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In the 10th edition of ''Systema Naturae'',
Carl Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus (; 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné Blunt (2004), p. 171. (), was a Swedish botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, ...
described the
Amphibia Amphibians are four-limbed and ectothermic vertebrates of the class Amphibia. All living amphibians belong to the group Lissamphibia. They inhabit a wide variety of habitats, with most species living within terrestrial, fossorial, arbo ...
as:
Animals that are distinguished by a body cold and generally naked; stern and expressive countenance; harsh voice; mostly lurid color; filthy odor; a few are furnished with a horrid poison; all have cartilaginous bones, slow circulation, exquisite sight and hearing, large pulmonary vessels, lobate
liver The liver is a major organ only found in vertebrates which performs many essential biological functions such as detoxification of the organism, and the synthesis of proteins and biochemicals necessary for digestion and growth. In humans, it i ...
, oblong thick stomach, and cystic, hepatic, and pancreatic ducts: they are deficient in
diaphragm Diaphragm may refer to: Anatomy * Thoracic diaphragm, a thin sheet of muscle between the thorax and the abdomen * Pelvic diaphragm or pelvic floor, a pelvic structure * Urogenital diaphragm or triangular ligament, a pelvic structure Other * Diap ...
, do not transpire (sweat), can live a long time without food, are tenatious of life, and have the power of reproducing parts which have been destroyed or lost; some undergo a
metamorphosis Metamorphosis is a biological process by which an animal physically develops including birth or hatching, involving a conspicuous and relatively abrupt change in the animal's body structure through cell growth and differentiation. Some inse ...
; some cast (shed) their skin; some appear to live promiscuously on land or in the water, and some are torpid during the winter.
Linnaean characteristics *Heart: 1 auricle, 1 ventricle. Cold, dark red blood *Lungs: breathes uncertainly *Jaw: incumbent *Penis: (frequently) double *Eggs: (usually) membranaceous *Organs of Sense: tongue, nostrils, eyes, ears *Covering: a naked skin *Supports: various, in some none. Creeps in warm places and hisses Linnaeus often regarded reptiles within the amphibian class because living in
Sweden Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden,The United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names states that the country's formal name is the Kingdom of SwedenUNGEGN World Geographical Names, Sweden./ref> is a Nordic countries, Nordic c ...
, he often noticed that the local reptiles (examples include the common adder and
grass snake The grass snake (''Natrix natrix''), sometimes called the ringed snake or water snake, is a Eurasian non-venomous colubrid snake. It is often found near water and feeds almost exclusively on amphibians. Subspecies Many subspecies are recognized ...
) would hunt and be active in the water. In the 10th edition of ''Systema Naturae'', Linnaeus included several species of fishes (that do not belong the superclass
Osteichthyes Osteichthyes (), popularly referred to as the bony fish, is a diverse superclass of fish that have skeletons primarily composed of bone tissue. They can be contrasted with the Chondrichthyes, which have skeletons primarily composed of cartil ...
) into the amphibian class. It was not until later on that he would merge them into the Fish class and give them their own new order "Chondropterygious", defining them as species ''with cartilaginous gills''. Linnaeus divided the amphibians based upon the limb structures and the way they breathed.


Reptiles

; ''Testudo'' (
turtle Turtles are an order of reptiles known as Testudines, characterized by a special shell developed mainly from their ribs. Modern turtles are divided into two major groups, the Pleurodira (side necked turtles) and Cryptodira (hidden necked t ...
s &
tortoise Tortoises () are reptiles of the family Testudinidae of the order Testudines (Latin: ''tortoise''). Like other turtles, tortoises have a shell to protect from predation and other threats. The shell in tortoises is generally hard, and like oth ...
s) *''Testudo mydas'' –
Green sea turtle The green sea turtle (''Chelonia mydas''), also known as the green turtle, black (sea) turtle or Pacific green turtle, is a species of large sea turtle of the family Cheloniidae. It is the only species in the genus ''Chelonia''. Its range exten ...
*''Testudo caretta'' –
Loggerhead sea turtle The loggerhead sea turtle (''Caretta caretta'') is a species of oceanic turtle distributed throughout the world. It is a marine reptile, belonging to the family Cheloniidae. The average loggerhead measures around in carapace length when fully ...
*''Testudo orbicularis'' & ''Testudo lutaria'' –
European pond turtle The European pond turtle (''Emys orbicularis''), also called commonly the European pond terrapin and the European pond tortoise, is a species of long-living freshwater turtle in the family Emydidae. The species is endemic to the Western Palearct ...
