Abdullah ibn Saad
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Abd Allah ibn Sa'd ibn Abi al-Sarh ( ar, عبد الله ابن سعد ابن أبي السرح, ʿAbd Allāh ibn Saʿd ibn Abī al-Sarḥ) was an
Arab The Arabs (singular: Arab; singular ar, عَرَبِيٌّ, DIN 31635: , , plural ar, عَرَب, DIN 31635: , Arabic pronunciation: ), also known as the Arab people, are an ethnic group mainly inhabiting the Arab world in Western Asia, ...
administrator and commander. During his time as governor of Egypt (646 CE to 656 CE), Abd Allah ibn Sa'd built a strong Arab navy. Under his leadership, the Muslim navy won a number of victories including its first major naval battle against the Byzantine emperor Constans II at the
Battle of the Masts The Battle of the Masts ( ar, معركة ذات الصواري, Ma‘rakat Dhāt al-Ṣawārī) or Battle of Phoenix was a crucial naval battle fought in 654 (A.H. 34) between the Muslim Arabs led by Abu al-A'war and the Byzantine fleet under th ...
in 654 CE.


Origin

He came from the Banu Amir ibn Lu'ayy clan of the Quraish tribe and was an adopted brother of the caliph
Uthman Uthman ibn Affan ( ar, عثمان بن عفان, ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān; – 17 June 656), also spelled by Colloquial Arabic, Turkish and Persian rendering Osman, was a second cousin, son-in-law and notable companion of the Islamic prop ...
.


During Muhammad's era

When Muhammad had gathered enough troops to besiege Mecca, he issued an order to his followers that Abd Allah ibn Sa'd would be one of those who had to be killed even though he was hiding beneath the curtain of the Kaaba. But Abd Allah then went to his adopted brother,
Uthman ibn Affan Uthman ibn Affan ( ar, عثمان بن عفان, ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān; – 17 June 656), also spelled by Colloquial Arabic, Turkish and Persian rendering Osman, was a second cousin, son-in-law and notable companion of the Islamic prop ...
asking for help. Then together they went to Muhammad to beg for forgiveness. When he met the two of them, Muhammad, who was accompanied by some of his companions, was silent for a long time until he said yes. But after the two of them left, Muhammad said to his followers, "I kept silent so that one of you might get up and strike off his head!" One of the Ansar said, "Then why didn’t you give me a sign, O apostle of God?" He answered that a prophet does not kill by pointing. A hadith in Sunan Abu Dawud similarly records Abd Allah ibn Sa’d's tense encounter with Muhammad in Mecca after his defection and fleeing from Mohammad after the capture of Mecca by the Muslims. In his ''
History History (derived ) is the systematic study and the documentation of the human activity. The time period of event before the invention of writing systems is considered prehistory. "History" is an umbrella term comprising past events as well ...
'', al-Tabari briefly records about Abd Allah and Muhammad that "Abd Allah b. Sa`d b. Abi Sarh used to write for him. He apostatised from Islam and later returned to Islam on the day of the conquest of Mecca".


During Umar's era

Umar appointed him as second-in-command (lieutenant) to
Amr ibn al-As ( ar, عمرو بن العاص السهمي; 664) was the Arab commander who led the Muslim conquest of Egypt and served as its governor in 640–646 and 658–664. The son of a wealthy Qurayshite, Amr embraced Islam in and was assigned impo ...
for the campaign of conquest of Egypt. He played a major role as a military commander in the conquest of Egypt. He was commander of the right flank of Amr's and participated in all the battles fought during the conquest of Egypt under Amr’s command.


During Uthman’s era

When
Uthman Uthman ibn Affan ( ar, عثمان بن عفان, ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān; – 17 June 656), also spelled by Colloquial Arabic, Turkish and Persian rendering Osman, was a second cousin, son-in-law and notable companion of the Islamic prop ...
became caliph in 644 CE, he appointed Abd Allah governor of
Egypt Egypt ( ar, مصر , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Medit ...
replacing 'Amr ibn al-'As, with Muhammad ibn Abi Hudhayfa as his aide. Abd Allah brought over a large foreign entourage and established the diwan, "and commanded that all the taxes of the country should be regulated there".Archdeacon George (fl. 715), as transferred to On George's authorship of Lives 27-42: The protests against Abd Allah appear to have been instigated by his aide, Muhammad ibn Abi Hudhayfa. Muhammad's father (Abi Hudhayfa) was an early convert to Islam who died in the
Battle of Yamama The Battle of Yamama was fought in December 632 as part of the Ridda Wars against a rebellion within the Rashidun Caliphate in the region of al-Yamama (in present-day Saudi Arabia) between the forces of Abu Bakr and Musaylima, a self-procla ...
. Muhammad was raised by Uthman. When he reached maturity he participated in the foreign military campaigns and accompanied Abd Allah to
Egypt Egypt ( ar, مصر , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Medit ...
as an aide. Muhammad ibn Abi Hudhayfa admonished Abd Allah, recommending changes in the government but Abd Allah did not respond. After continuous efforts to persuade Abd Allah to make changes in the government , eventually Muhammad ibn Abi Hudhayfa lost patience and turned from sympathetic admonisher to a disillusioned opponent; first of Abd Allah and later of Uthman for appointing him. Abd Allah wrote to Uthman claiming that Muhammad was spreading sedition and that if nothing was done to stop him, the situation would escalate. Uthman attempted to silence Muhammad's protests with 30,000 dirhams and expensive presents. Uthman's gifts were perceived as a bribe and backfired with Muhammad bringing the money and presents into the Great Mosque saying; :''“Do you see what Uthman is trying to do? He is trying to buy my faith. He has sent these coins and these goods to me as a bribe.”'' Uthman sent numerous placatory letters to Muhammad, but he continued building community opposition against Abd Allah. In 656 Egyptian community leaders decided to send a delegation to
Medina Medina,, ', "the radiant city"; or , ', (), "the city" officially Al Madinah Al Munawwarah (, , Turkish: Medine-i Münevvere) and also commonly simplified as Madīnah or Madinah (, ), is the second-holiest city in Islam, and the capital of the ...
to demanding Abd Allah's dismissal. Abd Allah also left for Medina to defend himself at the court of the caliph. In his absence, Muhammad ibn Abi Hudhayfa assumed charge of the government. When Abd Allah reached Ayla, he was told that Uthman's house was under siege (
Siege of Uthman Uthman ibn Affan, the third Rashidun caliph, was assassinated at the end of a siege upon his house in 656. Initially a protest, the siege escalated following the death of a protester. The protesters-turned-rebels had demanded a new caliph, but U ...
) and decided to return to Egypt. At the border he was informed that Muhammad ibn Abi Hudhayfa had given orders to prevent him from entering Egypt. He then went to Palestine awaiting the outcome of events in Medina. In the meantime, Uthman was killed in Medina, and when Abd Allah heard the news, he left Palestine, and went to Damascus to live under the protection of Muawiyah I.


See also

*
List of rulers of Egypt Lists of rulers of Egypt: * List of pharaohs (c. 3100 BC – 30 BC) ** List of Satraps of the 27th Dynasty (525–404 BC) ** List of Satraps of the 31st Dynasty (343–332 BC) * List of governors of Roman Egypt (30 BC – 639 AD) * List of rul ...


References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abdallah ibn Sa'd 7th-century Arabs Year of birth unknown Arab people of the Arab–Byzantine wars 7th-century Egyptian people Admirals of the Rashidun Caliphate Generals of the Rashidun Caliphate Rashidun governors of Egypt