The architecture of Hungary is understood as the

architecture Architecture is the art and technique of designing and building, as distinguished from the skills associated with construction. It is both the process and the product of sketching, conceiving, planning, designing, and construction, constructi ...

of the territory of

Hungary Hungary is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Spanning much of the Pannonian Basin, Carpathian Basin, it is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Romania to the east and southeast, Serbia to the south, Croatia and ...

, and in a wider sense the historical territory of the

Kingdom of Hungary The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed for nearly a millennium, from 1000 to 1946 and was a key part of the Habsburg monarchy from 1526-1918. The Principality of Hungary emerged as a Christian kingdom upon the Coro ...

. Major European styles from

Roman Roman or Romans most often refers to: *Rome, the capital city of Italy *Ancient Rome, Roman civilization from 8th century BC to 5th century AD *Roman people, the people of Roman civilization *Epistle to the Romans, shortened to Romans, a letter w ...

Postmodern Postmodernism encompasses a variety of artistic, cultural, and philosophical movements that claim to mark a break from modernism. They have in common the conviction that it is no longer possible to rely upon previous ways of depicting the wo ...

is represented, including renowned examples of Romanesque,

Gothic Gothic or Gothics may refer to: People and languages *Goths or Gothic people, a Germanic people **Gothic language, an extinct East Germanic language spoken by the Goths **Gothic alphabet, an alphabet used to write the Gothic language ** Gothic ( ...

Renaissance The Renaissance ( , ) is a Periodization, period of history and a European cultural movement covering the 15th and 16th centuries. It marked the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity and was characterized by an effort to revive and sur ...

Baroque The Baroque ( , , ) is a Western Style (visual arts), style of Baroque architecture, architecture, Baroque music, music, Baroque dance, dance, Baroque painting, painting, Baroque sculpture, sculpture, poetry, and other arts that flourished from ...

, Classical,

Modern Modern may refer to: History *Modern history ** Early Modern period ** Late Modern period *** 18th century *** 19th century *** 20th century ** Contemporary history * Moderns, a faction of Freemasonry that existed in the 18th century Philosophy ...

and

International Style The International Style is a major architectural style and movement that began in western Europe in the 1920s and dominated modern architecture until the 1970s. It is defined by strict adherence to Functionalism (architecture), functional and Fo ...

architecture.

In the time of the foundation of the country

The

Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin The Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin, also known as the Hungarian conquest or the Hungarian land-taking (), was a series of historical events ending with the settlement of the Hungarians in Central Europe in the late 9th and early 10t ...

by the

Hungarians Hungarians, also known as Magyars, are an Ethnicity, ethnic group native to Hungary (), who share a common Culture of Hungary, culture, Hungarian language, language and History of Hungary, history. They also have a notable presence in former pa ...

settled an architectural history in the country. The roads and cities of the

Roman province The Roman provinces (, pl. ) were the administrative regions of Ancient Rome outside Roman Italy that were controlled by the Romans under the Roman Republic and later the Roman Empire. Each province was ruled by a Roman appointed as Roman g ...

were not completely destroyed by the

Migration Period The Migration Period ( 300 to 600 AD), also known as the Barbarian Invasions, was a period in European history marked by large-scale migrations that saw the fall of the Western Roman Empire and subsequent settlement of its former territories ...

but rather new settlements were created on them. The Roman buildings were used as mines and mansions (for example, the Kurszán Castle in

Óbuda Óbuda (, ) is, together with Buda and Pest, one of the three cities that were unified to form the Hungarian capital city of Budapest in 1873. Today, together with Békásmegyer, Óbuda forms a part of the city's third district, although the to ...

). Those churches of the

Slavic peoples The Slavs or Slavic people are groups of people who speak Slavic languages. Slavs are geographically distributed throughout the northern parts of Eurasia; they predominantly inhabit Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Southeast Europe, Southeast ...

that were converted to the Christian faith survived, as did that of

Zalavár Zalavár is a village in south-western Hungary, located in Zala County. It is located around southwest of Lake Balaton. Name According to written sources the settlement was called 'Mosapurc' in the 9th century, "''Mosapurc regia civitate''". It ...

. King

Stephen I of Hungary Stephen I, also known as King Saint Stephen ( ; ; ; 975 – 15 August 1038), was the last grand prince of the Hungarians between 997 and 1000 or 1001, and the first king of Hungary from 1000 or 1001 until his death in 1038. The year of his bi ...

, with the creation of a

feudal state Feudalism, also known as the feudal system, was a combination of legal, economic, military, cultural, and political customs that flourished in medieval Europe from the 9th to 15th centuries. Broadly defined, it was a way of structuring societ ...

required the construction of monumental stone buildings. This demand was initially in charge to servants, craftsmen abducted from the West, and then by craftsmen, masons and

Italian Italian(s) may refer to: * Anything of, from, or related to the people of Italy over the centuries ** Italians, a Romance ethnic group related to or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom ** Italian language, a Romance languag ...

stone carvers. The First Church of Kalocsa with its three-nave

basilica In Ancient Roman architecture, a basilica (Greek Basiliké) was a large public building with multiple functions that was typically built alongside the town's forum. The basilica was in the Latin West equivalent to a stoa in the Greek Eas ...

l arrangement and its

apse In architecture, an apse (: apses; from Latin , 'arch, vault'; from Ancient Greek , , 'arch'; sometimes written apsis; : apsides) is a semicircular recess covered with a hemispherical Vault (architecture), vault or semi-dome, also known as an ' ...

pointed to Italian models, to the earliest Christian

Ravenna Ravenna ( ; , also ; ) is the capital city of the Province of Ravenna, in the Emilia-Romagna region of Northern Italy. It was the capital city of the Western Roman Empire during the 5th century until its Fall of Rome, collapse in 476, after which ...

influences. It also includes the Basilica of the Assumption of Székesfehérvár, one of the largest churches of

Europe Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere. It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and Asia to the east ...

in its time, founded by the King

, which later became the administrative center, coronation church and traditional royal burial ground of the

Hungarian Kingdom The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed for nearly a millennium, from 1000 to 1946 and was a key part of the Habsburg monarchy from 1526-1918. The Principality of Hungary emerged as a Christian kingdom upon the Coro ...

. Smaller churches like the

Pécsvárad Abbey The Pécsvárad Abbey was a Benedictine monastery established at Pécsvárad in the Kingdom of Hungary in the first decades of the 11th century. Its patrons were the Virgin Mary and Saint Benedict of Nursia. Foundation (1015–1038) The Rom ...

and the excavatede remains of the

Tihany Abbey The Tihany Abbey is a Benedictine monastery established in Tihany in the Kingdom of Hungary in 1055. Its patrons are the Virgin Mary and Saint Aignan of Orleans. Foundation The Benedictine monastery in Tihany was established in 1055 by King Andr ...

also have an Italian influence. The base walls of the crypt of the Feldebrő Church are from the Eastern, perhaps a Byzantine practice. The strengthening of feudalism created new opportunities. During the reconstruction of the

Pécs Cathedral The Sts. Peter and Paul's Cathedral Basilica (), also called Pécs Cathedral, is a religious building of the Catholic church that serves as the cathedral of the Diocese of Pécs, and is located in the city of Pécs, Hungary Hungary is a la ...

