The gens Aemilia, originally written Aimilia, was one of the greatest patrician families at

ancient Rome In modern historiography, ancient Rome refers to Roman people, Roman civilisation from the founding of the city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD. It encompasses the Roman Kingdom ...

. The

gens In ancient Rome, a gens ( or , ; plural: ''gentes'' ) was a family consisting of individuals who shared the same nomen and who claimed descent from a common ancestor. A branch of a gens was called a ''stirps'' (plural: ''stirpes''). The ''gen ...

was of great antiquity, and claimed descent from

Numa Pompilius Numa Pompilius (; 753–672 BC; reigned 715–672 BC) was the legendary second king of Rome, succeeding Romulus after a one-year interregnum. He was of Sabine origin, and many of Rome's most important religious and political institutions ar ...

, the second

King of Rome The king of Rome ( la, rex Romae) was the ruler of the Roman Kingdom. According to legend, the first king of Rome was Romulus, who founded the city in 753 BC upon the Palatine Hill. Seven legendary kings are said to have ruled Rome until 50 ...

. Its members held the highest offices of the state, from the early decades of the

Republic A republic () is a " state in which power rests with the people or their representatives; specifically a state without a monarchy" and also a "government, or system of government, of such a state." Previously, especially in the 17th and 18th ...

to imperial times.''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', vol. I, p. 30 ("

Aemilia Gens The gens Aemilia, originally written Aimilia, was one of the greatest patrician families at ancient Rome. The gens was of great antiquity, and claimed descent from Numa Pompilius, the second King of Rome. Its members held the highest offic ...

"). The Aemilii were almost certainly one of the ''gentes maiores'', the most important of the patrician families. Their name was associated with three major roads (the ''

Via Aemilia The ( it, Via Emilia; en, Aemilian Way) was a trunk Roman road in the north Italian plain, running from ''Ariminum'' (Rimini), on the Adriatic coast, to ''Placentia'' (Piacenza) on the river ''Padus'' ( Po). It was completed in 187 BC. The ' ...

'', the ''

Via Aemilia Scauri The ''Via Aemilia Scauri'' was an ancient Roman road built by the consul Marcus Aemilius Scaurus during his term as censor in 109 BC. E. Fentress, 'Via Aurelia, Via Aemilia' ''Papers of the British School at Rome'' LII, 1984, 72-76. Route It ...

'', and the '), an administrative region of Italy, and the

Basilica Aemilia The Basilica Aemilia ( it, Basilica Emilia, links=no) was a civil basilica in the Roman Forum, in Rome, Italy. Today only the plan and some rebuilt elements can be seen. The Basilica was 100 meters (328 ft) long and about 30 meters (98&nbs ...

at Rome.

Origin

Several stories were told of the foundation of the Aemilii, of which the most familiar was that their ancestor, Mamercus, was the son of Numa Pompilius. In the late Republic, several other gentes claimed descent from Numa, including the Pompilii, Pomponii, Calpurnii, and Pinarii. A variation of this account stated that Mamercus was the son of

Pythagoras Pythagoras of Samos ( grc, Πυθαγόρας ὁ Σάμιος, Pythagóras ho Sámios, Pythagoras the Samian, or simply ; in Ionian Greek; ) was an ancient Ionian Greek philosopher and the eponymous founder of Pythagoreanism. His poli ...

, who was sometimes said to have taught Numa. However, as

Livy Titus Livius (; 59 BC – AD 17), known in English as Livy ( ), was a Roman historian. He wrote a monumental history of Rome and the Roman people, titled , covering the period from the earliest legends of Rome before the traditional founding in ...

observed, this was not possible, as Pythagoras was not born until more than a century after Numa's death, and was still living in the early days of the Republic. This Mamercus is said to have received the name of ''Aemilius'' because of the persuasiveness of his language (), although such a derivation is certainly

false etymology A false etymology (fake etymology, popular etymology, etymythology, pseudo-etymology, or par(a)etymology) is a popular but false belief about the origin or derivation of a specific word. It is sometimes called a folk etymology, but this is also a ...

. A more likely derivation is from ''aemulus'', "a rival". According to a different legend, the Aemilii were descended from Aemylos, a son of

Ascanius Ascanius (; Ancient Greek: Ἀσκάνιος) (said to have reigned 1176-1138 BC) was a legendary king of Alba Longa and is the son of the Trojan hero Aeneas and Creusa, daughter of Priam. He is a character in Roman mythology, and has a divine ...

, four hundred years before the time of Numa Pompilius. Still another version relates that the gens was descended from

Amulius In Roman mythology, Amulius () was king of Alba Longa who ordered the death of his infant, twin grandnephews Romulus, the eventual founder and king of Rome, and Remus. He was deposed and killed by them after they survived and grew to adulthood ...

, the wicked uncle of

Romulus and Remus In Roman mythology, Romulus and Remus (, ) are twin brothers whose story tells of the events that led to the founding of the city of Rome and the Roman Kingdom by Romulus, following his fratricide of Remus. The image of a she-wolf sucklin ...

, who deposed his brother

Numitor In Roman mythology, King Numitor () of Alba Longa, was the maternal grandfather of Rome's founder and first king, Romulus, and his twin brother Remus. He was the son of Procas, descendant of Aeneas the Trojan, and father of the twins' mother, ...

to become king of

Alba Longa Alba Longa (occasionally written Albalonga in Italian sources) was an ancient Latin city in Central Italy, 12 miles (19 km) southeast of Rome, in the vicinity of Lake Albano in the Alban Hills. Founder and head of the Latin League, it wa ...

. In the late Republic, a number of minor families claimed descent from the figures of Rome's legendary past, including through otherwise unknown sons of Numa. Modern historians dismiss these as late inventions, but the claim of the Aemilii was much older, and there was no corresponding need to demonstrate the antiquity of a gens that was already prominent at the beginning of the Republic. In any case, the Aemilii, like Numa, were almost certainly of

Sabine The Sabines (; lat, Sabini; it, Sabini, all exonyms) were an Italic people who lived in the central Apennine Mountains of the ancient Italian Peninsula, also inhabiting Latium north of the Anio before the founding of Rome. The Sabines di ...

origin. The

praenomen The ''praenomen'' (; plural: ''praenomina'') was a personal name chosen by the parents of a Roman child. It was first bestowed on the ''dies lustricus'' (day of lustration), the eighth day after the birth of a girl, or the ninth day after the bir ...