*''Testudo scabra'' – Spot-legged turtle *''Testudo graeca'' & ''Testudo pusilla'' –
Spur-thighed tortoise The Greek tortoise (''Testudo graeca''), also known commonly as the spur-thighed tortoise, is a species of tortoise in the family Testudinidae. ''Testudo graeca'' is one of five species of Mediterranean tortoises ( genera '' Testudo'' and '' ...
*''Testudo carolina'' & ''Testudo carinata'' – Eastern box turtle *''Testudo geometrica'' – Geometric tortoise *''Testudo serpentina'' –
Common snapping turtle The common snapping turtle (''Chelydra serpentina'') is a species of large freshwater turtle in the family Chelydridae. Its natural range extends from southeastern Canada, southwest to the edge of the Rocky Mountains, as far east as Nova Scotia ...
; ''Draco'' ( gliding lizards) *''Draco volans'' – '' Draco volans'', Flying Dragon ; ''Lacerta'' ( terrestrial lizards,
salamander Salamanders are a group of amphibians typically characterized by their lizard-like appearance, with slender bodies, blunt snouts, short limbs projecting at right angles to the body, and the presence of a tail in both larvae and adults. All t ...
s, &
crocodilian Crocodilia (or Crocodylia, both ) is an order of mostly large, predatory, semiaquatic reptiles, known as crocodilians. They first appeared 95 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous period (Cenomanian stage) and are the closest livin ...
s) *''Lacerta crocodilus'' – ''Caiman crocodilus'', Spectacled Caiman *''Lacerta caudiverbera'' – ictitiousref name="K&D"/> *''Lacerta superciliosa'' – '' Uranoscodon superciliosa'' *''Lacerta scutata'' – '' Lyriocephalus scutatus'' *''Lacerta monitor'' – ejectedref name="K&D"/> *''Lacerta principalis'' –
Carolina Anole ''Anolis carolinensis'' or green anole () (among other names below) is a tree-dwelling species of anole lizard native to the southeastern United States and introduced to islands in the Pacific and Caribbean. A small to medium-sized lizard, the ...
*''Lacerta bicarinata'' – '' Neusticurus bicarinatus'' *''Lacerta palustris'', ''Lacerta vulgaris'', & ''Lacerta aquatica'' – ''Lissotriton vulgaris'', Smooth newt *''Lacerta cordylus'' – ''
Cordylus cordylus ''Cordylus cordylus'', the Cape girdled lizard, is a medium-sized lizard indigenous to the southern Cape region of South Africa, where it inhabits crags, rocky outcrops and mountain summits. They evade predators by wedging themselves firmly in r ...
'' *''Lacerta stellio'' – ''
Laudakia stellio ''Laudakia stellio '' is a species of agamid lizard.Baig KJ et al. (2012)"A morphology-based taxonomic revision of ''Laudakia'' Gray, 1845 (Squamata: Agamidae)".''Vertebrate Zoology'' 62 (2): 213–260. (''Stellagama'', new genus, p. 222). also ...
'' *''Lacerta mauritanica'' – ''
Tarentola mauritanica ''Tarentola mauritanica'', known as the common wall gecko, is a species of gecko (Gekkota) native to the western Mediterranean area of North Africa and Europe. It has been introduced to Madeira and Balearic Islands, and the Americas (in Montevid ...
'', European common gecko *''Lacerta azurea'' – ''
Uracentron azureum The green thornytail iguana (''Uracentron azureum'') is an arboreal species of lizard from the Amazon rainforest and forests in the Guiana Shield. It is found in Colombia, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, northeastern Peru, southern Venezuela, a ...
'' *''Lacerta turcica'' – ''Hemidactylus turcicus'',
Mediterranean house gecko The Mediterranean house gecko (''Hemidactylus turcicus'') is a species of house gecko common to the Mediterranean area which has spread to many parts of the world. It is commonly referred to as the Turkish gecko as represented in its Latin name ...
*''Lacerta ameiva'' – ''Ameiva ameiva'', Giant Ameiva *''Lacerta agilis'' – ''Lacerta agilis'',
Sand Lizard The sand lizard (''Lacerta agilis'') is a lacertid lizard distributed across most of Europe from France and across the continent to Lake Baikal in Russia. It does not occur in European Turkey. Its distribution is often patchy. In the sand lizard' ...
*''Lacerta algira'' – ''Psammodromus algirus'', Large Psammodromus *''Lacerta seps'' – '' Tetradactylus seps'' *''Lacerta angulata'' – '' Alopoglossus angulatus'' *''Lacerta chamaeleon'' – ''
Chamaeleo chamaeleon ''Chamaeleo'' is a genus of chameleons in the family Chamaeleonidae. Most species of the genus ''Chamaeleo'' are found in sub-Saharan Africa, but a few species are also present in northern Africa, southern Europe, and southern Asia east to Indi ...