, was formed the basilica of the Hungarian Romanesque style, the three-nave basilica, without

transept A transept (with two semitransepts) is a transverse part of any building, which lies across the main body of the building. In cruciform ("cross-shaped") cruciform plan, churches, in particular within the Romanesque architecture, Romanesque a ...

, with a semicircular apse. The carved stone is from the Lombard effect through

Dalmatia Dalmatia (; ; ) is a historical region located in modern-day Croatia and Montenegro, on the eastern shore of the Adriatic Sea. Through time it formed part of several historical states, most notably the Roman Empire, the Kingdom of Croatia (925 ...

. This floor plan system remained almost unchanged until 11th and 12th centuries, but the

tower A tower is a tall Nonbuilding structure, structure, taller than it is wide, often by a significant factor. Towers are distinguished from guyed mast, masts by their lack of guy-wires and are therefore, along with tall buildings, self-supporting ...

pairs arrangements were not followed in Pécs. The towers first adorned the western façade, and a few decades later only the eastern façade.

In the Árpádian's age

Béla III of Hungary's age

The resulting uniformity was replaced by a more complex art in the time of king

Béla III of Hungary Béla III (, , ; 114823 April 1196) was King of Hungary and King of Croatia, Croatia between 1172 and 1196. He was the second son of King Géza II of Hungary, Géza II and Géza's wife, Euphrosyne of Kiev. Around 1161, Géza granted Béla a du ...

. By the time of

Byzantine The Byzantine Empire, also known as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centred on Constantinople during late antiquity and the Middle Ages. Having survived the events that caused the fall of the Western Roman E ...

king, was expected to have a major French influence alongside the Byzantine. This was more evident in

Esztergom Esztergom (; ; or ; , known by Names of European cities in different languages: E–H#E, alternative names) is a city with county rights in northern Hungary, northwest of the capital Budapest. It lies in Komárom-Esztergom County, on the righ ...

, where he wanted to create a center similar to

Constantinople Constantinople (#Names of Constantinople, see other names) was a historical city located on the Bosporus that served as the capital of the Roman Empire, Roman, Byzantine Empire, Byzantine, Latin Empire, Latin, and Ottoman Empire, Ottoman empire ...

with the unity of the secular and ecclesiastical architecture. The St. Adalbert's Cathedral and the

palace A palace is a large residence, often serving as a royal residence or the home for a head of state or another high-ranking dignitary, such as a bishop or archbishop. The word is derived from the Latin name palātium, for Palatine Hill in Rome whi ...

of Esztergom, burned in 1181, were the first example of this. The Archbishop Jób built a magnificent temple, a

royal palace This is a list of royal palaces, sorted by continent. Africa Americas Asia Europe Oceania {, class="wikitable" width="95%" , - bgcolor="white" !align=center, Residence !align=center, Photo !align=center, City !align=cen ...

south of the cathedral, and a chapel. Although Béla III did not realize his plan, the building just finished was delivered to the archbishop. However, the

Székesfehérvár Székesfehérvár (; ; ; ; Serbian language, Serbian: ''Стони Београд''; ), known colloquially as Fehérvár (), is a city in central Hungary, and the country's ninth-largest city. It is the Regions of Hungary, regional capital of C ...

's construction works at that time continued to follow the pattern of

Pécs Pécs ( , ; ; Slovak language, Slovak: ''Päťkostolie''; also known by #Name, alternative names) is List of cities and towns of Hungary#Largest cities in Hungary, the fifth largest city in Hungary, on the slopes of the Mecsek mountains in the c ...

. The mixing style developed in Esztergom was manifested in many ways in the early 13th century. The type of door became especially popular, as shown by the southern door of the Cathedral of Alba Iulia, current Romania. The individual details also spread like the head of a rotating blade in the Premontre monastery of Ócsa. The Rite of Esztergom is most clearly shown in the Reformed Church in Kisbény.

Effect of the Cistercians

Following the French relations of Esztergom, the

Cistercian order The Cistercians (), officially the Order of Cistercians (, abbreviated as OCist or SOCist), are a Catholic religious order of monks and nuns that branched off from the Benedictines and follow the Rule of Saint Benedict, as well as the contri ...

appeared in the

. The system brought with it a strong arts program, including the prohibition of figurative sculptures, mural paintings and the construction of the towers, toward the contemporary of

Burgundy Burgundy ( ; ; Burgundian: ''Bregogne'') is a historical territory and former administrative region and province of east-central France. The province was once home to the Dukes of Burgundy from the early 11th until the late 15th century. ...

when the

was applied. The order was first established in

Eger Eger ( , ; ; also known by other #Names and etymology, alternative names) is the county seat of Heves County, and the second largest city in Northern Hungary (after Miskolc). A city with county rights, Eger is best known for Castle of Eger, its ...

in 1142. They were conquered during the reign of Béla III, who enjoyed the same privileges as on French soil. Only the fragments of the churches of the

Zirc Abbey Zirc Abbey, formerly also Zircz Abbey, also known as ''Zircensis'' or ''Boccon'', is a Cistercian abbey, situated in Zirc in the Diocese of Veszprém, Hungary. History First period The early history of the monastery is obscure as regards to b ...

and

Pilis Abbey Pilis Abbey () was a Cistercian monastery in the Pilis Hills in the Kingdom of Hungary. It was founded in 1184 by monks who came from Acey Abbey in France at the invitation of Béla III of Hungary. It was dedicated to the Virgin Mary Mary ...

that were formed at that time and the

Cistercian abbey of Bélapátfalva The Cistercians (), officially the Order of Cistercians (, abbreviated as OCist or SOCist), are a Catholic religious order of monks and nuns that branched off from the Benedictines and follow the Rule of Saint Benedict, as well as the contri ...

have survived, but in the end they remained almost intact after the

Mongol invasion The Mongol invasions and conquests took place during the 13th and 14th centuries, creating history's largest contiguous empire, the Mongol Empire (1206–1368), which by 1260 covered large parts of Eurasia. Historians regard the Mongol devastati ...

. The Cistercian influence is also reflected in the lower church of the

Pannonhalma Archabbey The Benedictine Pannonhalma Archabbey or Territorial Abbey of Saint Martin on Mount Pannonhalma (lat. ''Archiabbatia'' or ''Abbatia Territorialis Sancti Martini in Monte Pannoniae'') is a medieval building in Pannonhalma and is one of the oldest ...