'' Mamercus'' is derived from ''Mamers'', a god worshipped by the Sabelli of central and southern Italy, and usually regarded as the Sabellic form of

Mars Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun and the second-smallest planet in the Solar System, only being larger than Mercury. In the English language, Mars is named for the Roman god of war. Mars is a terrestrial planet with a thin at ...

. At Rome, this name, and its diminutive, ''Mamercinus'', were known primarily as

cognomina A ''cognomen'' (; plural ''cognomina''; from ''con-'' "together with" and ''(g)nomen'' "name") was the third name of a citizen of ancient Rome, under Roman naming conventions. Initially, it was a nickname, but lost that purpose when it became h ...

of the Aemilii and the Pinarii, although the Aemilii continued to use it as a praenomen. A surname of the later Aemilii, ''Regillus'', seems to be derived from the Sabine town of

Regillum Regillum or Inregillum was a town in ancient Sabinum, north of Rome, known chiefly as the original home of Appius Claudius Sabinus Regillensis.''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', vol. I, p. 765–767. According to tradition, ...

, better known as the ancestral home of the

Claudia gens The gens Claudia (), sometimes written Clodia, was one of the most prominent patrician houses at ancient Rome. The gens traced its origin to the earliest days of the Roman Republic. The first of the Claudii to obtain the consulship was Appiu ...

, and perhaps alludes to the Sabine origin of the Aemilii. The roots of the Aemilia gens was also connected to the very founding of Rome through the claim that it descended from Aemilia, the daughter of

Aeneas In Greco-Roman mythology, Aeneas (, ; from ) was a Trojan hero, the son of the Trojan prince Anchises and the Greek goddess Aphrodite (equivalent to the Roman Venus). His father was a first cousin of King Priam of Troy (both being grandsons ...

and

Lavinia In Roman mythology, Lavinia ( ; ) is the daughter of Latinus and Amata, and the last wife of Aeneas. Creation It has been proposed that the character was in part intended to represent Servilia Isaurica, Emperor Augustus's first fiancée. Sto ...

Praenomina

The Aemilii regularly used the praenomina ''

Lucius Lucius ( el, Λούκιος ''Loukios''; ett, Luvcie) is a male given name derived from '' Lucius'' (abbreviated ''L.''), one of the small group of common Latin forenames ('' praenomina'') found in the culture of ancient Rome. Lucius derives from ...

, Manius, Marcus,'' and '' Quintus'', and occasionally ''Mamercus''. The Aemilii Mamercini also used ''

Tiberius Tiberius Julius Caesar Augustus (; 16 November 42 BC – 16 March AD 37) was the second Roman emperor. He reigned from AD 14 until 37, succeeding his stepfather, the first Roman emperor Augustus. Tiberius was born in Rome in 42 BC. His father ...

'' and ''

Gaius Gaius, sometimes spelled ''Gajus'', Kaius, Cajus, Caius, was a common Latin praenomen; see Gaius (praenomen). People * Gaius (jurist) (), Roman jurist *Gaius Acilius *Gaius Antonius * Gaius Antonius Hybrida *Gaius Asinius Gallus * Gaius Asiniu ...

'', while the Aemilii Lepidi, who had a particular fondness for old and unusual names, used '' Paullus'', presumably with reference to the family of the Aemilii Paulli, which had died out nearly a century earlier. An obscure family of uncertain date seems to have used '' Caeso''. The daughters of the Aemilii are known to have used the numerical praenomina ''Prima'', ''Secunda'', and ''Tertia'', although these were frequently treated as cognomina, and placed at the end of the name.

Branches and cognomina

The oldest ''stirps'' of the Aemilii bore the surname ''Mamercus'', together with its diminutive, ''Mamercinus''; these appear somewhat interchangeably in early generations. This family flourished from the earliest period to the time of the

Samnite Wars The First, Second, and Third Samnite Wars (343–341 BC, 326–304 BC, and 298–290 BC) were fought between the Roman Republic and the Samnites, who lived on a stretch of the Apennine Mountains south of Rome and north of the Lucanian tribe ...

. Several other important families, with the surnames ''Papus, Barbula, Paullus'', and ''Lepidus'', date from this period, and were probably descended from the Mamercini. The most illustrious of the family was undoubtedly

Mamercus Aemilius Mamercinus Mamercus Aemilius Mamercinus was a political figure in the Roman Republic, serving as consular tribune in 438 BC and dictator three times in 437, 434, and 426 BC. Prior to gaining the imperium Aemilius was, in 446 BC, elected Quaestor together wi ...

, three times

dictator A dictator is a political leader who possesses absolute power. A dictatorship is a state ruled by one dictator or by a small clique. The word originated as the title of a Roman dictator elected by the Roman Senate to rule the republic in time ...

in the second half of the fifth century BC. The Aemilii Papi occur in history for about a century and a half, from the time of the Samnite Wars down to the early second century BC. Their surname, ''Papus'', like ''Mamercus'', appears to be of

Oscan Oscan is an extinct Indo-European language of southern Italy. The language is in the Osco-Umbrian or Sabellic branch of the Italic languages. Oscan is therefore a close relative of Umbrian. Oscan was spoken by a number of tribes, including t ...

origin. The name ''Aemilius Papus'' occurs again in the time of the emperor

Hadrian Hadrian (; la, Caesar Trâiānus Hadriānus ; 24 January 76 – 10 July 138) was Roman emperor from 117 to 138. He was born in Italica (close to modern Santiponce in Spain), a Roman ''municipium'' founded by Italic settlers in Hispania ...

