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The Atlanta Student Movement was formed in February 1960 in
Atlanta Atlanta ( ) is the List of capitals in the United States, capital and List of municipalities in Georgia (U.S. state), most populous city in the U.S. state of Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia. It is the county seat, seat of Fulton County, Georg ...
,
Georgia Georgia most commonly refers to: * Georgia (country), a country in the South Caucasus * Georgia (U.S. state), a state in the southeastern United States Georgia may also refer to: People and fictional characters * Georgia (name), a list of pe ...
by students of the campuses
Atlanta University Center The Atlanta University Center Consortium (AUC Consortium) is a collaboration between four historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) in southwest Atlanta, Georgia: Clark Atlanta University, Spelman College, Morehouse College, and the Mo ...
(AUC). It was led by the Committee on the Appeal for Human Rights (COAHR) and was part of the Civil Rights Movement.


Background

On February 3, 1960,
Atlanta University Center The Atlanta University Center Consortium (AUC Consortium) is a collaboration between four historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) in southwest Atlanta, Georgia: Clark Atlanta University, Spelman College, Morehouse College, and the Mo ...
(AUC) senior,
Lonnie King Lonnie C. King Jr. (August 30, 1936 – March 5, 2019) was an American civil rights leader. Beginning in 1960, he launched the Atlanta Student Movement, wrote the An Appeal for Human Rights, Appeal for Human Rights, and subsequently started the C ...
, read about the four young boys that started the sit-in at the Woolworth Store in downtown Greensboro, North Carolina on February 1. This first sit-in caused emotional fortitude and physical restraint, exposing a new generation of young adults to nonviolent direct
activism Activism consists of efforts to promote, impede, direct or intervene in social, political, economic or environmental reform with the desire to make Social change, changes in society toward a perceived common good. Forms of activism range from ...
. The first thing that came to King's mind was panty-raids and how quickly these raids could spread from one college to another. King believed that the panty-raid theory should be applied to the Civil Rights Movement because racial segregation was ubiquitous. Segregation was a problem that existed all over the US south, not just in Greensboro. King conferred with Joseph Pierce and
Julian Bond Horace Julian Bond (January 14, 1940 – August 15, 2015) was an American social activist, leader of the civil rights movement, politician, professor, and writer. While he was a student at Morehouse College in Atlanta, Georgia, during the ea ...
about organizing a student movement in the Atlanta University Center. The three were dissatisfied with Atlanta's slow pace for change in segregation and decided to act. Atlanta University Center (AUC) students mobilized to launch a series of demonstrations to end legalized segregation in public facilities and on February 5, 1960. Approximately fifteen students attended the first meeting of prospective movement participants.Interview (Audio) with Lonnie King
- PBA Online
The group attempted their first sit-in on Lincoln's birthday, but they were unable to obtain a sufficient number of students to participate. Word of the Atlanta Student Movement began to travel fast and
Lonnie King Lonnie C. King Jr. (August 30, 1936 – March 5, 2019) was an American civil rights leader. Beginning in 1960, he launched the Atlanta Student Movement, wrote the An Appeal for Human Rights, Appeal for Human Rights, and subsequently started the C ...
, Julian Bond, and others were summoned to appear before a special meeting of Atlanta University Center's Council of Presidents. The presidents spoke in turn, expressing their opinions of the proposed sit-in movement. Dr. Clement, president of Atlanta University spoke first. He was followed by Dr. Mays of Morehouse, Dr. Manley of Spelman, and Dr. Brawley of Clark. The four presidents discouraged students from participating in the movement, instead focusing on their classwork. They believed in pursuing a legal strategy, letting the
NAACP The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is an American civil rights organization formed in 1909 as an interracial endeavor to advance justice for African Americans by a group including W. E. B. Du&nbs ...