, founded during the reign of

Grand Prince Géza Grand may refer to: People with the name * Grand (surname) * Grand L. Bush (born 1955), American actor Places * Grand, Oklahoma, USA * Grand, Vosges, village and commune in France with Gallo-Roman amphitheatre * Grand County (disambiguation), ...

, and in this style was built the Royal Castle of Óbuda.

Impact of the Premonstratensians

According to tradition, the first monastery of the

Premonstratensian The Order of Canons Regular of Prémontré (), also known as the Premonstratensians, the Norbertines and, in Britain and Ireland, as the White Canons (from the colour of their habit), is a religious order of canons regular in the Catholic Chur ...

canons in Hungary was founded in 1130 in Váradelőhegy (near present-day

Oradea Oradea (, , ; ; ) is a city in Romania, located in the Crișana region. It serves as the administrative county seat, seat of Bihor County and an economic, social, and cultural hub in northwestern Romania. The city lies between rolling hills on ...

) and its presence before 1135 is demonstrated by documents. The

Árpád age Árpád (; 845 – 907) was the head of the confederation of the Magyar tribes at the turn of the 9th and 10th centuries. He might have been either the sacred ruler or ''kende'' of the Hungarians, or their military leader or '' gy ...

Provost 39 was created, including Adony,

Csorna Csorna is a town in Győr-Moson-Sopron county, Hungary. Csorna is located near the Fertő-Hanság National Park. There are two districts in the town: the Földsziget and the Csatárimajor. Etymology The name comes from Slavic languages, Slavic '' ...

Hatvan Hatvan ( German: ''Hottwan)'' is a town in Heves County, Hungary. Hatvan is the Hungarian word for "sixty". It is the county's third most populous town following Eger and Gyöngyös. Etymology Hatvan is the Hungarian word for "sixty". It is a com ...

Kaposfő Kaposfő is a village in Somogy county, Hungary Hungary is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Spanning much of the Pannonian Basin, Carpathian Basin, it is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Romania to the e ...

, Majk,

Türje Türje is a village in Zala County, Hungary. The village is located in the North-Eastern part of Zala County, near the great turn of Zala river, between the Keszthelyi Mountains and Kemeneshát Hills. The village has a railway station on the li ...

, the Nyulak Island (today

Margaret Island Margaret Island ( ; ) is a long island, wide, ( in area) in the middle of the Danube in central Budapest, Hungary. The island is mostly covered by landscape parks, and is a popular recreational area. Its medieval ruins are reminders of its impo ...

of Budapest) and

Zsámbék Zsámbék () is a town in Pest County, Hungary. Location Zsámbék is located 30 km west of Budapest along the M1 motorway in the Gerecse Mountains. Its neighbouring villages are Tök, Perbál, Páty, Herceghalom, Mány, Bicske, and S ...

and the Female Santiago Apostle monastery of Mórichida also worked in Somlóvásárhely and

Szeged Szeged ( , ; see also #Etymology, other alternative names) is List of cities and towns of Hungary#Largest cities in Hungary, the third largest city of Hungary, the largest city and regional centre of the Southern Great Plain and the county seat ...

. The monks outside the monastic and pastoral life dealt with

place of authentication A place of authentication (; ) was a characteristic institution of medieval Hungarian law. Places of authentication were cathedral chapters and monasteries authorized to provide notarial A notary is a person authorised to perform acts in ...

activities, assumed an important role in the

manuscript culture A manuscript culture is a culture that depends on hand-written manuscripts to store and disseminate information. It is a stage that most developed cultures went through in between oral culture and print culture. Europe entered the stage in c ...

dissemination in Hungary. During the Turkish occupation, the domestic operation of the Premontre Order almost ceased. Its properties became property of the Austrian provinces in the 18th century.

National monasteries

The 13th century also wanted to express its consciousness in the construction of a layer of land, which had grown strong by the end of the century. In the centre of their estates, churches serving as burial places were built, usually with a small number of monasteries. The first national monastery was built in the 11th century, but the building type has a flowering age of the 13th century. Its basic form is the three-nave system established at the

, which is closed by semi circle

, but the location of the towers varies. In

Boldva Boldva is a village in Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén county, Hungary. History The village got its name from the river Bódva. The vicinity had been a settled place since ancient times in the Neolithic, Bronze Age and Iron Age. Written documents ment ...

had a tower pair with an eastern orientation, but in Acâș (current Romania) has already abandoned its eastern construction and built a Western one. In the inner space, there is always a room for the Lord's choir. The most mature memories of the National monasteries -forming a School- remained in

Transdanubia Transdanubia ( ; , or ', ) is a traditional region of Hungary. It is also referred to as Hungarian Pannonia, or Pannonian Hungary. Administrative divisions Traditional interpretation The borders of Transdanubia are the Danube River (north and ...

. First the Abbey church of St. James in Lébény was built in 1208, then the Abbey church of St George of Ják in 1220. The construction was interrupted by the

. The type is followed by the

Premonstratensian church of Türje The Order of Canons Regular of Prémontré (), also known as the Premonstratensians, the Norbertines and, in Britain and Ireland, as the White Canons (from the colour of their habit), is a religious order of canons regular in the Catholic Church ...

, the Premontre monastery of Ócsa, the

Arača Arača ( sr-cyrl, Арача; ) is a medieval Romanesque church ruin located about 12 km north of Novi Bečej, Serbia. The Department for protection and scientific study of Cultural Monuments in Belgrade issued a decision in 1948, in which t ...

in current

Serbia , image_flag = Flag of Serbia.svg , national_motto = , image_coat = Coat of arms of Serbia.svg , national_anthem = () , image_map = , map_caption = Location of Serbia (gree ...

, the Sopronhorpács Parochial Church, the

Premontre monastery church of Zsámbék The Premontre monastery church of Zsámbék is a ruin of a Romanesque church in the town of Zsámbék, Pest County, Hungary. The construction of the church started in 1220. History The construction of the church started as a part of a Premonst ...

and the

Upper castle church of Felsőörs Upper may refer to: * Shoe upper or ''vamp'', the part of a shoe on the top of the foot * Stimulant, drugs which induce temporary improvements in either mental or physical function or both * ''Upper'', the original film title for the 2013 found fo ...

. The church of Zsámbék it already shows

marks in its form. The clerical churches were built in a more modest version. According to St. Stephen's law on the construction of ten churches, the villages were united. However, their temples were not made of durable material, but made of wood, apothecary, cane. On the basis of these churches we know the center of the villages, because the law also stipulated that the village should not be away from the church (such as

Himesháza Himesháza () is a village in Baranya county, Hungary. Until the end of World War II, the inhabitants' majority was Danube Swabian, also called locally as ''Stifolder'', because their ancestors arrived the 17th and 18th centuries from Fulda (dist ...