, but properly speaking these appear to have belonged to the Messia gens, and probably claimed descent from the more illustrious Aemilii through a female line. ''Barbula'', or "little beard", occurs as the surname of one branch of the Aemilii, which appears in history for about a century beginning in the time of the Samnite Wars, and accounting for several consulships.Chase, pp. 109, 110. ''Paullus'', occasionally found as ''Paulus'', was an old praenomen, meaning "little". As a praenomen, its masculine form had fallen into disuse at Rome, although the feminine form, ''Paulla'', in various orthographies, was very common. As a surname, ''Paullus'' appeared in many families down to the latest period of the Empire, but none were more famous than the Aemilii Paulli. This family was descended from Marcus Aemilius Paullus, consul in 302 BC, and vanished with the death of Lucius Aemilius Paullus, the conqueror of Macedonia, in 160 BC. His sons, though grown, were adopted into the families of the Fabii Maximi and the Cornelii Scipiones. The Aemilii Lepidi revived the name toward the end of the Republic, when it was fashionable for younger branches of aristocratic families to revive the surnames of older, more illustrious stirpes. The cognomen ''Lepidus'' belongs to a class of surnames derived from the habits of the habits of the bearer, and evidently referred to someone with a pleasant demeanor. The Aemilii Lepidi appear only a generation after the Aemilii Paulli, beginning with Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, consul in 285 BC, and produced many illustrious statesmen down to the first century AD. In the final decades of the Republic, they revived a number of names originally belonging to older stirpes of the Aemilian gens, including ''Mamercus'' as a praenomen, ''Regillus'' as a cognomen, and ''Paullus'' as both. The last generations were related by marriage to the imperial family. The Aemilii Scauri flourished from the beginning of the second century BC to the beginning of the first century AD. Their surname, ''Scaurus'', referred to the appearance of the feet or ankles; Chase suggests "swollen ankles". The cognomina ''Regillus'' and ''Buca'' apparently belonged to short-lived families. ''Regillus'' appears to be derived from the Sabine town of Regillum, perhaps alluding to the Sabine origin of the gens. The Aemilii Regilli flourished for about two generations, beginning at the time of the Second Punic War. ''Buca'', probably the same as ''Bucca'', referred to someone with prominent cheeks, or perhaps someone known for shouting or wailing. The Aemilii Buci are known chiefly from coins, and seem to have flourished toward the end of the Republic. As with other prominent gentes of the Republic, there were some Aemilii whose relationship to the major families is unclear, as the only references to them contain no surname. Some of these may have been descended from

freedmen A freedman or freedwoman is a formerly enslaved person who has been released from slavery, usually by legal means. Historically, enslaved people were freed by manumission (granted freedom by their captor-owners), emancipation (granted freedom ...

, and been

plebeians In ancient Rome, the plebeians (also called plebs) were the general body of free Roman citizens who were not patricians, as determined by the census, or in other words " commoners". Both classes were hereditary. Etymology The precise origins ...

. Aemilii with a variety of surnames are found in imperial times.

Members

Aemilii Mamerci et Mamercini

* Mamercus Aemilius, father of the consul in 484, 478, and 473. * Lucius Aemilius Mam. f. Mamercus,

consul Consul (abbrev. ''cos.''; Latin plural ''consules'') was the title of one of the two chief magistrates of the Roman Republic, and subsequently also an important title under the Roman Empire. The title was used in other European city-states throu ...

in 484, 478, and 473 BC. * Tiberius Aemilius L. f. Mam. n. Mamercus, consul in 470 and 467 BC. *

Gaius Aemilius Mamercus Gaius Aemilius Mamercus was a Roman statesman who may have served as Dictator in 463 BC. Historical divergence No dictator is listed for this year in the ''fasti consulares'', but Lydus says that there was a Dictator in the forty-eighty year of ...

, dictator in 463 BC, according to

Lydus Lydus ( Ancient Greek: Λυδός), a son of Atys and Callithea, grandson of Manes, and brother of Tyrrhenus or Torybus, is a legendary figure of the 2nd millennium BC who is attested by Herodotus to have been an early king of Lydia, then prob ...

, but found in no other sources; perhaps an

interrex The interrex (plural interreges) was literally a ruler "between kings" (Latin ''inter reges'') during the Roman Kingdom and the Roman Republic. He was in effect a short-term regent. History The office of ''interrex'' was supposedly created follow ...

. * Mamercus Aemilius M. f. Mamercinus,

in 438, 433, and 426 BC. * Manius Aemilius Mam. f. M. n. Mamercinus, consul in 410 BC, and

consular tribune A consular tribune was putatively a type of magistrate in the early Roman Republic. According to Roman tradition, colleges of consular tribunes held office throughout the fifth and fourth centuries BC during the so-called " Conflict of the ...

in 405, 403, and 401. * Gaius Aemilius Ti. f. Ti. n. Mamercinus, consular tribune in 394 and 391 BC. * Lucius Aemilius Mam. f. M. n. Mamercinus, consular tribune in 391, 389, 387, 383, 382, and 380 BC. * Lucius Aemilius L. f. Mam. n. Mamercinus, consular tribune in 377 BC,

magister equitum The , in English Master of the Horse or Master of the Cavalry, was a Roman magistrate appointed as lieutenant to a dictator. His nominal function was to serve as commander of the Roman cavalry in time of war, but just as a dictator could be nom ...

in 368 and probably also in 352, consul in 366 and 363, and interrex in 355. * Lucius Aemilius L. f. L. n. Mamercinus Privernas, consul in 341 and 329 BC, and dictator in 335 and 316 BC. * Tiberius Aemilius Ti. f. Ti. n. Mamercinus,

praetor Praetor ( , ), also pretor, was the title granted by the government of Ancient Rome to a man acting in one of two official capacities: (i) the commander of an army, and (ii) as an elected '' magistratus'' (magistrate), assigned to discharge vari ...

in 341 and consul in 339 BC.

Aemilii Papi

Marcus Aemilius Papus Marcus Cutius Priscus Messius Rusticus Aemilius Papus Arrius Proculus Julius Celsus (known by the short name Marcus Aemilius Papus) was a Roman senator who held a series of offices in the emperor's service. He was suffect consul for the ''nundinium ...

, dictator in 321 BC. * Quintus Aemilius (Cn. f.) Papus, consul in 282 and 278 BC. * Lucius Aemilius Q. f. Cn. n. Papus, consul in 225 BC. * Marcus Aemilius Papus, , died in 210 BC. * Lucius Aemilius Papus, praetor in 205 BC, received

Sicily (man) it, Siciliana (woman) , population_note = , population_blank1_title = , population_blank1 = , demographics_type1 = Ethnicity , demographics1_footnotes = , demographi ...

as his province. * Marcus Messius Rusticus Aemilius Papus, father of the consul of AD 135, and a ''comes'' of the Emperor Hadrian.Birley, ''The Fasti of Roman Britain'', pp. 242–244. * Marcus Cutius Priscus Messius M. f. Rusticus Aemilius Papus Arrius Proculus Julius Celsus, consul in AD 135. * Marcus Messius M. f. Rusticus Aemilius Afer Cutius, brother of the consul of AD 135.