fight the racial battle. The fifth speaker was Dr. Harry V. Richardson of ITC. He stated, "I think that the kids are right. I have a Ph.D.; I head a major college, and I cannot go downtown except to spend my money." Dr. Frank Cunningham of Morris Brown College was the last to speak and he strongly supported Dr. Richardson's opinion about the student movement that was developing in the South. Dr. Clement, chairman of the council, was caught off-guard by the latter comments, and asked who would speak on behalf of the students. Lonnie King was selected by his peers to speak and argued that it was time for the Negro community to come together and end segregation in Atlanta. Following King's speech, Dr. Clement suggested the students announce their position through a
manifesto A manifesto is a written declaration of the intentions, motives, or views of the issuer, be it an individual, group, political party, or government. A manifesto can accept a previously published opinion or public consensus, but many prominent ...
to the Atlanta Community before undertaking organized protests. Lonnie King appointed Roslyn Pope, Morris Dillard, Albert Brinson,
Julian Bond Horace Julian Bond (January 14, 1940 – August 15, 2015) was an American social activist, leader of the civil rights movement, politician, professor, and writer. While he was a student at Morehouse College in Atlanta, Georgia, during the ea ...
, and Charles Black to draft
An Appeal for Human Rights ''An Appeal for Human Rights'' is a civil rights manifesto initially printed as an advertisement in Atlanta newspapers on March 9, 1960 that called for ending racial inequality in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. The manifesto was written by ...
, which described both their complaints as well as their desired goals for the proposed change. On March 9, 1960, An Appeal for Human Rights was published as a full-page ad in ''
Atlanta Constitution ''The Atlanta Journal-Constitution'' (''AJC'') is an American daily newspaper based in Atlanta metropolitan area, metropolitan area of Atlanta, Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia. It is the flagship publication of Cox Enterprises. The ''Atlanta Jo ...
'', '' Atlanta Journal'', and ''Atlanta Daily'' World. The original full-page ad was republished by the ''
New York Times ''The New York Times'' (''NYT'') is an American daily newspaper based in New York City. ''The New York Times'' covers domestic, national, and international news, and publishes opinion pieces, investigative reports, and reviews. As one of ...
'', ''Harvard Crimson'', ''
Nation A nation is a type of social organization where a collective Identity (social science), identity, a national identity, has emerged from a combination of shared features across a given population, such as language, history, ethnicity, culture, t ...
'' magazine, and New York Senator Jacob Javits read it into the ''
Congressional Record The ''Congressional Record'' is the official record of the proceedings and debates of the United States Congress, published by the United States Government Publishing Office and issued when Congress is in session. The Congressional Record Ind ...
''. On March 16, 1960, the representatives from the six affiliated institutions of Atlanta University Center met to form the
Committee on Appeal for Human Rights The Committee on the Appeal for Human Rights (COAHR) was a group of Atlanta University Center students formed in February 1960. The committee drafted and published An Appeal for Human Rights on March 9, 1960. Six days after publication of the docu ...
(COHAR). A unanimous decision was made that there should be three members from each affiliate institution on the committee. Lonnie King was elected chairman of the original committee, John Mack from Atlanta University was elected co-chairman, Benjamin Brown was elected Treasurer, and Mary Ann Smith was elected Secretary. The representatives of the respective institutions were: Atlanta University: John Mack, Johnny Parham, and Willie Mays; Clark: James Felder, Benjamin Brown and Lydia Tucker; Morehouse: Donald Clarke, Albert Brinson, and Julian Bond; Morris Brown: William Hickson, MaryAnn Smith, Robert Schley; ITC: Otis Moss, James Wilborn, Marion Bennett; Spelman: Marian Wright, Josephine Jackson, Roslyn Pope.


