André Le Nôtre (; 12 March 1613 – 15 September 1700), originally rendered as André Le Nostre, was a French
landscape architect
A landscape architect is a person who is educated in the field of landscape architecture. The practice of landscape architecture includes: site analysis, site inventory, site planning, land planning, planting design, grading, storm water manage ...
and the principal gardener of King
Louis XIV of France
, house = Bourbon
, father = Louis XIII
, mother = Anne of Austria
, birth_date =
, birth_place = Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France
, death_date =
, death_place = Palace of ...
. He was the landscape architect who designed
the gardens of the
Palace of Versailles
The Palace of Versailles ( ; french: Château de Versailles ) is a former royal residence built by King Louis XIV located in Versailles, about west of Paris, France. The palace is owned by the French Republic and since 1995 has been managed, u ...
; his work represents the height of the French formal garden style, or ''
jardin à la française
The French formal garden, also called the (), is a style of garden based on symmetry and the principle of imposing order on nature. Its epitome is generally considered to be the Gardens of Versailles designed during the 17th century by the la ...
''.
Prior to working on Versailles, Le Nôtre collaborated with
Louis Le Vau and
Charles Le Brun on the park at
Vaux-le-Vicomte. His other works include the design of gardens and parks at
Chantilly,
Fontainebleau,
Saint-Cloud and
Saint-Germain. His contribution to
planning was also significant: at the
Tuileries he extended the westward vista, which later became the avenue of the
Champs-Élysées and comprise the ''
Axe historique''.
Biography
Early life
André Le Nôtre was born in
Paris
Paris () is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), making it the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2020. Si ...
, into a family of gardeners. Pierre Le Nôtre, who was in charge of the gardens of the
Palais des Tuileries in 1572, may have been his grandfather. André's father Jean Le Nôtre was also responsible for sections of the Tuileries gardens, initially under
Claude Mollet
Claude Mollet (ca. 1564 – shortly before 1649), ''premier jardinier du Roy'' — first gardener to three French kings, Henri IV, Louis XIII and the young Louis XIV — was a member of the Mollet dynasty of French garden designers in t ...
, and later as head gardener, during the reign of
Louis XIII
Louis XIII (; sometimes called the Just; 27 September 1601 – 14 May 1643) was King of France from 1610 until his death in 1643 and King of Navarre (as Louis II) from 1610 to 1620, when the crown of Navarre was merged with the French crow ...
. André was born on 12 March 1613, and was baptised at the
Église Saint-Roch
The Church of Saint-Roch (french: Église Saint-Roch) is a 17th-18th-century French Baroque and classical style church in Paris, dedicated to Saint Roch. It is located at 284 rue Saint-Honoré, in the 1st arrondissement. The current church was ...
. His godfather at the ceremony was an administrator of the royal gardens, and his godmother was the wife of Claude Mollet.
The family lived in a house within the Tuilieries, and André thus grew up surrounded by gardening, and quickly acquired both practical and theoretical knowledge. The location also allowed him to study in the nearby
Palais du Louvre, part of which was then used as an academy of the arts. He learned
mathematics
Mathematics is an area of knowledge that includes the topics of numbers, formulas and related structures, shapes and the spaces in which they are contained, and quantities and their changes. These topics are represented in modern mathematics ...
,
painting
Painting is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a solid surface (called the "matrix" or "support"). The medium is commonly applied to the base with a brush, but other implements, such as knives, sponges, and a ...
and
architecture
Architecture is the art and technique of designing and building, as distinguished from the skills associated with construction. It is both the process and the product of sketching, conceiving, planning, designing, and constructing buildings ...
, and entered the ''
atelier'' of
Simon Vouet, painter to Louis XIII, where he met and befriended the painter
Charles Le Brun. He learned classical art and perspective, and studied for several years under the architect
François Mansart, a friend of Le Brun.
Career
In 1635, Le Nôtre was named the principal gardener of the king's brother
Gaston, duc d'Orléans. On 26 June 1637, Le Nôtre was appointed head gardener at the Tuileries, taking over his father's position. He had primary responsibility for the areas of the garden closest to the palace, including the
orangery built by Simon Bouchard. In 1643 he was appointed "draughtsman of plants and terraces" for
Anne of Austria
Anne of Austria (french: Anne d'Autriche, italic=no, es, Ana María Mauricia, italic=no; 22 September 1601 – 20 January 1666) was an infanta of Spain who became Queen of France as the wife of King Louis XIII from their marriage in 1615 unt ...
, the queen mother, and from 1645 to 1646 he worked on the modernisation of the gardens of the
Château de Fontainebleau
Palace of Fontainebleau (; ) or Château de Fontainebleau, located southeast of the center of Paris, in the commune of Fontainebleau, is one of the largest French royal châteaux. The medieval castle and subsequent palace served as a residence ...
.