Aemilii Barbulae

* Quintus Aemilius Q. f. L. n. Barbula, consul in 317 and 311 BC. * Marcus Aemilius Q. f. L. n. Barbula, dictator in an uncertain year between 292 and 284 BC. * Lucius Aemilius Q. f. Q. n. Barbula, consul in 281 BC, and conqueror of

Tarentum Tarentum may refer to: * Taranto, Apulia, Italy, on the site of the ancient Roman city of Tarentum (formerly the Greek colony of Taras) **See also History of Taranto * Tarentum (Campus Martius), also Terentum, an area in or on the edge of the Camp ...

. * Marcus Aemilius L. f. Q. n. Barbula, consul in 230 BC.

Aemilii Paulli

* Marcus Aemilius L. f. L. n. Paullus, consul in 302 BC, defeated Cleonymus of Sparta. The following year he was appointed magister equitum by the dictator Fabius Rullianus, who sent him against the

Etruscans The Etruscan civilization () was developed by a people of Etruria in ancient Italy with a common language and culture who formed a federation of city-states. After conquering adjacent lands, its territory covered, at its greatest extent, roug ...

, but Aemilius was defeated. * Marcus Aemilius M. f. L. n. Paullus, consul in 255 BC, during the

First Punic War The First Punic War (264–241 BC) was the first of Punic Wars, three wars fought between Roman Republic, Rome and Ancient Carthage, Carthage, the two main powers of the western Mediterranean in the early 3rd century BC. For 23 years ...

. He and his colleague, Servius Fulvius Paetinus Nobilior, led a Roman fleet to Africa, and won an important naval victory over the Carthaginians, but much of their fleet was wrecked in a storm on their return. * Lucius Aemilius M. f. M. n. Paullus, consul in 219, triumphed over the

Illyrians The Illyrians ( grc, Ἰλλυριοί, ''Illyrioi''; la, Illyrii) were a group of Indo-European-speaking peoples who inhabited the western Balkan Peninsula in ancient times. They constituted one of the three main Paleo-Balkan populations, a ...

. Consul for the second time in 216 BC, early in the Second Punic War, he opposed engaging

Hannibal Hannibal (; xpu, 𐤇𐤍𐤁𐤏𐤋, ''Ḥannibaʿl''; 247 – between 183 and 181 BC) was a Carthaginian general and statesman who commanded the forces of Carthage in their battle against the Roman Republic during the Second Pu ...

at the

Cannae Cannae (now Canne della Battaglia, ) is an ancient village of the Apulia region of south east Italy. It is a ''frazione'' (civil parish) of the '' comune'' (municipality) of Barletta. Cannae was formerly a bishopric, and is presently (2022) a L ...

, but fought bravely and was slain in battle. * Lucius Aemilius L. f. M. n. Paullus, afterward surnamed ''Macedonicus'', consul in 182 and 168 BC. The most illustrious of his family, he triumphed over

Perseus of Macedon Perseus ( grc-gre, Περσεύς; 212 – 166 BC) was the last king (''Basileus'') of the Antigonid dynasty, who ruled the successor state in Macedon created upon the death of Alexander the Great. He was the last Antigonid to rule Macedon, aft ...

in 167 BC; but his two elder sons were adopted into other gentes, and his younger sons died within days of his triumph, leaving no sons to carry on his name. * Tertia Aemilia L. f. M. n. Paulla, the sister of Macedonicus, married

Scipio Africanus Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus (, , ; 236/235–183 BC) was a Roman general and statesman, most notable as one of the main architects of Rome's victory against Carthage in the Second Punic War. Often regarded as one of the best military co ...

, the conqueror of Hannibal. Her daughter, Cornelia, was the mother of the

Gracchi The Gracchi brothers were two Roman brothers, sons of Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus who was consul in 177 BC. Tiberius, the elder brother, was tribune of the plebs in 133 BC and Gaius, the younger brother, was tribune a decade later in ...

, and when she died, her property passed to her adoptive grandson, who was also her nephew, Scipio Aemilianus. * Lucius Aemilius L. f. L. n. Paullus, afterward Quintus Fabius Q. f. Q. n. Maximus Aemilianus, the eldest son of Macedonicus, he was adopted into the

Fabia gens Fabia may refer to: * Fabia gens, an ancient Roman family * Fabia, the daughter of Marcus Fabius Ambustus (consular tribune 381 BC) * Fabia (given name), an Italian feminine given name derived from masculine Fabio * Fabia Arete, Roman actress * ...

. * Aemilius L. f. L. n. Paullus, afterward Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus, was the second son of Macedonicus, and was adopted by his cousin, Publius Cornelius Scipio, whose father had defeated Hannibal. Aemilianus was consul in 147 and 134 BC. * Prima Aemilia L. f. L. n. Paulla, married Quintus Aelius Tubero, who served under her father, Macedonicus, in the war with Perseus. * Secunda Aemilia L. f. L. n. Paulla, married Marcus Porcius Cato Licinianus, who also served under his father-in-law in the war with Perseus. * Tertia Aemilia L. f. L. n. Paulla, when a little girl, gave her father a favorable omen, when following his election as consul for 168 BC, in order to conduct the war with Perseus, he returned home to find Aemilia crying because her dog, also named Perseus, had died. * Aemilius L. f. L. n. Paullus, the elder of two sons of Macedonicus by his second wife, died at the age of fourteen, three days after his father's triumph in November of 167 BC. * Aemilius L. f. L. n. Paullus, the youngest son of Macedonicus, died at the age of twelve, five days before his father's triumph.

Aemilii Lepidi

* Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, consul in 285 BC.Drumann, ''Geschichte Roms'', vol. I, "Aemilii", 1, 2. * Marcus Aemilius M. f. M. n. Lepidus, consul in 232 BC, and perhaps consul ''suffectus'' in 222.''

Fasti Capitolini The ''Fasti Capitolini'', or Capitoline Fasti, are a list of the chief magistrates of the Roman Republic, extending from the early fifth century BC down to the reign of Augustus, the first Roman emperor. Together with similar lists found at Rom ...