'', Common chameleon *''Lacerta salamandra'' – Fire salamander *''Lacerta gecko'' – ''Gekko gecko'',
Tokay gecko The tokay gecko (''Gekko gecko'') is a nocturnal arboreal gecko in the genus ''Gekko'', the true geckos. It is native to Asia and some Pacific Islands. Subspecies Two subspecies are currently recognized. *''G. g. gecko'' ( Linnaeus, 1758): t ...
*''Lacerta scincus'' – ''
Scincus scincus ''Scincus scincus'', also commonly known as the sandfish skink, common sandfish or common skink, is a species of skink notable for its burrowing or swimming behaviour in sand. It is native to the Sahara Desert and the Arabian Peninsula, but is ...
'', Sandfish *''Lacerta hispida'' – '' Agama hispida'' *''Lacerta orbicularis'' – ''Phrynosoma orbiculare'', Mexican plateau horned lizard *''Lacerta basiliscus'' – ''Basiliscus basiliscus'',
Common basilisk The common basilisk (''Basiliscus basiliscus'') is a species of lizard in the family Corytophanidae. The species is endemic to Central America and South America, where it is found near rivers and streams in rainforests. It is also known as th ...
*''Lacerta iguana'' – ''Iguana iguana'', Green iguana *''Lacerta calotes'' – '' Calotes calotes'', Common green forest lizard *''Lacerta agama'' – ''
Agama agama The common agama, red-headed rock agama or rainbow agama (''Agama agama'') is a species of lizard from the family Agamidae found in most of sub-Saharan Africa. To clear up historical confusion based on Linnaeus and other authors, Wagner, et al. ( ...
'', Rock Agama *''Lacerta umbra'' – '' Plica umbra'' *''Lacerta plica'' – '' Plica plica'' *''Lacerta marmorata'' – ''
Polychrus marmoratus ''Polychrus marmoratus'' or many-colored bush anole is a species of bush anole. It is also commonly referred to as the monkey lizard due to its slow movement. The lizard has many predators, including spiders and primates. Description ''Polych ...
'' *''Lacerta bullaris'' – Jamaican giant anole *''Lacerta strumosa'' – 'nomen_oblitum''.html" ;"title="nomen_oblitum.html" ;"title="'nomen oblitum">'nomen oblitum''">nomen_oblitum.html" ;"title="'nomen oblitum">'nomen oblitum''for ''Anolis lineatus''Daudin, 1802 *''Lacerta teguixin'' – ''Tupinambis teguixin'', Gold tegu *''Lacerta aurata'' *''Lacerta punctata'' – ''Riopa punctata'' *''Lacerta lemniscata'' – ''Cnemidophorus lemniscatus'', Rainbow Whiptail *''Lacerta fasciata'' – ''
Plestiodon fasciatus The (American) five-lined skink (''Plestiodon fasciatus'') is a species of lizard in the family Scincidae. The species is endemic to North America. It is one of the most common lizards in the eastern U.S. and one of the seven native species ...
'', Five-lined skink *''Lacerta lineata'' – ''
Gymnophthalmus lineatus '' Gymnophthalmus lineatus'' is a species of lizard in the family Gymnophthalmidae. It is found in Venezuela, Suriname, Aruba, Curaçao, and Bonaire Bonaire (; , ; pap, Boneiru, , almost pronounced ) is a Dutch island in the Leeward Anti ...
'' *''Lacerta chalcides'' – ''
Chalcides chalcides The Italian three-toed skink or the cylindrical skink (''Chalcides chalcides'') is a species of lizard found from Italy (including Sicily, Sardinia and Elba), to northern Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia. It is common in some locations and i ...
'', Three-toed skink *''Lacerta anguina'' – ''Chamaesaura anguina'', Cape grass lizard ; ''Rana'' (
frog A frog is any member of a diverse and largely Carnivore, carnivorous group of short-bodied, tailless amphibians composing the order (biology), order Anura (ανοὐρά, literally ''without tail'' in Ancient Greek). The oldest fossil "proto-f ...
s &
toad Toad is a common name for certain frogs, especially of the family Bufonidae, that are characterized by dry, leathery skin, short legs, and large bumps covering the parotoid glands. A distinction between frogs and toads is not made in scient ...
s) *''Rana pipa'' – ''Pipa pipa'',
Suriname Toad The common Surinam toad or star-fingered toad (''Pipa pipa'') is an purely aquatic species of frog in the family ''Pipidae'' with a widespread distribution in South America. The species is known for incubating its eggs in honeycombed chambers i ...
