Azrail

Azrael (; , 'God has helped'; ) is the canonical angel of death in Islam and appears in the apocryphal text Apocalypse of Peter.

Relative to similar concepts of such beings, Azrael holds a benevolent role as God's angel of death; he acts as a psychopomp, responsible for transporting the souls of the deceased after their death. In Islam, he is said to hold a scroll concerning the fate of mortals, recording and erasing their names at their birth and death, similar to the role of the ''malakh ha-mavet'' (Angel of Death) in Judaism.Hamilton, Michelle M. 2014. ''Beyond Faith: Belief, Morality and Memory in a Fifteenth-Century Judeo-Iberian Manuscript''. Leiden: Brill. .

Depending on the perspective and precepts of the various religions in which he is a figure, he may also be portrayed as a resident of the Third Heaven, a division of heaven in Judaism and Islam.
Davidson, Gustav. 9671971
"A § Azrael"
Pp. 64–65 in ''A Dictionary of Angels, Including the Fallen Angels''. New York: Free Press. .
In Islam, he is one of the four archangels, and is identified with the Quranic ''Malʾak al-Mawt'' (), which corresponds with the Hebrew term ''Malʾakh ha-Maweth'' () in Rabbinic literature. In Hebrew, Azrael translates to "Angel of God" or "Help from God".

Etymology and place in Judaism

The Hebrew Bible of the Talmud or Midrashim. No such angel is treated as canonical in traditional Rabbinic Judaism. However, an angel by a similar name, ''Azriel'' (), is mentioned in Kabbalistic literature such as the ''Zohar''.

Despite the absence of such a figure in Judaism, the name ''Azrael'' is suggestive of a Hebrew theophoric , meaning "the one whom God helps". Archeological evidence uncovered in Jewish settlements in Mesopotamia confirms that it was indeed at one time used on an incantation bowl from the 7th century. However, as the text thereon only lists names, an association of this angelic name with death cannot be identified in Judaism.

After the emergence of Islam, the name Azrael became popular among both Christian and Islamic literature and folklore. The name spelled as ''Ezrā’ël'' appears in the Classical Ethiopic version of Apocalypse of Peter (dating to the 16th century) as an angel of hell who avenges those who had been wronged during life.

Islam

Before the creation of man, only Azrael succeeded in taking dust from Earth in order to bring God the materials needed to make man. For this success he was made the angel of death and given a register of all mankind.
Along with Gabriel, Michael, and Israfil, Azrael is one of the four major archangels in Islam. He is responsible for taking the souls of the deceased away from the body.Çakmak, Cenap. 2017. ''Islam: A Worldwide Encyclopaedia'', 4 vols. ABC-Clio. . p. 137 Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor. 913–19361987. '' E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913-1936'', edited by R. Arnold and C. Gibb. Leiden: Brill Publishers. . p. 570. Azrael does not act independently, but is only informed by God when the time is up to take a soul.

In Quran and its exegesis

Surah 32:11 mentions the angel of death identified with Azrael. Surah 6:61 mentions a multitude of angels of death interpreted as assistants of Azrael.Michelle M. Hamilton ''Beyond Faith: Belief, Morality and Memory in a Fifteenth-Century Judeo-Iberian Manuscript'' BRILL, 14.11.2014 p. 235 When the unbelievers in hell cry out for help, an angel, also identified with Azrael, will appear on the horizon and tell them that they have to remain.

The eighth Umayyad Caliph Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz once reported the commentary regarding Azrael in Quran chapter As-Sajdah verse 11 , that taking many lives are very easy for the angel, that in caliph's words "it is as if the entire mankind of earth were only like a dish on a plate from the perspective of ''Malak al-Mawt'' (angel of death)".

In Hadiths

According to one Muslim tradition, 40 days before the death of a person approaches, God drops a leaf from a tree below the heavenly throne, on which Azrael reads the name of the person he must take with him. Al-Qurtubi narrated commentary from classical scholar, Ibn Zhafar al-Wa'izh, that Azrael, has a shape resembling a blue colored ram, has numerous eyes in numerous places, and according to , a tabiʾ scholar, the size of Azrael were so huge that "if the Earth were put on his shoulder, it would be like a bean in an open field". He also had 4,000 wings which consisted of two types, wings of grace and wings of punishment. The wings of punishment are made from iron rods, hooks, and scissors. Muqatil ibn Sulayman has recorded his commentary in his commentary work, ''al-Suluk'', the angel possessed 70,000 limbs of foot.

Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, an Umayyad caliph, reported a narration that the angel of death is armed with a flaming whip. Caliph Umar also reported a narration that the angel of death was so huge that he dwarfed Bearers of the Throne, group of angels which are known as the biggest among angels.

The "Islamic Book of Dead" describes him with 4 faces, and his whole body consists of eyes and tongues whose number corresponds to the number of humans inhabiting the Earth.

The angel of death features in a famous extra-Quranic creation story regarding the creation of Adam, recorded by various Muslim scholars, including Tabari, Mas'udi, Maqdisi, Kisa'i, Tha'labi, Ibn Kathir in his work ''Qiṣaṣ al-Anbiyā'' (Stories of the Prophets), and Muqatil. Accordingly, God ordered the archangels to collect dust from earth from which Adam is supposed to be created. Only Azrael succeeded, whereupon he was destined to become the angel concerning life and death, a reference to show the close connection between these two.

Relationship between Azrael and Death

Islam elaborated further narratives concerning the relation between Azrael and Death. Christian Lange mentioned that according to some scholars Azrael and Death were one entity; other exegesis scholars opined Azrael and Death were different entities, with Death as some kind of tool used by Azrael to take life.

One account explains death and its relation to Azrael, representing ''Death'' and Azrael as former two separate entities, but when God created Death, God ordered the angels to look upon it and they swoon for a thousand years. After the angels regained consciousness, Death recognized that it must submit to Azrael. This opinion were shared among scholars of Islam such as Sultan ibn ‘Abdirrahman Al-‘Umairi, in his book ''Al-‘Uquud Adz-Dzahabiyyah ‘alaa Maqaasid Al-‘Aqiidah Al-Waasithiyyah'' where he adds commentary the Hadith about Death will be materialized after the judgment day in form of a Ram, which said as different entity than Angel Azrael. According to one narration, Azrael is rewarded to become the angel of death for successfully carrying the dirt of the earth from which Adam would be created.Wensinck, A.J., “ʿIzrāʾīl”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Consulted online on 17 August 2023
First published online: 2012
First print edition: , 1960-2007

The identification of "Death" and angel Azrael as one entity were explained in a Hadith about the fate of "Death" entity itself after the judgment day, where classical Hanafite scholar Badr al-Din al-Ayni has interpreted in that Hadith which compiled in Sahih Bukhari collection, that Death would take on the form of a ram, then placed between paradise and hell, and finally slaughtered by God himself, causing Death cease to exist, which followed by God to declare to both people of paradise and hell that eternity has begun, and their state will never end. Lange mentioned that according to some scholars, the ram in that Hadith narration is no other than the angel of death himself, while others assert, this to be death's own form in the hereafter. In other account sourced from Muqatil ibn Sulayman, Azrael and death were said as one entity as he reported the angel has number of faces and hands equal to the number of living creatures on his body, where each of those faces and hands are connected with the life of each souls in the living world. Whenever a face within Azrael body vanished, then the soul which connected with it will experience death.

Saints and prophets

A common belief holds that the lesser angels of death are for the common people, while saints and prophets meet the archangel of death himself. Great prophets, such as Moses and Muhammad are invited politely by him, but saints are also said to meet Azrael in beautiful forms.

It is said that, when Rumi was about to die, he laid in his bed and met Azrael in human shape. The belief that Azrael appears to saints before they actually die to prepare themselves for death, is also attested by the testament of Nasir Khusraw, in which he claims to have met Azrael during his sleep, informing him about his upcoming death. According to the Sufi teacher Al-Jili, Azrael appears to the soul in a form provided by its most powerful metaphors.

It is believed to resist the pulling of the soul by the angel of death by accusing him of acting arbitrarily. In that case, the angel of death returns to heaven to bring proof for following heavenly instructions.

Western reception

The Islamic notion of Azrael, including some narratives such as the tale of Solomon (a ''hadith'' reaching back to Shahr Ibn Hawshab,) was already known in the United States in the 18th century - as attested by Gregory Sharpe and James Harris.Al-Garrallah, Aiman Sanad. 2016
"The Islamic tale of Solomon and the Angel of Death in English Poetry: Origins, Translations, and Adaptations"
''Forum for World Literature Studies'' 8(4):528–47.

Some Western adaptions extended the physical description of Azrael, hence the English poet Leigh Hunt depicted Azrael in 1850 as wearing a black-hooded cloak.
Although omitting the traditional scythe, Hunt's portrayal nevertheless resembles the Grim Reaper

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