Kiskunfélegyháza Kiskunfélegyháza () is a city in Bács-Kiskun County, Hungary. Geography Kiskunfélegyháza is located in the middle of the Great Hungarian Plain, southeast from Budapest. M5 motorway, Highway 5, 451, Budapest–Cegléd–Szeged railway line ...

). Between the remaining churches, there are also central and long-term types. Common on the outside with a circular wall, on the inside with a pearly solution ( Горяни in current Ukraine,

Karcsa Karcsa is a village in Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén county, Hungary Hungary is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Spanning much of the Pannonian Basin, Carpathian Basin, it is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Ro ...

Pápoc Pápoc is a village in Vas county, Hungary Hungary is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Spanning much of the Pannonian Basin, Carpathian Basin, it is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Romania to the east a ...

). This purely circular layout was just a solution to cemetery treatments. There's not much to know about secular architecture at this age. The place of residence must have been a tent or a wooden house, the stone house only appears as a rarity. We don't know much about the castle building either. The chronicler Anonymus refers to

hillfort A hillfort is a type of fortification, fortified refuge or defended settlement located to exploit a rise in elevation for defensive advantage. They are typical of the late Bronze Age Europe, European Bronze Age and Iron Age Europe, Iron Age. So ...

s with elements of Slavic origin, fortifications made of twigs and mud. The tower of Esztergom, which formed the core of the

castle A castle is a type of fortification, fortified structure built during the Middle Ages predominantly by the nobility or royalty and by Military order (monastic society), military orders. Scholars usually consider a ''castle'' to be the private ...

, suggests that this type of building has already appeared.

Appearance of the Gothic

From the second half of the 13th century a new layer of society appeared as the customer of art works, the citizenship. The art of the citizenship came into contact with the art of Royal centers in many ways. Since the law of the king

Béla IV of Hungary Béla IV (1206 – 3 May 1270) was King of Hungary and King of Croatia, Croatia between 1235 and 1270, and Duke of Styria from 1254 to 1258. As the oldest son of Andrew II of Hungary, King Andrew II, he was crowned upon the initiative of a group ...

, the protection of the urban settlement by the king Béla IV, has been erected by a stone wall, built towers and gates. In addition to the ecclesiastical art, significant secular art was developed (residential houses, wells, roads). Urban craftsmen did not affect the architecture of the houses. Building houses and castles became an independent artistic task, and the

Gothic art Gothic art was a style of medieval art that developed in Northern France out of Romanesque art in the 12th century, led by the concurrent development of Gothic architecture. It spread to all of Western Europe, and much of Northern Europe, Norther ...

was developing. It played an important role in the development of Gothic architecture. After the law of Béla IV, a massive construction began. Béla IV began the construction of the new Royal headquarters,

Buda Buda (, ) is the part of Budapest, the capital city of Hungary, that lies on the western bank of the Danube. Historically, “Buda” referred only to the royal walled city on Castle Hill (), which was constructed by Béla IV between 1247 and ...

. Although the Royal Centre had already been transferred to

, the site was considered to be warlike and construction began on the South Side of the Castle Hill. At that time, the construction of Buda was still at a modest level, the main aspect was of protection. In addition to the castle, a town was established on the north side. The King's construction works include The Franciás Boldogasszony and the simpler Church of Mary Magdalene of Budapest, the Dominican Monastery of St. Nicholas, Buda and the monastery of the Dominican Monastery of Margaret Island. In these buildings, the ribcage cross-vault has already appeared. Construction was carried out all over the country (Lower Castle of Visegrád, the Tower of Solomon, the tower of Sárospatak, etc.). King Béla IV made donations to the wealthy leaders and encouraged them to do the same. The militars and bishops were almost competing in construction. The central tower of these castles was built on steep rock or gully, to which additional rooms, walls and gates were connected according to the terrain. The courtyard was narrow, here cisterns and wells provided the water. The huge old towers were usually gloomy, only the most modest demands were met (

Castle of Csesznek The Castle of Csesznek lies in the Bakony between Győr and Zirc in the village of Csesznek. The castle was constructed after the Mongol invasion of Europe around 1263 in a period where many castles were built. The first castle was built by Jakab ...

Castle of Sümeg Castle of Sümeg is a castle by the town of Sümeg, Veszprém (county), Veszprém county, Hungary. Built in the mid or late 13th century by Béla IV of Hungary, Sümeg Castle is situated atop a mountain called "Castle Hill", 20 miles north of La ...

, Castle of Trenčín (the latter in current Slovakia)).

Popular architecture

The development of cities started in the 13th century. Sources of the same age present

Sopron Sopron (; , ) is a city in Hungary on the Austrian border, near Lake Neusiedl/Lake Fertő. History Ancient times-13th century In the Iron Age a hilltop settlement with a burial ground existed in the neighbourhood of Sopron-Várhely. When ...

and

as a

township A township is a form of human settlement or administrative subdivision. Its exact definition varies among countries. Although the term is occasionally associated with an urban area, this tends to be an exception to the rule. In Australia, Canad ...

s. In these cities you can feel the radiance of the Buda architecture, like the sanctuary of the Franciscan Church of Sopron and the extension of the sanctuary of the

Alba Iulia Alba Iulia (; or ''Carlsburg'', formerly ''Weißenburg''; ; ) is a city that serves as the seat of Alba County in the west-central part of Romania. Located on the river Mureș (river), Mureș in the historical region of Transylvania, it has a ...

(the latter in current Romania). The Anjou era Gothic art is based on these.

Anjou and Sigismund's eras

The Anjou kings cast the foundations of the Visegrád's Citadel and the

Royal palace This is a list of royal palaces, sorted by continent. Africa Americas Asia Europe Oceania {, class="wikitable" width="95%" , - bgcolor="white" !align=center, Residence !align=center, Photo !align=center, City !align=cen ...

. At the same time, the construction of the

Buda Castle Buda Castle (, ), formerly also called the Royal Palace () and the Royal Castle (, ), is the historical castle and palace complex of the King of Hungary, Hungarian kings in Budapest. First completed in 1265, the Baroque architecture, Baroque pa ...

was going on, and at the age of king

Louis I of Hungary Louis I, also Louis the Great (; ; ) or Louis the Hungarian (; 5 March 132610 September 1382), was King of Hungary and Croatia from 1342 and King of Poland from 1370. He was the first child of Charles I of Hungary and his wife, Elizabeth of ...

, the foundations of the today's Buda Castle were already in place ( Tower of Stephen). After

Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund of Luxembourg (15 February 1368 – 9 December 1437) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1433 until his death in 1437. He was elected King of Germany (King of the Romans) in 1410, and was also King of Bohemia from 1419, as well as prince-elect ...

took the throne, a direct connection established the Fresh Palace construction with the royal centre in

Prague Prague ( ; ) is the capital and List of cities and towns in the Czech Republic, largest city of the Czech Republic and the historical capital of Bohemia. Prague, located on the Vltava River, has a population of about 1.4 million, while its P ...