*''Rana bufo'', ''Rana rubeta'', & ''Rana ventricosa'' – ''Bufo bufo'',
Common Toad The common toad, European toad, or in Anglophone parts of Europe, simply the toad (''Bufo bufo'', from Latin ''bufo'' "toad"), is a frog found throughout most of Europe (with the exception of Ireland, Iceland, and some Mediterranean islands), in ...
*''Rana gibbosa'' – ''Breviceps gibbosus'', Cape Rain Frog *''Rana variegata'' – ''Bombina variegata'',
yellow-bellied toad The yellow-bellied toad (''Bombina variegata'') belongs to the order Anura, the family Bombinatoridae, and the genus of fire-bellied toads. The toad is distributed mainly across western Europe as well as a handful of countries in eastern Europe ...
*''Rana marina'' – ''Bufo marinus'',
cane toad The cane toad (''Rhinella marina''), also known as the giant neotropical toad or marine toad, is a large, terrestrial true toad native to South and mainland Central America, but which has been introduced to various islands throughout Oceania ...
*''Rana typhonia'' – '' Trachycephalus typhonius'' *''Rana ocellata'' – '' Osteopilus ocellatus'' *''Rana cornuta'' – ''Ceratophrys cornuta'', Surinam horned frog *''Rana marginata'' – 'nomen_dubium''.html" ;"title="nomen_dubium.html" ;"title="'nomen dubium">'nomen dubium''">nomen_dubium.html" ;"title="'nomen dubium">'nomen dubium''*''Rana paradoxa'' – ''Pseudis paradoxa'', paradoxical frog *''Rana temporaria'' – ''Rana temporaria'', Common Frog, and ''Rana arvalis'', Moor Frog *''Rana esculenta'' – ''Rana esculenta'', Edible Frog *''Rana arborea'' & ''Rana hyla'' – ''Hyla arborea'', European tree frog *''Rana boans'' – '' Hypsiboas boans''


Serpentes

; ''Crotalus'' (
rattlesnake Rattlesnakes are venomous snakes that form the genera ''Crotalus'' and ''Sistrurus'' of the subfamily Crotalinae (the pit vipers). All rattlesnakes are vipers. Rattlesnakes are predators that live in a wide array of habitats, hunting small an ...
s) *''Crotalus horridus'' – ''
Crotalus horridus The timber rattlesnake, canebrake rattlesnake, or banded rattlesnake (''Crotalus horridus'')Albert Hazen WWright AH, Anna Allen WWright AA (1957). ''Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada''. Ithaca and London: Comstock Publishing A ...
'' *''Crotalus dryinas'' & ''Crotalus durissus'' – '' Crotalus durissus'' ; ''Boa'' ( boas) *''Boa murina'' & ''Boa scytale'' – ''
Eunectes murinus The green anaconda (''Eunectes murinus''), also known as the giant Emerald anaconda, common anaconda, common water boa or sucuri, is a boa species found in South America. It is the heaviest and one of the longest known extant snake species. Li ...
'', anaconda *''Boa canina'' & ''Boa hypnale'' – '' Corallus caninus'', emerald tree boa *''Boa constrictor'' & ''Boa orophias'' – ''
Boa constrictor The boa constrictor (scientific name also ''Boa constrictor''), also called the red-tailed boa, is a species of large, non-venomous, heavy-bodied snake that is frequently kept and bred in captivity. The boa constrictor is a member of the family B ...
'' *''Boa cenchria'' – ''
Epicrates cenchria The rainbow boa (''Epicrates cenchria'') is a boa species endemic to Central and South America. A semi-arboreal species (not only do they climb in they wild but also proven in captivity), it is known for its attractive iridescent/holographi ...
'' *''Boa enydris'' & ''Boa hortulana'' – ''
Corallus hortulanus ''Corallus hortulana'', commonly known as the Amazon tree boa, macabrel, common tree boa, and garden tree boa,Mehrtens JM. 1987. Living Snakes of the World in Color. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp. . is a boa species found in South Ameri ...
'' ; ''Coluber'' ( racers,
vipers The Viperidae (vipers) are a family of snakes found in most parts of the world, except for Antarctica, Australia, Hawaii, Madagascar, and various other isolated islands. They are venomous and have long (relative to non-vipers), hinged fangs th ...
& cobras) *''Coluber vipera'' – '' Cerastes vipera'' *''Coluber atropos'' – '' Bitis atropos'' *''Coluber leberis'' – uppressedref>
*''Coluber lutrix'' – ''
Duberria lutrix ''Duberria lutrix'', or the common slug eater, is a small, ovoviviparous, molluscivorous, non- venomous snake, which is endemic to Africa. Description Adults can be up to thirty to forty cm (approximately twelve to sixteen inches). The co ...