'', ; 1904, 114; ; 1940, 59, 60. * Marcus Aemilius M. f. M. n. Lepidus, praetor in 218 BC. After his father's death in 216, he and his brothers, Lucius and Quintus, celebrated funeral games in his honour. * Lucius Aemilius M. f. M. n. Lepidus, in 216 BC, joined with his brothers, Marcus and Quintus, in celebrating funeral games in honour of their father, the consul of 232 BC.Livy, xxiii. 30. * Quintus Aemilius M. f. M. n. Lepidus, in 216 BC joined with his brothers, Lucius and Marcus, in celebrating funeral games in honour of their father, the consul of 232 BC. * Marcus Aemilius M. f. M. n. Lepidus, consul in 187 and 175 BC, and censor in 179. * Marcus Aemilius M. f. M. n. Lepidus, one of the military tribunes who fought against

Antiochus III Antiochus III the Great (; grc-gre, Ἀντίoχoς Μέγας ; c. 2413 July 187 BC) was a Greek Hellenistic king and the 6th ruler of the Seleucid Empire, reigning from 222 to 187 BC. He ruled over the region of Syria and large parts of the r ...

in 190 BC.Drumann, ''Geschichte Roms'', vol. I, "Aemilii", 1, 3. * Marcus Aemilius M'. f. M'. n. Lepidus, consul in 158 BC. * Marcus Aemilius M. f. M. n. Lepidus Porcina, consul in 137 BC. * Marcus Aemilius M. f. M. n. Lepidus, consul in 126 BC. * Quintus Aemilius M. f. M. n. Lepidus, brother of Marcus, the consul of 126 BC, and probably the grandson of Marcus, the military tribune of 190 BC. * Marcus Aemilius Q. f. M. n. Lepidus, consul in 78 BC. * Mamercus Aemilius Mam. f. M. n. Livianus, consul in 77 BC. * Manius Aemilius M'. f. Lepidus, consul in 66 BC. * Lucius Aemilius M. f. Q. n. Paullus, consul in 50 BC.Drumann, ''Geschichte Roms'', vol. I, "Aemilii", 1, 4. * Marcus Aemilius M. f. Q. n. Lepidus, the triumvir, consul in 46 and 42 BC. * Aemilius (M. Lepidi f. Q. n.) Regillus, mentioned by

Cicero Marcus Tullius Cicero ( ; ; 3 January 106 BC – 7 December 43 BC) was a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher, and academic skeptic, who tried to uphold optimate principles during the political crises that led to the esta ...

. * Publius Aemilius P. f. Lepidus, proquaestor of

Crete and Cyrenaica Crete and Cyrenaica ( la, Provincia Creta et Cyrenaica, Ancient Greek ) was a senatorial province of the Roman Republic and later the Roman Empire, established in 67 BC. It comprised the island of Crete and the region of Cyrenaica in present-day ...

in 43 and 42 BC. * Paullus Aemilius L. f. M. n. Lepidus, consul ''suffectus'' in 34 BC.Drumann, ''Geschichte Roms'', vol. I, "Aemilii", 1, 8. * Marcus Aemilius M. f. M. n. Lepidus, son of the triumvir, conspired to assassinate

Octavian Caesar Augustus (born Gaius Octavius; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), also known as Octavian, was the first Roman emperor; he reigned from 27 BC until his death in AD 14. He is known for being the founder of the Roman Pr ...

in 30 BC. * Quintus Aemilius M'. f. M'. n. Lepidus, consul in 21 BC.Drumann, ''Geschichte Roms'', vol. I, "Aemilii", 1, 18. * Lucius Aemilius Paulli f. L. n. Paullus, consul in AD 1, conspired against

Augustus Caesar Augustus (born Gaius Octavius; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), also known as Octavian, was the first Roman emperor; he reigned from 27 BC until his death in AD 14. He is known for being the founder of the Roman Pr ...

. * Marcus Aemilius Paulli f. L. n. Lepidus, consul in AD 6.Drumann, ''Geschichte Roms'', vol. I, "Aemilii", 1, 9. * Aemilia Paulli f. L. n. Lepida, the daughter of Paullus Aemilius Lepidus, the consul of 34 BC. * Manius Aemilius Q. f. M. n. Lepidus, consul in AD 11. * Aemilia Q. f. Lepida, wife of Publius Sulpicius Quirinus, accused of various crimes and condemned in AD 20. * Marcus Aemilius L. f. Paulli n. Lepidus, put to death by

Caligula Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (31 August 12 – 24 January 41), better known by his nickname Caligula (), was the third Roman emperor, ruling from 37 until his assassination in 41. He was the son of the popular Roman general Germani ...

in AD 39. * Aemilia L. f. Paulli n. Lepida, the first wife of Tiberius Claudius Drusus. * Aemilia M. f. Paulli n. Lepida, the wife of

Drusus Julius Caesar Drusus Julius Caesar (14 BC – 14 September AD 23), was the son of Emperor Tiberius, and heir to the Roman Empire following the death of his adoptive brother Germanicus in AD 19. He was born at Rome to a prominent branch of the ''gens Claud ...

Aemilii Regilli

* Marcus Aemilius Regillus, ''

Flamen Quirinalis In ancient Roman religion, the Flamen Quirinalis was the flamen or high priest of the god Quirinus. He was one of the three ''flamines maiores'', third in order of importance after the Flamen Dialis and the Flamen Martialis. Like the other two hi ...

'' and unsuccessful candidate for the consulship in 214 BC. * Lucius Aemilius (M. f.) Regillus, praetor in 190 BC, during the war against

. * Marcus Aemilius (M. f.) Regillus, brother of

Lucius Aemilius Regillus Lucius Aemilius Regillus (fl. c. 190 – 189 BC) was a Roman admiral and praetor during the war with Antiochus III of Syria. Born to Marcus Aemilius Regillus, much of Lucius Regillus's early life and military career is unknown before being appoi ...

, died in the course of the war against Antiochus, in 190 BC.

Aemilii Scauri

* Marcus Aemilius M. f. L. n. Scaurus, consul in 115, censor in 109, and . * Aemilia M. f. M. n., daughter of the , was compelled by her stepfather,

Sulla Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (; 138–78 BC), commonly known as Sulla, was a Roman general and statesman. He won the first large-scale civil war in Roman history and became the first man of the Republic to seize power through force. Sulla had t ...