. Sigismund built the new wing of the Fresh Palace and the Tower of Bones rising from the city. It was the Golden Age of the

Gothic architecture Gothic architecture is an architectural style that was prevalent in Europe from the late 12th to the 16th century, during the High Middle Ages, High and Late Middle Ages, surviving into the 17th and 18th centuries in some areas. It evolved f ...

in Hungary. The

Castle of Diósgyőr The Castle of Diósgyőr is a medieval castle in the historical town of Diósgyőr which is now part of the Northern Hungarian city Miskolc. The first Castle of Diósgyőr was built probably in the 12th century and was destroyed during the M ...

built during the reign of

is the earliest creation of the typical four-corner tower rectangular castle type. Examples of this type are also the Royal castle of Tata and the Sigismund's era's

Bratislava Castle Bratislava Castle (, ; ; ) is the main castle of Bratislava, the capital of Slovakia. The massive rectangular building with four corner towers stands on an isolated rocky hill of the Little Carpathians, directly above the Danube river, in ...

(current Slovakia). In addition to the royal castle architecture, there was also a significant place in the castle architecture of the Lord. There were ribbed cross-vices, varied forms of windows and doors. Castle gates with family coats of arms, towers with fireplaces. The best examples are from the

Upper Hungary Upper Hungary (, "Upland"), is the area that was historically the northern part of the Kingdom of Hungary, now mostly present-day Slovakia. The region has also been called ''Felső-Magyarország'' ( literally: "Upper Hungary"; ). During the ...

Trenčín Castle The Trenčín Castle (, ) is a castle above the town of Trenčín in western Slovakia. History The history of the castle goes back to the age of the Roman Empire, testified by the inscription telling about the victory of the II. Roman legion at ' ...

, the

Matthew III Csák Máté Csák or Matthew III Csák (between 1260 and 1265 – 18 March 1321; , ), also Máté Csák of Trencsén (, ), was a Hungarian oligarch who ruled ''de facto'' independently the north-western counties of Medieval Hungary (today roughly th ...

's castle;

Beckov Castle Beckov Castle (; ) is a castle in ruins located above the former town of Beckov in Nové Mesto nad Váhom District, Trenčín Region, western Slovakia. It is a national cultural monument and its present appearance is the result of renovations i ...

, the Stibor family castle; Castle of Hollókő.

Kačić family The Kačić family (, , ) was one of the most influential Croatian noble families, and was one of the Croatian "Twelve noble tribes of Croatia, twelve noble tribes" described in the Pacta conventa (Croatia), Pacta conventa and Supetar Cartulary. ...

clan; Castle of Nógrád, the

Bishop of Vác A bishop is an ordained member of the clergy who is entrusted with a position of Episcopal polity, authority and oversight in a religious institution. In Christianity, bishops are normally responsible for the governance and administration of di ...

's castle; in addition, the surrounding area of

Veszprém Veszprém (; , , , ) is one of the oldest urban areas in Hungary, and a city with county rights. It lies approximately north of the Lake Balaton. It is the administrative center of the county of the same name. Etymology The city's name derives ...

(the

Garai family The House of Garay or Garai () was a Hungarian-Croatian noble family, a branch of the Dorozsma (Durusma) clan, with notable members in the 14th and 15th centuries. They were lords of Csesznek. Origin The family was descended from the Dorozsma ...

, the

Bishop's castle Bishop's Castle is a market town in the south west of Shropshire, England. According to the 2011 Census it had a population of 1,893. Bishop's Castle is east of the Wales–England border, about north-west of Ludlow and about south-west of ...

of Veszprém) and the

Great Hungarian Plain The Great Hungarian Plain (also known as Alföld or Great Alföld, or ) is a plain occupying the majority of the modern territory of Hungary. It is the largest part of the wider Pannonian Plain (however, the Great Hungarian Plain was not par ...

is significant ( Gyula,

Castle of Kisvárda A castle is a type of fortification, fortified structure built during the Middle Ages predominantly by the nobility or royalty and by Military order (monastic society), military orders. Scholars usually consider a ''castle'' to be the private ...

the

Stephen Várdai Stephen Várdai (; died 22 February 1471) was a Hungarian Roman Catholic bishop and cardinal. Biography Stephen Várdai was born in Szabolcs County, Kingdom of Hungary, ca. 1425, the son of nobleman Pelbartus Várdai. He studied at the Unive ...

's castle). The

Jurisics Castle Jurisics Castle, named after Croatian nobleman Nikola Jurišić () is located in Kőszeg, Hungary. Siege of Güns During the Habsburg-Ottoman wars, Pargalı İbrahim Pasha under the command of Suleiman the Magnificent Suleiman I (; , ; ...

and the

Castle of Siklós The Castle of Siklós is a medieval castle in Siklós, Hungary. History The castle was built by Baron János György Benyó in the 13th century in the town of Siklós in the southern part of Hungary near Pécs. The building is noted for its Goth ...

belonged to the Garai family. The

Hunyadi Castle Corvin Castle, also known as Hunyadi Castle or Hunedoara Castle (Romanian language, Romanian: ''Castelul Huniazilor'' or ''Castelul Corvinilor;'' Hungarian language, Hungarian: ''Vajdahunyadi vár''), is a Gothic architecture, Gothic-Renaissanc ...

is the most magnificent creation of the period.

Early Gothic church architecture

During the 14th and 15th centuries almost all the Episcopal cathedrals were enlarged or rebuilt in the century ( Chapel of Gisela in Veszprém, Chapel of

Hédervár Hédervár is a village located in Győr-Moson-Sopron County, in northwestern Hungary. Description The village settled in the Szigetköz in Győr-Moson-Sopron country halfway along the road connecting Győr and Mosonmagyaróvár. Its emergence ...

Győr Győr ( , ; ; names of European cities in different languages: E-H#G, names in other languages) is the main city of northwest Hungary, the capital of Győr-Moson-Sopron County and Western Transdanubia, Western Transdanubia region, and – halfwa ...

, surrounding sanctuary in

). In the countryside, the overlords built Monk and parish churches. The

Franciscan monastery of Szécsény The Franciscans are a group of related organizations in the Catholic Church, founded or inspired by the Italian saint Francis of Assisi. They include three independent religious orders for men (the Order of Friars Minor being the largest contem ...

was built by

Thomas Szécsényi Thomas (I) Szécsényi (; died 1354) was a Hungarian powerful baron and soldier, who rose to prominence during King Charles I's war against the oligarchs. He belonged to the so-called "new aristocracy", who supported the king's efforts to restor ...

