inaugurated on September 17, 1843.

created "Public Bello" magazine, named in honour of Bello, covering popular themes about society. * In 2014, a column in ''

The Economist ''The Economist'' is a British weekly newspaper printed in demitab format and published digitally. It focuses on current affairs, international business, politics, technology, and culture. Based in London, the newspaper is owned by The Eco ...

'' covering Latin America was named "Bello" in his honour. * A building on the Rinconada de los Poetas in Mexico City is named Andrés Bello.

Descendants

File:EmilioBelloCodesido.jpg,

Emilio Bello Codesido Emilio Bello Codesido (13 July 1868 – 3 March 1963) was a Chilean lawyer, diplomat, deputy and President of the Government Junta that ruled Chile in 1925. He was the son of Andrés Ricardo Bello, and grandson of Andres Bello, who authored t ...

, Chilean diplomat, deputy and President of the government junta (1868 - 1963) File:Grigorev, Boris - Joaquin Edwards Bello.jpg, Joaquín Edwards Bello, Chilean writer (1887 - 1968) File:ErnestoBalmaceda.jpg, Ernesto Balmaceda Bello, Chilean diplomat (1887 - 1906) File:Clarisa Bello de Vargas.jpg, Clarisa Bello Guzmán, granddaughter File:Inés Echeverría Bello (1868-1949).jpeg, Inés Echeverría Bello Chilean writer (1868-1949) File:Rebeca Matte.jpg,

Rebeca Matte Bello Rebeca Matte Bello (; October 29, 1875 – May 15, 1929) was a Chilean sculptor. Her sculptures are in the collection of the Chilean National Museum of Fine Arts, including her sculpture ''Icarus and Daedalus,'' which resides outside the museum ...

Chilean sculptor (1875 - 1929) File:María Emilia Vargas Bello (1896-1978).jpg, María Emilia Vargas Bello (1896-1978), great-granddaughter File:Eugenio Cruz Vargas.jpg,

Eugenio Cruz Vargas Eugenio Cruz Vargas (Santiago de Chile, Santiago, October 2, 1923 – Olmué, January 18, 2014) was a notable Chilean poet and painter. His art was developed under the Realism (arts), naturalistic landscape and abstraction, and his collection of ...

, Chilean painter and poet(1923 -2014)

Notes

External links

* {{DEFAULTSORT:Bello, Andrés 1781 births 1865 deaths People from Caracas People from Santiago Members of the Senate of Chile Foreign ministers of Chile Chilean humanists Chilean male poets Chilean philosophers 19th-century Chilean poets Naturalized citizens of Chile Central University of Venezuela alumni Linguists of Spanish Venezuelan diplomats Venezuelan essayists 19th-century Venezuelan historians Venezuelan humanists Venezuelan philosophers Venezuelan translators Venezuelan male poets 19th-century Venezuelan poets Venezuelan people of Canarian descent Venezuelan people of Spanish descent Venezuelan schoolteachers Venezuelan emigrants to Chile Scholars of Roman law English–Spanish translators French–Spanish translators German–Spanish translators Italian–Spanish translators Latin–Spanish translators People from Somers Town, London Venezuelan independence activists Venezuelan Freemasons