'' *''Coluber calamarius'' – '' Oligodon calamarius'' *''Coluber constrictor'' – ''
Coluber constrictor The eastern racer (''Coluber constrictor'') is a species of nonvenomous snake in the family Colubridae. The species is endemic to North America and Central America. Eleven subspecies, including the nominotypical subspecies, are recognized, which ...
'' *''Coluber ammodytes'' – '' Vipera ammodytes'' *''Coluber cerastes'' – '' Cerastes cerastes'' *''Coluber plicatilis'' – '' Pseudoeryx plicatilis'' *''Coluber domicella'' – '' Liophis poecilogyrus'' *''Coluber alidras'' – perhaps ''
Helicops angulatus The brown-banded water snake (''Helicops angulatus'') is a species of aquatic snake found in tropical South America and Trinidad and Tobago. It is also known as the water mapepire. Description The brown-banded water snake grows to a maximum to ...
'' *''Coluber buccatus'' –''
Homalopsis buccata ''Homalopsis buccata'' (puff-faced water snake or masked water snake) is a species of mildly venomous snake in the Homalopsidae family found in tropical areas of Southeast Asia. Description Upper labials 1–4 contact single loreal; two pre ...
'' *''Coluber angulatus'' – ''
Helicops angulatus The brown-banded water snake (''Helicops angulatus'') is a species of aquatic snake found in tropical South America and Trinidad and Tobago. It is also known as the water mapepire. Description The brown-banded water snake grows to a maximum to ...
'' *''Coluber berus'' & ''Coluber chersea'' – '' Vipera berus'' *''Coluber caeruleus'' – 'nomen_dubium''.html" ;"title="nomen_dubium.html" ;"title="'nomen dubium">'nomen dubium''">nomen_dubium.html" ;"title="'nomen dubium">'nomen dubium''*''Coluber albus'' – ''Brachyorrhus albus'' *''Coluber aspis'' – ''Vipera aspis'' *''Coluber typhlus'' – ''Liophis typhlus'' *''Coluber lebetinus'' – ''Macrovipera lebetina'' *''Coluber melanocephalus'' – ''Tantilla melanocephala'' *''Coluber cobella'' – '' Liophis cobella'' *''Coluber reginae'' – '' Leimadophis reginae'' *''Coluber severus'' – '' Xenodon severus'' *''Coluber aurora'' – ''
Lamprophis aurora The Aurora house snake, Aurora snake, or night snake (''Lamprophis aurora'') is a species of snake in the family Colubridae. It is endemic to Southern Africa (South Africa, Lesotho, Eswatini, Botswana). Distribution This species is widespread in ...
'' *''Coluber sipedon'' – ''Nerodia sipedon'', northern water snake *''Coluber maurus'' – ''
Natrix maura ''Natrix maura'' is a natricine water snake of the genus '' Natrix''. Its common name is viperine water snake or viperine snake. Despite its common names, it is not a member of the subfamily Viperinae. This nonvenomous, semiaquatic, fish-eating ...
'' *''Coluber stolatus'' – ''
Amphiesma stolatum The buff striped keelback (''Amphiesma stolatum'') is a species of nonvenomous colubrid snake found across Asia. It is a typically nonaggressive snake that feeds on frogs and toads. It belongs to the subfamily Natricinae, and is closely related ...
'', buff-striped keelback *''Coluber vittatus'' – '' Xenochrophis vittatus'', striped keelback *''Coluber miliaris'' – '' Liophis miliaris'' *''Coluber rhombeatus'' – '' Psammophylax rhombeatus'' *''Coluber cyaneus'' – 'nomen_dubium''.html"_;"title="nomen_dubium.html"_;"title="'nomen_dubium">'nomen_dubium''">nomen_dubium.html"_;"title="'nomen_dubium">'nomen_dubium''*''Coluber_natrix''_–_''Natrix_natrix'',_Grass_Snake.html" "title="nomen_dubium">'nomen_dubium''.html" ;"title="nomen_dubium.html" ;"title="'nomen dubium">'nomen dubium''">nomen_dubium.html" ;"title="'nomen dubium">'nomen dubium''*''Coluber natrix'' – ''Natrix natrix'', Grass Snake">grass snake The grass snake (''Natrix natrix''), sometimes called the ringed snake or water snake, is a Eurasian non-venomous colubrid snake. It is often found near water and feeds almost exclusively on amphibians. Subspecies Many subspecies are recognized ...