Sit-ins, protests, and boycotts

On March 15, 1960, just six days after the publication of
An Appeal for Human Rights ''An Appeal for Human Rights'' is a civil rights manifesto initially printed as an advertisement in Atlanta newspapers on March 9, 1960 that called for ending racial inequality in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. The manifesto was written by ...
, over two hundred
Atlanta University Center The Atlanta University Center Consortium (AUC Consortium) is a collaboration between four historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) in southwest Atlanta, Georgia: Clark Atlanta University, Spelman College, Morehouse College, and the Mo ...
students sat in at eleven restaurants in downtown Atlanta. Seventy-seven students were arrested for sitting-in, along with the six students who had signed
An Appeal for Human Rights ''An Appeal for Human Rights'' is a civil rights manifesto initially printed as an advertisement in Atlanta newspapers on March 9, 1960 that called for ending racial inequality in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. The manifesto was written by ...
. The sit-ins were used to obtain a “test-case” for prosecution by
NAACP The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is an American civil rights organization formed in 1909 as an interracial endeavor to advance justice for African Americans by a group including W. E. B. Du&nbs ...
lawyers. In August 1960,
Lonnie King Lonnie C. King Jr. (August 30, 1936 – March 5, 2019) was an American civil rights leader. Beginning in 1960, he launched the Atlanta Student Movement, wrote the An Appeal for Human Rights, Appeal for Human Rights, and subsequently started the C ...
asked Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. (no relation) to accompany the students in a voluntary arrest planned for October. The reason for this request was that the issue of
Civil Rights Civil and political rights are a class of rights that protect individuals' political freedom, freedom from infringement by governments, social organizations, and private individuals. They ensure one's entitlement to participate in the civil and ...
was not a topic of discussion in the presidential election of 1960 between
Richard Nixon Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913April 22, 1994) was the 37th president of the United States, serving from 1969 until Resignation of Richard Nixon, his resignation in 1974. A member of the Republican Party (United States), Republican ...
and John F. Kennedy. Both candidates were ignoring the more than 70,000 Negro college students in the South who were acting to defy segregation laws and demand freedom. However, the arrest of Dr. King would gain enough traction to put the sit-in movement on the agenda of the presidential campaign. On October 19, 1960, hundreds of students, led by Lonnie King and the new COAHR co-chair, Herschelle Sullivan, and accompanied by Dr. King, staged sit-ins throughout Atlanta with a large number of arrests. The arrested students vowed: “Jail no bail.” As a result of Dr. King's arrest, the protests increased in size the following day. Three days after the initial protest, at the request of Mayor William B. Hartsfield, who was attempting to arrange a settlement between the students and merchants, COAHR called for a pause in the protests. As a result of the truce, the students who had been arrested were released from jail. Over the next four months, Lonnie King and the students continued to protest unabatedly. Protestors who were arrested would refuse bail, to crowd the jails. Downtown Atlanta white establishments lost over $10 million due to the Christmas Boycotts carried out by the Negro Community. With the Christmas Boycott success, Lonnie King announced an extension of the boycott to run through Easter on February 1, 1961. On March 6, 1961, Jesse Hill requested
Lonnie King Lonnie C. King Jr. (August 30, 1936 – March 5, 2019) was an American civil rights leader. Beginning in 1960, he launched the Atlanta Student Movement, wrote the An Appeal for Human Rights, Appeal for Human Rights, and subsequently started the C ...
and Sullivan, to attend an urgent meeting at the
Chamber of Commerce A chamber of commerce, or board of trade, is a form of business network. For example, a local organization of businesses whose goal is to further the interests of businesses. Business owners in towns and cities form these local societies to a ...
. Power members of the white and black community were in attendance to call off the boycott on a gentleman's agreement to desegregate after the school system peacefully desegregates in the fall of 1961. The student leaders refused this agreement, as they wanted to keep fighting for equality. However, black leaders, including Martin Luther King Sr. and major NAACP leader, John Calhoun, insisted on the agreement because they have lived every day of their lives segregated and the white leaders are willing to sign an agreement to desegregate. The back leaders have waited their whole lives for this moment and would be willing to wait three to four months for desegregation. King and Sullivan felt betrayed by their elders in the black community but ultimately consented to the settlement. In the wake of the settlement, students and members of the Negro community expressed their dissatisfaction with the community's elder black leadership decision to postpone desegregation. On March 10, 1961, a mass meeting was held at Warren Memorial with over 2000 people in attendance. Elder black leaders, including A.T. Walden, Martin Luther King Sr., and William Holmes Borders attempted to lecture the hostile audience about the thought process behind the decision that was made on March 6. The crowd began to turn into an angry mob and Lonnie King immediately called Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. to come to speak to the audience. Martin Luther King Jr. entered and would orate one of the greatest speeches he had ever given. Dr. King Jr. implored audience members to “resist the cancerous disease of disunity.” He stated, “If anyone breaks this contract, let it be the white man.”


Achievements

The Atlanta Student Movement greatly impacted both racial tensions not only in Atlanta, but nationally. According to Bond, the sit-ins saw 'black property owners put up a bond which probably amounted to $100,000" to get sit-in demonstrators released from jail'. The sit-ins also helped to engage American youth, bringing a younger generation of leaders to the fore and eneratingintense press coverage". In mainstream news, an ABC program showed Atlanta "as the city where, in the programs title, 'It Can Be Done', referring to the city's reputation for inter-racial cooperation". Overall, the "disruption caused by sit-ins" organized by the Atlanta Student Movement "inspired the effort to desegregate peacefully", as well as aiding in creating "a political crisis for candidates during the presidential election campaign".


Legacy

The original work on An Appeal for Human Rights begun by members of the Atlanta Student Movement continues into the present, with periodic reviews in 2000, and 2010. These include the 40th Anniversar
An Appeal for Human Rights v.II
2010 - An Appeal for Human Rights vIII) by means of a review, reflection, and revision process by original members of COAHR. Along with the lasting social effects that the Movement brought about, a more tangible legacy can be found near the West End of Atlanta, where Atlanta Student Movement Boulevard ( formerly Fair Street) cuts through the campus of Clark Atlanta University. The street was named as such in a dedication ceremony on November 1, 2010, hosted by Kasim Reed, the Mayor of Atlanta.


New Appeal for Human Rights

On May 16, 2017, 'A New Appeal for Human Rights' was released. Echoing the sentiments of the 1960s Appeal for Human Rights, the document highlights the importance of recognizing 'human rights as universal and inalienable, as well as indivisible and interdependent'. Dr Lonnie King, Chairman of the Atlanta Student Movement of 1960-1961 said that the document 'clearly illustrates that the quest for a 'just' society continues to this day'.


Footnotes


External links

* * {{Civil rights movement, state=collapsed Civil rights movement organizations Community organizations Nonviolent resistance movements Defunct American political movements 1960s in the United States 1960 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state) Student protests in the United States Sit-in movement