John Hunyadi John Hunyadi (; ; ; ; ; – 11 August 1456) was a leading Kingdom of Hungary, Hungarian military and political figure during the 15th century, who served as Regent of Hungary, regent of the Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526), Kingdom of Hungary ...

built the Franciscan church of

Teiuș Teiuș (, ; ) is a town in Alba County, Transylvania, Romania, with a population of 6,308 inhabitants as of 2021. The town, declared as such in 1994, administers four villages: Beldiu (''Marosbéld''), Căpud (''Magyarkapud''), Coșlariu Nou ('' ...

(current Romania),

Pál Kinizsi Pál Kinizsi ({{langx, la, Paulus de Kenezy; {{langx, ro, Paul Chinezu; 1432–1494) was a Hungarian general in the service of Hungarian army under king Matthias Corvinus. He was the Count of Temes County (in the historical Banat region, in the ...

founded the

Pauline monastery of Nagyvázsony Pauline may refer to: Religion *An adjective referring to St Paul the Apostle or a follower of his doctrines *An adjective referring to St Paul of Thebes, also called St Paul the First Hermit *An adjective referring to the Paulines, various relig ...

, and the

Báthory family The House of Báthory () was an old and powerful Hungarian nobility, Hungarian noble family of the Gutkeled clan. The family rose to significant influence in Central Europe during the Late Middle Ages, holding high military, administrative and ...

were active in

Nyírbátor Nyírbátor () is a town in Szabolcs–Szatmár–Bereg County, in the Northern Great Plain region of eastern Hungary. The town contains 15th and 16th century ecclesiastic and secular architectural heritage. Geography It covers an area of and ...

. There was also the type of the creation church, the preface of which is the

Sainte-Chapelle The Sainte-Chapelle (; ) is a royal chapel in the Gothic style, within the medieval Palais de la Cité, the residence of the Kings of France until the 14th century, on the Île de la Cité in the River Seine in Paris, France. Construction b ...

Paris Paris () is the Capital city, capital and List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, largest city of France. With an estimated population of 2,048,472 residents in January 2025 in an area of more than , Paris is the List of ci ...

erected in 1361 through the Evangelist chapel of John. The Bratislava Chapel was also a pre-image of the main church chapel (the Gara Chapel of the Virgin Mary Church, the Zapolya Chapel of Szepeszely).

Flourishing of the Popular architecture

In the 14th century, the popular architecture has evolved more widely. The role of the capital took place in

, it was quickly built near the castle, outside the city. The typical Buda house type was established in the 14th and 15th centuries, which overlooks the streets in the Balkan style with its long façade. Representatives of this type are the National House Street number 2 in Budapest, Tarnok Street number 14 in

Budapest Budapest is the Capital city, capital and List of cities and towns of Hungary, most populous city of Hungary. It is the List of cities in the European Union by population within city limits, tenth-largest city in the European Union by popul ...

, Uri Street number 31 in Budapest. Gothic dwellings also remained in the countryside: Kátalántalán Street number 2 in

. However, many of these houses were built of wood and destroyed by fire. The same-age sources for woodwork suggest a high level of carpentry. It was important the work of the master carpenter Dénes Gyarmati in

, who carried out high-ranking orders. Most of the other types of building in the city (City Hall, Guild House, Bath, hospital) are known only from sources of the same age. The remains of the Old City Hall of Buda are in the museum building. Also we found in the Old Town Hall of Bratislava (current Slovakia). However, ecclesiastical architecture was still decisive in the design of the city picture. The parish churches were three-nave Hall churches, without a crossnave, located in or near the market square. The city parishes were often created with royal support, the coat of arms of

is found on the City Hall of

Sebeș Sebeș (; German: ''Mühlbach''; Hungarian: ''Szászsebes''; Transylvanian Saxon: ''Melnbach'') is a city in Alba County, central Romania, southwestern Transylvania. Geography The city lies in the Mureș River valley and straddles the river ...

(current Romania), the coat of arms of Sigismund is on the St. Michael's Church in

Cluj-Napoca Cluj-Napoca ( ; ), or simply Cluj ( , ), is a city in northwestern Romania. It is the second-most populous city in the country and the seat of Cluj County. Geographically, it is roughly equidistant from Bucharest (), Budapest () and Belgrade ( ...

(current Romania), coat of arms of

Matthias Corvinus Matthias Corvinus (; ; ; ; ; ) was King of Hungary and King of Croatia, Croatia from 1458 to 1490, as Matthias I. He is often given the epithet "the Just". After conducting several military campaigns, he was elected King of Bohemia in 1469 and ...

is on the top of the Blessed Virgin Church in Buda. In these churches, the two-tower façade type of the ethnic churches continued, except that only one of the towers was fully built ( Košice Dome (current Slovakia),

Matthias Church The Church of the Assumption of the Buda Castle (), more commonly known as the Matthias Church () and more rarely as the Coronation Church of Buda, is a Catholic church in Holy Trinity Square, Budapest, Hungary, in front of the Fisherman's Bastion ...

of Budapest,

Biserica Neagră The Black Church (, , ), stands in the city of Brașov in south-eastern Transylvania, Romania. It was built by the local Transylvanian Saxon (German) community of the city during medieval times and represents the main Gothic-style monument in ...

(current Romania)). The turret domes were usually designed with four fiatorches. In the cities, the monastery churches of the

Mendicant orders Mendicant orders are primarily certain Catholic Church, Catholic religious orders that have vowed for their male members a lifestyle of vow of poverty, poverty, traveling, and living in urban areas for purposes of preacher, preaching, Evangelis ...

also appeared. The Mendicant order was also built on the basis of uniform principles. (one-nave structure, tower next to the apse nave.) A good example of this are the dormitories of the Ulița Lupilor Street in Cluj-Napoca (current Romania), the Franciscan monastery-church of Szeged and the

Reformed Church of Nyírbátor Reform is beneficial change. Reform, reformed or reforming may also refer to: Media * ''Reform'' (album), a 2011 album by Jane Zhang *Reform (band), a Swedish jazz fusion group * ''Reform'' (magazine), a Christian magazine Places * Reform, Alab ...

. The constructions of the Mendicant order usually took place near the city walls, so the buildings were included in the city's protection system. The construction of the city walls has already been established. Béla also ordered it, but they were built in a mass of

Sigismund Sigismund (variants: Sigmund, Siegmund) is a German proper name, meaning "protection through victory", from Old High German ''sigu'' "victory" + ''munt'' "hand, protection". Tacitus latinises it ''Segimundus''. There appears to be an older form of ...

of 1405. it started after the annual decree. The city walls were crowned by a party, behind it there were wooden protection corridors (Buda, Pest and Cluj-Napoca city walls). The architecture of the

market town A market town is a settlement most common in Europe that obtained by custom or royal charter, in the Middle Ages, a market right, which allowed it to host a regular market; this distinguished it from a village or city. In Britain, small rura ...

s was not significant, although church architecture sometimes approached the level of the free royal cities (

Gothic Protestant Church of Avas The Gothic Protestant Church of Avas is the oldest building in the centre of the city of Miskolc in Northern Hungary. It was built in the 13th century as a small, Romanesque style church, and later it was expanded to a larger Gothic style church. I ...