*''Coluber aesculapii'' & ''Coluber agilis'' – ''Erythrolamprus aesculapii'' *''Coluber lacteus'' – ''Homoroselaps lacteus'' *''Coluber aulicus'' – ''Lycodon aulicus'', Indian wolf snake *''Coluber monilis'' – 'nomen_dubium''.html" ;"title="nomen_dubium.html" ;"title="'nomen dubium">'nomen dubium''">nomen_dubium.html" ;"title="'nomen dubium">'nomen dubium''*''Coluber pallidus'' – ''Thamnodynastes pallidus'' *''Coluber lineatus'' – ''Liophis lineatus'' *''Coluber naja'' – ''Naja naja'', Indian Cobra, Indian cobra *''Coluber padera'' – 'nomen_dubium''.html" ;"title="nomen_dubium.html" ;"title="'nomen dubium">'nomen dubium''">nomen_dubium.html" ;"title="'nomen dubium">'nomen dubium''*''Coluber canus'' – ''Pseudaspis cana'', mole snake *''Coluber sibilans'' – ''Psammophis sibilans'' *''Coluber laticaudatus'' – ''Laticauda laticaudata'' *''Coluber sirtalis'' – ''Thamnophis sirtalis'', Common Garter Snake, common garter snake *''Coluber atrox'' – '' Bothrops atrox'' *''Coluber sibon'' & ''Coluber nebulatus'' – '' Sibon nebulatus'', clouded snake *''Coluber fuscus'' & ''Coluber saturninus'' – '' Chironius fuscus'' *''Coluber candidus'' – '' Bungarus candidus'' *''Coluber niveus'' – ''Naja haje'',
Egyptian cobra The Egyptian cobra (''Naja haje''), also known as Ouraeus ''(derived from the Ancient Greek word: ''οὐραῖος'' - )'', is one of the most venomous snakes in North Africa, which has caused many snakebite incidents to humans. It averages ro ...
*''Coluber scaber'' – ''Dasypeltis scabra'', common egg-eater *''Coluber carinatus'' – '' Chironius carinatus'', machete savane *''Coluber corallinus'' – '' Liophis triscalis'' *''Coluber ovivorus'' – perhaps '' Pantherophis vulpinus'', fox snake *''Coluber exoletus'' – '' Chironius exoletus'' *''Coluber situla'' – ''Zamenis situla'',
European ratsnake The European ratsnake or leopard snake (''Zamenis situla''), is a species of nonvenomous colubrid snake endemic to Europe, Asia Minor, and the Caucasus. Geographic range ''Z. situla'' is found in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Cro ...
*''Coluber triscalis'' – '' Liophis triscalis'' *''Coluber lemniscatus'' – '' Micrurus lemniscatus'' *''Coluber annulatus'' – ''
Leptodeira annulata ''Leptodeira'' is a genus of colubrid snakes commonly referred to as cat-eyed snakes. The genus consists of 17 species that are native to primarily Mexico and Central America, but range as far north as the Rio Grande Valley region of Texas in ...
'', machete savane *''Coluber dipsas'' – 'nomen_dubium''.html"_;"title="nomen_dubium.html"_;"title="'nomen_dubium">'nomen_dubium''">nomen_dubium.html"_;"title="'nomen_dubium">'nomen_dubium''*''Coluber_pelias''_–_''Chrysopelea_pelias'',_Banded_Flying_Snake.html" "title="nomen_dubium">'nomen_dubium''.html" ;"title="nomen_dubium.html" ;"title="'nomen dubium">'nomen dubium''">nomen_dubium.html" ;"title="'nomen dubium">'nomen dubium''*''Coluber pelias'' – ''Chrysopelea pelias'', Banded Flying Snake">banded flying snake The twin-barred tree snake (''Chrysopelea pelias'') is a species of snake found in Southeast Asia. It is also called the banded flying snake. It can glide, as with all species of its genus ''Chrysopelea'', by stretching the body into a flattened ...
*''Coluber tyria'' – 'nomen_dubium''.html" ;"title="nomen_dubium.html" ;"title="'nomen dubium">'nomen dubium''">nomen_dubium.html" ;"title="'nomen dubium">'nomen dubium''*''Coluber jugularis'' – ''Dolichophis jugularis'' *''Coluber petola'' – ''Oxyrhopus petolarius'' *''Coluber molurus'' – ''Python molurus'' *''Coluber ahaetulla'' – ''Leptophis ahaetulla'' *''Coluber petolarius'' – ''Oxyrhopus petolarius'' *''Coluber haje'' – ''Naja haje'',
Egyptian cobra The Egyptian cobra (''Naja haje''), also known as Ouraeus ''(derived from the Ancient Greek word: ''οὐραῖος'' - )'', is one of the most venomous snakes in North Africa, which has caused many snakebite incidents to humans. It averages ro ...