, and mother, to divorce her first husband, Manius Acilius Glabrio, from whom she was pregnant, to marry Sulla's supporter,

Pompey Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (; 29 September 106 BC – 28 September 48 BC), known in English as Pompey or Pompey the Great, was a leading Roman general and statesman. He played a significant role in the transformation of ...

. She died in childbirth at Pompey's house. * Marcus Aemilius M. f. M. n. Scaurus, praetor in 56 BC. * Aemilius M. f. M. n. Scaurus, fought against the

Cimbri The Cimbri (Greek Κίμβροι, ''Kímbroi''; Latin ''Cimbri'') were an ancient tribe in Europe. Ancient authors described them variously as a Celtic people (or Gaulish), Germanic people, or even Cimmerian. Several ancient sources indicate ...

under Lutatius Catulus. * Marcus Aemilius M. f. M. n. Scaurus, supporter of

Marcus Antonius Marcus Antonius (14 January 1 August 30 BC), commonly known in English as Mark Antony, was a Roman politician and general who played a critical role in the transformation of the Roman Republic from a constitutional republic into the au ...

. * Mamercus Aemilius M. f. M. n. Scaurus, orator and poet, twice accused of .

Aemilii Bucae

* Lucius Aemilius Buca, quaestor in the time of

Lucius Cornelius Sulla Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (; 138–78 BC), commonly known as Sulla, was a Roman general and statesman. He won the first large-scale civil war in Roman history and became the first man of the Republic to seize power through force. Sulla had ...

. * Lucius Aemilius L. f. Buca, triumvir of the mint in 54 BC.

Others

* Aemilia, a

Vestal Virgin In ancient Rome, the Vestal Virgins or Vestals ( la, Vestālēs, singular ) were priestesses of Vesta, virgin goddess of Rome's sacred hearth and its flame. The Vestals were unlike any other public priesthood. They were chosen before puberty ...

, who miraculously rekindled the sacred flame with a piece of her garment. * Aemilia, a Vestal put to death on the charge of incest in 114 BC. Two others, Marcia and Licinia, were acquitted, on the grounds that Aemilia had instigated the crime, but they were condemned to death by Lucius Cassius Longinus Ravilla. * Caeso Aemilius K. f. Varrius, a military engineer of uncertain date. * Marcus Aemilius Avianus, a friend of

, and the

patron Patronage is the support, encouragement, privilege, or financial aid that an organization or individual bestows on another. In the history of art, arts patronage refers to the support that kings, popes, and the wealthy have provided to artists su ...

of Avianus Evander and Avianus Hammonius. *

Aemilius Macer Aemilius Macer of Verona was a Roman didactic poet. He authored two poems, one on birds (''Ornithogonia''), a translation of a work by Boios, and the other on the antidotes against the poison of serpents (''Theriaca''), which he imitated from ...

, a poet who flourished during the early decades of the Empire, and wrote upon the subjects of birds, snakes, and medicinal plants. * Aemilius Macer of Verona, a poet who wrote upon

Homer Homer (; grc, Ὅμηρος , ''Hómēros'') (born ) was a Greek poet who is credited as the author of the ''Iliad'' and the ''Odyssey'', two epic poems that are foundational works of ancient Greek literature. Homer is considered one of the ...

ic subjects He flourished toward the end of the reign of Augustus. * Aemilius Rectus, governor of

Egypt Egypt ( ar, مصر , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning the North Africa, northeast corner of Africa and Western Asia, southwest corner of Asia via a land bridg ...

in AD 15, was rebuked by

for returning more money to the

treasury A treasury is either *A government department related to finance and taxation, a finance ministry. *A place or location where treasure, such as currency or precious items are kept. These can be state or royal property, church treasure or i ...

than had been requested; Tiberius replied that he wanted the governors to shear his sheep, not shave them. * Aemilius Sura, annalist, probably a contemporary of

Marcus Velleius Paterculus Marcus Velleius Paterculus (; c. 19 BC – c. AD 31) was a Roman historian, soldier and senator. His Roman history, written in a highly rhetorical style, covered the period from the end of the Trojan War to AD 30, but is most useful for the per ...

. * Aemilius Rufus, prefect of the cavalry under

Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo ( Peltuinum c. AD 7 – 67) was a popular Roman general, brother-in-law of the emperor Caligula and father-in-law of Domitian. The emperor Nero, highly fearful of Corbulo's reputation, ordered him to commit suicide, which ...

in Armenia. * Lucius Aemilius Rectus, governor of Egypt from AD 41 to 42; possibly son of the elder Aemilius Rectus. *

Aemilius Pacensis The gens Aemilia, originally written Aimilia, was one of the greatest patrician families at ancient Rome. The gens was of great antiquity, and claimed descent from Numa Pompilius, the second King of Rome. Its members held the highest offices ...

, tribune of the city cohorts at the death of

Nero Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus ( ; born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus; 15 December AD 37 – 9 June AD 68), was the fifth Roman emperor and final emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, reigning from AD 54 un ...

in AD 69; perished fighting against

Aulus Vitellius The gens Vitellia was a family of ancient Rome, which rose from obscurity in imperial times, and briefly held the Empire itself in AD 69. The first of this gens to obtain the consulship was Aulus Vitellius, uncle of the emperor Vitellius, in AD ...

. * Aemilius Asper a late first century grammarian, and commentator on

Terence Publius Terentius Afer (; – ), better known in English as Terence (), was a Roman African playwright during the Roman Republic. His comedies were performed for the first time around 166–160 BC. Terentius Lucanus, a Roman senator, brought ...

and

Virgil Publius Vergilius Maro (; traditional dates 15 October 7021 September 19 BC), usually called Virgil or Vergil ( ) in English, was an ancient Roman poet of the Augustan period. He composed three of the most famous poems in Latin literature: th ...

. * Sextus Aemilius Equester, consul ''suffectus'' at some point between 147 and 156, and afterwards governor of

Dalmatia Dalmatia (; hr, Dalmacija ; it, Dalmazia; see names in other languages) is one of the four historical regions of Croatia, alongside Croatia proper, Slavonia, and Istria. Dalmatia is a narrow belt of the east shore of the Adriatic Sea, str ...