Miskolc Miskolc ( , ; ; Czech language, Czech and ; ; ; ) is a city in northeastern Hungary, known for its heavy industry. With a population of 161,265 as of 1 January 2014, Miskolc is the List of cities and towns in Hungary#Largest cities in Hungary, ...

, St. Andrew Church of Debrecen, Franciscan monastery-church of Gyöngyös and Franciscan monastery-church of Szombathely). The layout of the village churches has not changed, the two-storey structure (apse nave and nave) remains. The size of the buildings has increased, the apse nave has a polygon-based, ribbed cross-vault. Tower connected to the west façade. In the

Székely Land The Székely Land or Szeklerland (, , Old Hungarian script, Székely runes: 𐲥𐳋𐳓𐳉𐳗𐳌𐳞𐳖𐳇; and sometimes ; ; ) is a historic and ethnographic area in present-day Romania, inhabited mainly by Székelys, a subgroup of Hung ...

, was often provided with fortifications and crenellated (

Neszmély Neszmély () is a village in Komárom-Esztergom county, Hungary. Albert the Magnanimous, the first Habsburg King of Hungary and eventual King of the Romans King of the Romans (; ) was the title used by the king of East Francia following h ...

, Vörösberény). In

Transylvanian Saxons The Transylvanian Saxons (; Transylvanian Saxon dialect, Transylvanian Saxon: ''Siweberjer Såksen'' or simply ''Soxen'', singularly ''Sox'' or ''Soax''; Transylvanian Landler dialect, Transylvanian Landler: ''Soxn'' or ''Soxisch''; ; seldom ''sa ...

lands, the Gothic conversion of Roman churches was common. There are written sources at the end of the 15th century, in addition to civil artists, they begin to talk about field-town and village masters. A unique memory of the architecture of the villages is the

Manor Gothic House of Alsóörs Manor may refer to: Land ownership *Manorialism or "manor system", the method of land ownership (or "tenure") in parts of medieval Europe, notably England *Lord of the manor, the owner of an agreed area of land (or "manor") under manorialism *Man ...

. NEMETHY(1876) p203 (Mátyás templom) - Nagyboldogasszony templomának alakja -1841-74.jpg, Matthias Church in Budapest before the Gothic Revival modernisation (14th - 15th century) Matthias Church 5.jpg, Matthias Church in Budapest after the Gothic Revival modernisation (1874-1896) Catedral de San Martín, Bratislava, Eslovaquia, 2020-02-01, DD 46.jpg, St Martin's Cathedral in Bratislava, now Slovakia (14th - 15th century) Kolozsvar Fo ter5.jpg, St. Michael's Church in Cluj-Napoca, now Romania (14th - 15th century) St Elisabeth Cathedral Kosice.jpeg, Cathedral of St. Elizabeth in Košice, now Slovakia (14th - 15th century) 20140628 Braşov 12.jpg, Black Church in Brașov, now Romania (14th - 15th century) Saint John the Evangelist Chapel (Franciscan Church, Bratislava, 2023).jpg, Saint John the Evangelist Chapel in the

Franciscan Church, Bratislava The Franciscan Church ( Slovak: ''Františkánsky kostol'' or ''Kostol Zvestovania Pána'') is the oldest existing religious (sacral) building in the Old Town of Bratislava, the capital of Slovakia. The church was consecrated in the year 1297 in ...

, now Slovakia (2nd half of the 14th century) Spišský Štvrtok - kaplnka Zápoľských.JPG, Zápolya Chapel in the Church of St. Ladislaus in

Spišský Štvrtok Spišský Štvrtok (before 1927 "Štvrtok"; , , ) is a village and municipality in Levoča District in the Prešov Region of central-eastern Slovakia. In history, historical records the village was first mentioned in 1263. The municipality lies a ...

, now Slovakia (1473-1487) Bratislava14Slovakia65.JPG, Old Town Hall in Bratislava, now Slovakia (15th century) Hunedoara castle.jpg,

Corvin Castle Corvin Castle, also known as Hunyadi Castle or Hunedoara Castle ( Romanian: ''Castelul Huniazilor'' or ''Castelul Corvinilor;'' Hungarian: ''Vajdahunyadi vár''), is a Gothic-Renaissance castle in Hunedoara, Romania. It is considered one of t ...

Hunedoara Hunedoara (; ; ) is a municipiu, city in Hunedoara County, Transylvania, Romania. It is located in southwestern Transylvania near the Poiana Ruscă Mountains, and administers five villages: Boș (''Bós''), Groș (''Grós''), Hășdat (''Hosdát ...

, now Romania (1440-1480) Bardejov10Slovakia7.JPG, Town hall (1505-1511) and the

Basilica of St Giles Basilica of St Giles in Bardejov, Slovakia, is a Gothic sacral building, which is situated in the northern part of the Town-Hall square (in Slovak Radničné námestie). Bardejov is located in the larger area of town Prešov in the region called ...

(14th - 15th century) in

Bardejov Bardejov (; , , , , ) is a town in North-Eastern Slovakia. It is situated in the Šariš region on a floodplain terrace of the Topľa River, in the hills of the Beskids, Beskyd Mountains. It exhibits numerous cultural monuments in its completely i ...

, now Slovakia

Renaissance

In the second half of the 15th century, the

began to replace Gothic, and the German-French effect was replaced by the Italian. The changes were also supported by political reasons. The first change of style took place at the seat in

thanks to king

. The Renaissance has spread through nobility and high priests. The Hungarian Renaissance can be divided into three style periods. *Early Renaissance (1460-1541) *Mature Renaissance (1506-1570) *Late Renaissance (between 1570-1690 or 1750) It is typical that local variations have developed and some Renaissance phenomena coexist.

Early Renaissance

The first Renaissance buildings were

Matthias Matthias is a name derived from the Greek Ματθαίος, in origin similar to Matthew. Notable people Notable people named Matthias include the following: Religion * Saint Matthias, chosen as an apostle in Acts 1:21–26 to replace Judas Isca ...

palaces, the East Wing of

and its courtyard, the Royal Palace of Visegrád, the villa of Nyék. Their style followed the Tuscan Renaissance. It was then that the order of the facade (columns with semicircles or straight beams), window and door types, decorative motifs, which had an exemplary effect on later construction sites. Matthias ' architect was the

Chimenti Camicia Chimenti Camicia was an Italian renaissance architect who was born in Florence in 1431. He had his own workshop by 1464. In 1479 he went to work for King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary for whom Camicia designed palaces, gardens, fountains, churches, ...