*''Coluber filiformis'' – 'nomen_dubium''.html" ;"title="nomen_dubium.html" ;"title="'nomen dubium">'nomen dubium''">nomen_dubium.html" ;"title="'nomen dubium">'nomen dubium''*''Coluber pullatus'' – ''Spilotes pullatus'', tigre *''Coluber hippocrepis'' – ''Hemorrhois hippocrepis'', Horseshoe Whip Snake, horseshoe whip snake *''Coluber minervae'' – ''Liophis lineatus'' *''Coluber cinereus'' – perhaps '' Liophis cobella'' *''Coluber viridissimus'' – '' Philodryas viridissima'' *''Coluber mucosus'' – '' Ptyas mucosa'' *''Coluber cenchoa'' – '' Imantodes cenchoa'' *''Coluber mycterizans'' – '' Ahaetulla mycterizans'' *''Coluber caerulescens'' – 'nomen_dubium''.html" ;"title="nomen_dubium.html" ;"title="'nomen dubium">'nomen dubium''">nomen_dubium.html" ;"title="'nomen dubium">'nomen dubium''*''Coluber arges'' – [mythical] ; ''Anguis'' (Anguis, slowworms & Typhlops, worm snakes) *''Anguis bipes'' – '' Scelotes bipes'' *''Anguis meleagris'' – '' Acontias meleagris'' *''Anguis colubrina'' – '' Gongylophis colubrinus'', Egyptian sand boa *''Anguis jaculus'' & ''Anguis cerastes'' – ''
Eryx jaculus ''Eryx jaculus'', known commonly as the javelin sand boa, is a species of snake in the Boidae family. It is the type species of the genus '' Eryx''. Geographic range ''Eryx jaculus'' is found in Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, the Middle East, an ...
'', javelin sand boa *''Anguis maculata'' – '' Cylindrophis maculatus'', Ceylonese cylinder snake *''Anguis reticulata'' – '' Typhlops reticulatus'', reticulate worm snake *''Anguis lumbricalis'' – ''
Typhlops lumbricalis ''Typhlops lumbricalis'' is a species of snake Snakes are elongated, limbless, carnivorous reptiles of the suborder Serpentes . Like all other squamates, snakes are ectothermic, amniote vertebrates covered in overlapping scales. Man ...
'', earthworm worm snake *''Anguis laticauda'' – 'nomen_dubium''.html" ;"title="nomen_dubium.html" ;"title="'nomen dubium">'nomen dubium''">nomen_dubium.html" ;"title="'nomen dubium">'nomen dubium''*''Anguis scytale'' – ''Anilius scytale'' *''Anguis eryx'' – part of ''Anguis fragilis'', slowworm *''Anguis fragilis'' – ''Anguis fragilis'', slowworm ; ''Amphisbaena'' ( worm lizards) *''Amphisbaena fuliginosa'' – '' Amphisbaena fuliginosa'', spotted worm lizard *''Amphisbaena alba'' – ''
Amphisbaena alba ''Amphisbaena alba'', also known as the red worm lizard or less commonly as the white or white-bellied worm lizard, is a species of amphisbaenian in the reptilian order Squamata. Despite the large geographic range that this species covers, little ...
'', red worm lizard ; ''Caecilia'' (
caecilian Caecilians (; ) are a group of limbless, vermiform or serpentine amphibians. They mostly live hidden in the ground and in stream substrates, making them the least familiar order of amphibians. Caecilians are mostly distributed in the tropics o ...
s) *''Caecilia tentaculata'' – '' Caecilia tentaculata'' *''Caecilia glutinosa'' – ''
Ichthyophis glutinosus ''Ichthyophis glutinosus'', the Ceylon caecilian or common yellow-banded caecilian, is a species of caecilian in the family Ichthyophiidae endemic to Sri Lanka. Its natural habitats are moist tropical and subtropical forests and pastures. Descri ...
'', Ceylon caecilian


Nantes

; ''Petromyzon'' (
lamprey Lampreys (sometimes inaccurately called lamprey eels) are an ancient extant lineage of jawless fish of the order Petromyzontiformes , placed in the superclass Cyclostomata. The adult lamprey may be characterized by a toothed, funnel-like s ...
s) *''Petromyzon marinus'' –
Sea Lamprey The sea lamprey (''Petromyzon marinus'') is a parasitic lamprey native to the Northern Hemisphere. It is sometimes referred to as the "vampire fish". Description The sea lamprey has an eel-like body without paired fins. Its mouth is jawless, ...
*''Petromyzon fluviatilis'' & ''Petromyzon branchialis'' – European river lamprey ; ''Raja'' ( rays) *''Raja torpedo'' – Common torpedo *''Raja batis'' – Common skate *''Raja oxyrinchus'' – Long-nosed burton skate *''Raja miraletus'' –
Brown ray Brown is a color. It can be considered a composite color, but it is mainly a darker shade of orange. In the CMYK color model used in printing or painting, brown is usually made by combining the colors orange and black. In the RGB color model use ...