He was later put in charge of all the royal gardens of France, and in 1657 he was further appointed Controller-General of the Royal Buildings. There are few direct references to Le Nôtre in the royal accounts, and Le Nôtre himself seldom wrote down his ideas or approach to gardening. He expressed himself purely through his gardens. He became a trusted advisor to Louis XIV, and in 1675 he was ennobled by the King. He and Le Brun even accompanied the court at the siege of
Cambrai
Cambrai (, ; pcd, Kimbré; nl, Kamerijk), formerly Cambray and historically in English Camerick or Camericke, is a city in the Nord department and in the Hauts-de-France region of France on the Scheldt river, which is known locally as the ...
in 1677.
In 1640, he married Françoise Langlois. They had three children, although none survived to adulthood.
Vaux-le-Vicomte
André Le Nôtre's first major garden design was undertaken for
Nicolas Fouquet, Louis XIV's Superintendent of Finances. Fouquet began work on the
Château de Vaux-le-Vicomte in 1657, employing the architect
Louis Le Vau, the painter Charles Le Brun, and Le Nôtre. The three designers worked in partnership, with Le Nôtre laying out a grand, symmetrical arrangement of
parterre
A ''parterre'' is a part of a formal garden constructed on a level substrate, consisting of symmetrical patterns, made up by plant beds, low hedges or coloured gravels, which are separated and connected by paths. Typically it was the part of ...
s, pools and gravel walks. Le Vau and Le Nôtre exploited the changing levels across the site, so that the canal is invisible from the house, and employed
forced perspective to make the grotto appear closer than it really is. The gardens were complete by 1661, when Fouquet held a grand entertainment for the king. But only three weeks later, on 10 September 1661, Fouquet was arrested for embezzling state funds, and his artists and craftsmen were taken into the king's service.
Versailles
From 1661, Le Nôtre was working for Louis XIV to build and enhance the
garden and parks of the
Château de Versailles. Louis extended the existing hunting lodge, eventually making it his primary residence and seat of power. Le Nôtre also laid out the radiating city plan of
Versailles
The Palace of Versailles ( ; french: Château de Versailles ) is a former royal residence built by King Louis XIV located in Versailles, about west of Paris, France. The palace is owned by the French Republic and since 1995 has been managed, ...
, which included the largest avenue yet seen in Europe, the Avenue de Paris.
In the following century, the Versailles design influenced
Pierre Charles L'Enfant's master plan for
Washington, D.C. See,
L'Enfant Plan.
Other gardens
France
In 1661, Le Nôtre was also working on the gardens at the
Palace of Fontainebleau
Palace of Fontainebleau (; ) or Château de Fontainebleau, located southeast of the center of Paris, in the commune of Fontainebleau, is one of the largest French royal châteaux. The medieval castle and subsequent palace served as a residence ...
. In 1663 he was engaged at
Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye
The Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye () is a former royal palace in the commune of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, in the ''département'' of Yvelines, about 19 km west of Paris, France. Today, it houses the '' musée d'Archéologie nationale'' (N ...
, and
Château de Saint-Cloud, residence of
Philippe d'Orléans, where he would oversee works for many years. Also from 1663, Le Nôtre was engaged at
Château de Chantilly, property of the
Prince de Condé, where he worked with his brother-in-law Pierre Desgots until the 1680s. From 1664 he was rebuilding the gardens of the Tuileries, at the behest of
Colbert, Louis's chief minister, who still hoped the king would remain in Paris. In 1667 Le Nôtre extended the main axis of the gardens westward, creating the avenue which would become the
Champs-Élysées. Colbert commissioned Le Nôtre in 1670, to alter the gardens of his own
château de Sceaux, which was ongoing until 1683.
Abroad
In 1662, he provided designs for
Greenwich Park in London, for
Charles II of England
Charles II (29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685) was King of Scotland from 1649 until 1651, and King of England, Scotland and Ireland from the 1660 Restoration of the monarchy until his death in 1685.
Charles II was the eldest surviving child o ...
. In 1670 Le Nôtre conceived a project for the
Castle of Racconigi
The Royal Castle of Racconigi is a palace and landscape park in Racconigi, province of Cuneo, Italy. It was the official residence of the Carignano line of the House of Savoy, and is one of the Residences of the Royal House of Savoy included by U ...
in Italy, and between 1674 and 1698 he remodelled the gardens of
Venaria Reale, near
Turin
Turin ( , Piedmontese language, Piedmontese: ; it, Torino ) is a city and an important business and cultural centre in Northern Italy. It is the capital city of Piedmont and of the Metropolitan City of Turin, and was the first Italian capital ...
. In 1679, he visited Italy. His later advice was provided for
Charlottenburg Palace and château de Cassel in Germany, and with plans for
Windsor Castle
Windsor Castle is a royal residence at Windsor in the English county of Berkshire. It is strongly associated with the English and succeeding British royal family, and embodies almost a millennium of architectural history.
The original c ...
.