. * Aemilius Asper Junior, a grammarian who flourished during the second century, and the author of ''Ars Grammatica''. * Quintus Aemilius Laetus, Praetorian Prefect under Commodus. * Quintus Aemilius Saturninus, governor of Egypt from AD 197 to 200. * Aemilius Macer, a jurist who lived in the time of Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander. *

Marcus Aemilius Aemilianus Marcus Aemilius Aemilianus ( – September 253), also known as Aemilian, was Roman emperor for three months in 253. Commander of the Moesian troops, he obtained an important victory against the invading Goths and was, for this reason, acclaim ...

, governor of

Pannonia Pannonia (, ) was a province of the Roman Empire bounded on the north and east by the Danube, coterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, and southward with Dalmatia and upper Moesia. Pannonia was located in the territory that is now west ...

and

Moesia Moesia (; Latin: ''Moesia''; el, Μοισία, Moisía) was an ancient region and later Roman province situated in the Balkans south of the Danube River, which included most of the territory of modern eastern Serbia, Kosovo, north-eastern Alban ...

, was proclaimed Emperor in 253, but slain by his soldiers. * Aemilius Papinianus, a jurist of the late second and early third century. * Aemilius Rusticianus, governor of Egypt around AD 298.Bastianini, "Lista dei prefetti d'Egitto", p. 320. *

Aemilius Magnus Arborius Aemilius Magnus Arborius (4th century) was a Gallo-Roman Latin poet and professor. He was the author of a poem in ninety-two lines in elegiac verse, titled ''Ad Nympham nimis cultam'', which cleverly alludes to Classical authors. The poem was rep ...

, a fourth-century poet, and a friend of the brothers of

Constantine I Constantine I ( , ; la, Flavius Valerius Constantinus, ; ; 27 February 22 May 337), also known as Constantine the Great, was Roman emperor from AD 306 to 337, the first one to convert to Christianity. Born in Naissus, Dacia Mediterran ...

. * Aemilius Parthenianus, a historian who gave an account of the various persons who aspired to the tyranny. * Aemilius Probus, grammarian of the late fourth century, to whom the ''Excellentium Imperatorum Vitae'' of

Cornelius Nepos Cornelius Nepos (; c. 110 BC – c. 25 BC) was a Roman biographer. He was born at Hostilia, a village in Cisalpine Gaul not far from Verona. Biography Nepos's Cisalpine birth is attested by Ausonius, and Pliny the Elder calls him ''Pad ...

was erroneously attributed. *

Blossius Aemilius Dracontius Blossius Aemilius Dracontius () of Carthage was a Christian poet who flourished in Roman Africa during the latter part of the 5th century. He belonged to a family of landowners, and practiced as a lawyer in his native place. After the conquest o ...

a fifth-century Christian poet.

Explanatory footnotes

References

Citations

General sources

Bibliography

Polybius Polybius (; grc-gre, Πολύβιος, ; ) was a Greek historian of the Hellenistic period. He is noted for his work , which covered the period of 264–146 BC and the Punic Wars in detail. Polybius is important for his analysis of the mixed ...

, '' Historiae'' (The Histories). *

Marcus Tullius Cicero Marcus Tullius Cicero ( ; ; 3 January 106 BC – 7 December 43 BC) was a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher, and academic skeptic, who tried to uphold optimate principles during the political crises that led to the esta ...

, '' De Divinatione''. *

Diodorus Siculus Diodorus Siculus, or Diodorus of Sicily ( grc-gre, Διόδωρος ; 1st century BC), was an ancient Greek historian. He is known for writing the monumental universal history '' Bibliotheca historica'', in forty books, fifteen of which ...

, ''

Bibliotheca Historica ''Bibliotheca historica'' ( grc, Βιβλιοθήκη Ἱστορική, ) is a work of universal history by Diodorus Siculus. It consisted of forty books, which were divided into three sections. The first six books are geographical in theme, ...

'' (Library of History). * Quintus Horatius Flaccus (

Horace Quintus Horatius Flaccus (; 8 December 65 – 27 November 8 BC), known in the English-speaking world as Horace (), was the leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus (also known as Octavian). The rhetorician Quintilian regarded his ' ...

), ''

Carmen Saeculare The ''Carmen Saeculare'' (Latin for "Secular Hymn" or "Song of the Ages") is a hymn in Sapphic meter written by the Roman poet Horace. It was commissioned by the Roman emperor Augustus in 17 BC. The hymn was sung by a chorus of twenty-seven maid ...

''. *

Dionysius of Halicarnassus Dionysius of Halicarnassus ( grc, Διονύσιος Ἀλεξάνδρου Ἁλικαρνασσεύς, ; – after 7 BC) was a Greek historian and teacher of rhetoric, who flourished during the reign of Emperor Augustus. His literary styl ...

, ''Romaike Archaiologia'' (Roman Antiquities). * Titus Livius (

), ''

History of Rome The history of Rome includes the history of the city of Rome as well as the civilisation of ancient Rome. Roman history has been influential on the modern world, especially in the history of the Catholic Church, and Roman law has influenced ...

''. *

, ''Compendium of Roman History''. *

Valerius Maximus Valerius Maximus () was a 1st-century Latin writer and author of a collection of historical anecdotes: ''Factorum ac dictorum memorabilium libri IX'' ("Nine books of memorable deeds and sayings", also known as ''De factis dictisque memorabilibus'' ...

, ''

Factorum ac Dictorum Memorabilium ''Factorum ac dictorum memorabilium libri IX'' ("nine books of memorable deeds and sayings", also known as ''De factis dictisque memorabilibus'' or ''Facta et dicta memorabilia'') by Valerius Maximus (c. 20 BC – c. AD 50) was written arou ...

'' (Memorable Facts and Sayings). *

Quintus Asconius Pedianus Quintus Asconius Pedianus (BC 9 - AD 76) was a Roman historian. There is no evidence that Asconius engaged in a public career, but he was familiar both with Roman government of his time and with the geography of the city. He may, therefore, have w ...

, ''Commentarius in Oratio Ciceronis

Pro Milone The "Pro Tito Annio Milone ad iudicem oratio" (Pro Milone) is a speech made by Marcus Tullius Cicero in 52 BC on behalf of his friend Titus Annius Milo. Milo was accused of murdering his political enemy Publius Clodius Pulcher on the Via Appia. Cic ...