*''Raja fullonica'' – Shagreen ray *''Raja aquila'' – Common eagle ray *''Raja altavela'' – Spiny butterfly ray *''Raja pastinaca'' –
Common stingray The common stingray (''Dasyatis pastinaca'') is a species of stingray in the family Dasyatidae, found in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean and Black Seas. It typically inhabits sandy or muddy habitats in coastal waters shallo ...
*''Raja clavata'' –
Thornback ray The thornback ray (''Raja clavata''), or thornback skate, is a species of ray fish in the family Rajidae. Distribution The Thornback ray is found in the Atlantic coastal waters of Europe and western Africa. It is also present from south Afri ...
*''Raja rhinobatos'' –
Common guitarfish The common guitarfish (''Rhinobatos rhinobatos'') is a species of cartilaginous fish in the family Rhinobatidae. It is native to the eastern Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. It is a bottom-dwelling fish feeding on crustaceans, other inv ...
; ''Squalus'' (
shark Sharks are a group of elasmobranch fish characterized by a cartilaginous skeleton, five to seven gill slits on the sides of the head, and pectoral fins that are not fused to the head. Modern sharks are classified within the clade Selachi ...
s) *''Squalus acanthias'' – Spiny dogfish *''Squalus centrina'' – Angular roughshark *''Squalus spinax'' – Velvet belly lantern shark *''Squalus squatina'' – Angelshark *''Squalus zygaena'' – Smooth hammerhead shark *''Squalus tiburo'' – Bonnethead shark *''Squalus galeus'' – School shark *''Squalus canicula'' & ''Squalus catulus'' –
Small-spotted catshark The small-spotted catshark (''Scyliorhinus canicula''), also known as the sandy dogfish, lesser-spotted dogfish, rough-hound or morgay (in Scotland and Cornwall), is a catshark of the family Scyliorhinidae. It is found on the continental shelves ...
*''Squalus stellaris'' – Nursehound *''Squalus glaucus'' –
Blue shark The blue shark (''Prionace glauca''), also known as the great blue shark, is a species of requiem shark, in the family Carcharhinidae, which inhabits deep waters in the world's temperate and tropical oceans. Averaging around and preferring ...
*''Squalus carcharias'' –
Great white shark The great white shark (''Carcharodon carcharias''), also known as the white shark, white pointer, or simply great white, is a species of large mackerel shark which can be found in the coastal surface waters of all the major oceans. It is nota ...
*''Squalus mustelus'' –
Common smooth-hound The common smooth-hound (''Mustelus mustelus'') is a houndshark of the family Triakidae. It is found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean from the British Isles to South Africa, and in the Mediterranean Sea, Madeira, and the Canary Islands at depths r ...
*''Squalus pristis'' –
Common sawfish The largetooth sawfish (''Pristis pristis'', syn. ''P. microdon'' and ''P. perotteti'') is a species of sawfish, family Pristidae. It is found worldwide in tropical and subtropical coastal regions, but also enters freshwater. It has declined dras ...
; ''Chimaera'' (
ratfish Chimaeras are cartilaginous fish in the order Chimaeriformes , known informally as ghost sharks, rat fish, spookfish, or rabbit fish; the last three names are not to be confused with rattails, Opisthoproctidae, or Siganidae, respectively. At o ...
es) *''Chimaera monstrosa'' – Rabbitfish *''Chimaera callorynchus'' – Elephantfish ; ''Lophius'' (
anglerfish The anglerfish are fish of the teleost order Lophiiformes (). They are bony fish named for their characteristic mode of predation, in which a modified luminescent fin ray (the esca or illicium) acts as a lure for other fish. The luminescence ...
es) *''Lophius piscatorius'' – Angler *''Lophius vespertilio'' – Brazilian batfish *''Lophius histrio'' – Sargassumfish ; ''Acipenser'' (
sturgeon Sturgeon is the common name for the 27 species of fish belonging to the family Acipenseridae. The earliest sturgeon fossils date to the Late Cretaceous, and are descended from other, earlier acipenseriform fish, which date back to the Early ...
s) *''Acipenser sturio'' – European Sea Sturgeon *''Acipenser ruthenus'' – Sterlet *''Acipenser huso'' –
Beluga Sturgeon The beluga (), also known as the beluga sturgeon or great sturgeon (''Huso huso''), is a species of anadromous fish in the sturgeon family (Acipenseridae) of order Acipenseriformes. It is found primarily in the Caspian and Black Sea basins, ...
*''Acipenser plecostomus'' – Suckermouth Catfish


Notes


References

{{Linnaeus1758 Systema Naturae Systema Naturae, Amphibia