Final works
Between 1679 and 1682, he was involved in the planning of the gardens of
Château de Meudon for
François-Michel le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois, and in 1691 redid the garden of the
Hôtel de Saint-Aignan
The Hôtel de Saint-Aignan, originally the Hôtel d'Avaux, is a 17th-century ''hôtel particulier'', located at 71 Rue de Temple, in the 3rd arrondissement and the Marais district of Paris. It was constructed 1644–1650 to the designs of the a ...
in Paris.
His work has often been favorably compared and contrasted ("the antithesis") to the
œuvre of
Lancelot "Capability" Brown
Lancelot Brown (born c. 1715–16, baptised 30 August 1716 – 6 February 1783), more commonly known as Capability Brown, was an English gardener and landscape architect, who remains the most famous figure in the history of the English lan ...
, the English landscape architect.
List of principal gardens by Le Nôtre
* Gardens of
Versailles
The Palace of Versailles ( ; french: Château de Versailles ) is a former royal residence built by King Louis XIV located in Versailles, about west of Paris, France. The palace is owned by the French Republic and since 1995 has been managed, ...
, city plan of
Versailles
The Palace of Versailles ( ; french: Château de Versailles ) is a former royal residence built by King Louis XIV located in Versailles, about west of Paris, France. The palace is owned by the French Republic and since 1995 has been managed, ...
* Gardens of
Vaux-le-Vicomte
* Gardens of
Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye
The Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye () is a former royal palace in the commune of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, in the ''département'' of Yvelines, about 19 km west of Paris, France. Today, it houses the '' musée d'Archéologie nationale'' (N ...
* Gardens of
Château de Saint-Cloud (the château no longer stands but the gardens still exist)
* Gardens of
Palais des Tuileries
* Gardens of
Château de Sceaux
* Gardens of
Château de Fontainebleau
Palace of Fontainebleau (; ) or Château de Fontainebleau, located southeast of the center of Paris, in the commune of Fontainebleau, is one of the largest French royal châteaux. The medieval castle and subsequent palace served as a residence ...
* Gardens of
Château de Chantilly
* Gardens of
Château de Bercy (demolished),
Charenton-le-Pont
Charenton-le-Pont () is a commune in the southeastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located from the centre of Paris, to the north of the confluence of the Seine and Marne rivers; the () part of the name refers to the stone bridge acros ...
* Gardens of
* Gardens of
Château d'Issy (demolished)
* Gardens of
Château de ChenaillesChâteau de Chenailles in the Loiret
"It welcomed the Kings of France and its park of 14 hectares was designed by Le Nôtre."
In popular culture
André Le Nôtre was played by Matthias Schoenaerts in the 2014 film '' A Little Chaos''.
See also
* 17th-century French art
* Baroque architecture
Baroque architecture is a highly decorative and theatrical style which appeared in Italy in the early 17th century and gradually spread across Europe. It was originally introduced by the Catholic Church, particularly by the Jesuits, as a means ...
: ''French garden design history:''
* Gardens of the French Renaissance
* French formal garden
The French formal garden, also called the (), is a style of garden based on symmetry and the principle of imposing order on nature. Its epitome is generally considered to be the Gardens of Versailles designed during the 17th century by the ...
* French landscape garden
The French landscape garden (french: jardin anglais, jardin à l'anglaise, jardin paysager, jardin pittoresque, jardin anglo-chinois) is a style of garden inspired by idealized romantic landscapes and the paintings of Hubert Robert, Claude Lorrai ...
References
Sources
* Gady, Alexandre (2008). ''Les Hôtels particuliers de Paris du Moyen Âge à la Belle Époque''. Paris: Parigramme. .
*
*
* Hazlehurst, F. Hamilton (1980). ''Gardens of Illusion: The Genius of André Le Nostre''. Nashville, Tennessee: Vanderbilt University Press. .
* Hazlehurst, F. Hamilton (1996)
"Le Nôtre , André"
vol. 19, pp. 162–164, in ''The Dictionary of Art
''Grove Art Online'' is the online edition of ''The Dictionary of Art'', often referred to as the ''Grove Dictionary of Art'', and part of Oxford Art Online, an internet gateway to online art reference publications of Oxford University Press ...
'', edited by Jane Turner. London: Macmillan.
*
Citations
Further reading
* Thompson, Ian. ''The Sun King's Garden: Louis XIV, André Le Nôtre And the Creation of the Gardens of Versailles''. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2006 (hardcover, ).
*
Reviewed
by Peter Parker in th
''Telegraph''
1 October 2006.
*
Reviewed
by John Adamson in th
''Telegraph''
2006.
External links
André Le Nôtre
website of the Ministry of Culture and of Communication (in French and English)
biography from gardenvisit.com, landscape architecture and garden guide
André le Nôtre
French biography, pictures and video
notice for a 2014 French television documentary about the life of André le Nôtre, directed by Jacques Vichet
{{DEFAULTSORT:Le Notre, Andre
1613 births
1700 deaths
Artists from Paris
Burials at Saint-Roch, Paris
French Baroque garden designers
French Roman Catholics
Members of the Académie royale d'architecture
Architects from Versailles