'' (Commentary on Cicero's Oration ''Pro Milone''). * Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus (

Plutarch Plutarch (; grc-gre, Πλούταρχος, ''Ploútarchos''; ; – after AD 119) was a Greek Middle Platonist philosopher, historian, biographer, essayist, and priest at the Temple of Apollo in Delphi. He is known primarily for hi ...

), '' Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans''; ''

Moralia The ''Moralia'' ( grc, Ἠθικά ''Ethika''; loosely translated as "Morals" or "Matters relating to customs and mores") is a group of manuscripts dating from the 10th–13th centuries, traditionally ascribed to the 1st-century Greek scholar Pl ...

'', including "Quaestiones Romanae" (Roman Questions). * Appianus Alexandrinus (

Appian Appian of Alexandria (; grc-gre, Ἀππιανὸς Ἀλεξανδρεύς ''Appianòs Alexandreús''; la, Appianus Alexandrinus; ) was a Greek historian with Roman citizenship who flourished during the reigns of Emperors of Rome Trajan, Ha ...

), ''Bella Illyrica'' (The Illyrian Wars). * Lucius Cassius Dio Cocceianus (

Cassius Dio Lucius Cassius Dio (), also known as Dio Cassius ( ), was a Roman historian and senator of maternal Greek origin. He published 80 volumes of the history on ancient Rome, beginning with the arrival of Aeneas in Italy. The volumes documented the ...

), ''Roman History''. * Eutropius, ''Breviarium Historiae Romanae'' (Abridgement of the History of Rome). *

Paulus Orosius Paulus Orosius (; born 375/385 – 420 AD), less often Paul Orosius in English, was a Roman priest, historian and theologian, and a student of Augustine of Hippo. It is possible that he was born in ''Bracara Augusta'' (now Braga, Portugal), th ...

, ''Historiarum Adversum Paganos'' (History Against the Pagans). * Sextus Aurelius Victor, ''

De Viris Illustribus ''De Viris Illustribus'', meaning "concerning illustrious men", represents a genre of literature which evolved during the Italian Renaissance in imitation of the exemplary literature of Ancient Rome. It inspired the widespread commissioning of ...

'' (On Famous Men). *

Joannes Zonaras Joannes or John Zonaras ( grc-gre, Ἰωάννης Ζωναρᾶς ; 1070 – 1140) was a Byzantine Greek historian, chronicler and theologian who lived in Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul, Turkey). Under Emperor Alexios I Komnenos he hel ...

, ''Epitome Historiarum'' (Epitome of History). *

Johann Caspar von Orelli Johann Caspar von Orelli (Latin ''Iohannes Caspar Orellius''; 13 February 1787 – 6 January 1849), was a Swiss classical scholar. Life He was born at Zürich of a distinguished Italian family which had taken refuge in Switzerland at the tim ...

, ''Onomasticon Tullianum'', Orell Füssli, Zürich (1826–1838). *

Barthold Georg Niebuhr Barthold Georg Niebuhr (27 August 1776 – 2 January 1831) was a Danish–German statesman, banker, and historian who became Germany's leading historian of Ancient Rome and a founding father of modern scholarly historiography. By 1810 Niebuhr wa ...

, ''The History of Rome'', Julius Charles Hare and Connop Thirlwall, trans., John Smith, Cambridge (1828). * August Wilhelm Ferdinand Krause, ''Vitae et Fragmenta Veterum Historicorum Romanorum'' (Lives and Fragments of Ancient Roman Historians), Ferdinand Dümmler, Berlin (1833). *

Wilhelm Drumann Wilhelm Karl August Drumann (11 June 1786, in Danstedt – 29 July 1861, in Königsberg) was a German classical historian. From 1805 he studied theology and philosophy at the University of Halle, receiving his doctorate at Helmstedt in 1810. Fol ...

, ''Geschichte Roms in seinem Übergang von der republikanischen zur monarchischen Verfassung, oder: Pompeius, Caesar, Cicero und ihre Zeitgenossen'', Königsberg (1834–1844). *

Thomas Arnold Thomas Arnold (13 June 1795 – 12 June 1842) was an English educator and historian. He was an early supporter of the Broad Church Anglican movement. As headmaster of Rugby School from 1828 to 1841, he introduced several reforms that were wide ...

, ''History of Rome'', B. Fellowes, London (1838–1842). * ''

Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology The ''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'' (1849, originally published 1844 under a slightly different title) is an encyclopedia/ biographical dictionary. Edited by William Smith, the dictionary spans three volumes and 3,700 ...

'', William Smith, ed., Little, Brown and Company, Boston (1849). *

August Pauly August Friedrich von Pauly (; ; 9 May 1796, in Benningen am Neckar – 2 May 1845, in Stuttgart) was a German educator and classical philologist. From 1813 to 1818 he studied at the University of Tübingen, then furthered his education at Heide ...

Georg Wissowa Georg Otto August Wissowa (17 June 1859 – 11 May 1931) was a German classical philologist born in Neudorf, near Breslau. Education and career Wissowa studied classical philology under August Reifferscheid at the University of Bresla ...

, ''et alii'', '' Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft'' (Scientific Encyclopedia of the Knowledge of Classical Antiquities, abbreviated ''RE'' or ''PW''), J. B. Metzler, Stuttgart (1894–1980). * George Davis Chase, "The Origin of Roman Praenomina", in ''Harvard Studies in Classical Philology'', vol. VIII (1897). * Friedrich Munzer, ''Roman Aristocratic Parties and Families'' (1920). * T. Robert S. Broughton, ''The Magistrates of the Roman Republic'', American Philological Association (1952). * * Anthony R. Birley, ''The Fasti of Roman Britain'', Clarendon Press (1981). * Mika Kajava, ''Roman Female Praenomina: Studies in the Nomenclature of Roman Women'', Acta Instituti Romani Finlandiae (1994). * Timothy J. Cornell, ''The Beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c. 1000–264 BC)'', Routledge, London (1995). * John C. Traupman, ''The New College Latin & English Dictionary'', Bantam Books, New York (1995). * Patrick Tansey, "Q. Aemilius Lepidus (Barbula?) Cos. 21 B.C.", in '' Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', vol. 57, No. 2, pp. 174–207 (2008), . {{Refend Roman gentes