, born in Florence. In Buda there was a significant stone-carving workshop, where the stonemakers learned Italian motifs and moved on. Matthias' construction was followed immediately by the construction of the

Archbishop of Esztergom In Christian denominations, an archbishop is a bishop of higher rank or office. In most cases, such as the Catholic Church, there are many archbishops who either have jurisdiction over an ecclesiastical province in addition to their own archdioc ...

(1480-1500), John of Aragon,

Ippolito d'Este Ippolito (I) d'Este (; 20 March 1479 – 3 September 1520) was an Italian Roman Catholic cardinal, and Archbishop of Esztergom. He was a member of the ducal House of Este of Ferrara, and was usually referred to as the Cardinal of Ferrara. T ...

Tamás Bakócz Tamás Bakócz OP (, Erdőd, Esztergom) was a Hungarian archbishop, cardinal and statesman. He was a serious candidate in the 1513 papal conclave. Life Born in Szatmár County, Bakócz was the son of a wagoner and was adopted by his uncle, wh ...

, built in

, Miklós Báthori built in

Nógrád Nógrád (; ) is a village in Nógrád County, Hungary Hungary is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Spanning much of the Pannonian Basin, Carpathian Basin, it is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Romania to ...

(1483) and

Vác Vác (; ; ; ) is a thousand-year old city in Pest county in Hungary with approximately 35,000 inhabitants. The archaic spelling of the name is ''Vácz''. Location Vác is located north of Budapest on the eastern bank of the Danube river, below t ...

(1485-95), András Báthori in the castle of Ecséd, Sigismund Ernest Csaktornyai in

Zagreb Zagreb ( ) is the capital (political), capital and List of cities and towns in Croatia#List of cities and towns, largest city of Croatia. It is in the Northern Croatia, north of the country, along the Sava river, at the southern slopes of the ...

(current Croatia) (1488) and

(1498), Bishop László Geréb in the Gilău (current Romania) (1480–90),

Archbishop of Kalocsa In Christian denominations, an archbishop is a bishop of higher rank or office. In most cases, such as the Catholic Church, there are many archbishops who either have jurisdiction over an ecclesiastical province in addition to their own archdioc ...

Péter Váradi in the

Bač Fortress Bač Fortress (; ) is a medieval fortress in Vojvodina, Serbia. It is located in the town of Bač, in the Bačka region. Founded by the king Charles Robert I, the fortress was the most important Hungarian rampart against the invading Ottoman ...

(current Serbia) (1490s), Balázs Ráskai in Csővár,

Nagyvázsony Nagyvázsony is a village in Veszprém, Hungary. It lies approximately 15 km (9 mi) north of the Lake Balaton. It houses Kinizsi Castle, a 14th-century fortification donated by Matthias I to Pál Kinizsi. Kinizsi's sarcophagus can b ...

. In the second half of the early Renaissance, the new style appeared not only in the

and the major centres, but also in the Sălaj,

Ciuc Mountains Ciuc Mountains (Romanian ''Munții Ciucului'', Hungarian ''Csíki-havasok'') are a mid-high range of mountains of Harghita County in Transylvania, Romania. Geologically they belong to the Căliman-Harghita Mountains group of the Inner Eastern ...

in the current Romania, the

Zemplén County Zemplén (, , , ) was an administrative county (Comitatus (Kingdom of Hungary), comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary. The northern part of its territory is now situated in eastern Slovakia (Zemplín (region), Zemplín region), while a smaller so ...

Syrmia Syrmia (Ekavian sh-Latn-Cyrl, Srem, Срем, separator=" / " or Ijekavian sh-Latn-Cyrl, Srijem, Сријем, label=none, separator=" / ") is a region of the southern Pannonian Plain, which lies between the Danube and Sava rivers. It is div ...

(current Serbia). Most of the memories follow the traditions of the

period: tabernacles in Pest, carvings in

, fragments in

, details in the

also in the Kátalántalán Street 2 in Pécs, the façade of the number 2, the Papal vault gate passage built in 1515. In

Transylvania Transylvania ( or ; ; or ; Transylvanian Saxon dialect, Transylvanian Saxon: ''Siweberjen'') is a List of historical regions of Central Europe, historical and cultural region in Central Europe, encompassing central Romania. To the east and ...

, in addition to the Tuscan effect, the Lombard effect can be detected (the Chapel of Johannes Lazo on the north side of the Alba Iulia Cathedral (current Romania)).

Mature and late Renaissance

The signs of the mature Renaissance can be seen from 1506, in the construction of the Bakócz Chapel. The Bakócz chapel is important example of the Hungarian architecture of the 16th century. The carvings of Joannes Fiorentinus and the tabernacle of Archbishop

George Szatmári George Szatmári de Alsóborsa (; 1457 – 7 April 1524) was the Primate of Hungary. He was Bishop of Veszprém from 1499 to 1501, of Várad (present-day Oradea in Romania) from 1501 to 1505, of Pécs from 1505 to 1522, and Archbishop of E ...

represent the same line. After the fall of the Mohács and the Buda emergency, architecture continued on a very different line. In accordance with the division of the country, three artistic provinces were formed, the form language of which can be distinguished:

and

. However, there was still an Italian effect, until 1526 in Tuscan, then in northern Italy, from the 1570-80's

cinquecento The cultural and artistic events of Italy during the period 1500 to 1599 are collectively referred to as the Cinquecento (, ), from the Italian for the number 500, in turn from , which is Italian for the year 1500. Cinquecento encompasses the st ...

had a stronger form language, again having a Tuscan effect, especially in Transylvania, while in Transdanubia they continued to adapt to the Upper Solas. For the time of the late Renaissance, Hungarian character becomes decisive, none of elements that would be purely Italian, despite the fact that many Italian masters worked in the country.

Transdanubian

In the

, the traditions of the previous era were the purest. The Italian military engineers have established the Italian Rook system and the

forms have appeared. In the second half of the 16th century, the forms of late cinquecento evolved and the late Renaissance also appeared. New types of buildings have been established, such as the rectangular castle type with arcades, such as the destroyed fortress of Kanizsa by Pietro Ferrabosco, and the Castle of Egervár. The memories of the late Renaissance in transdanubia are mainly castles, such as the

Deutschkreutz Deutschkreutz ( until 1899, ''Németkeresztúr'' ) is an Austrian market town in the district of Oberpullendorf in the state of Burgenland. Geography Deutschkreutz lies in Middle Burgenland. It is divided into the districts of Deutschkreutz an ...

(current Austria), the dominant form of the -

loggia In architecture, a loggia ( , usually , ) is a covered exterior Long gallery, gallery or corridor, often on an upper level, sometimes on the ground level of a building. The corridor is open to the elements because its outer wall is only parti ...

of the Firewatch Tower of Sopron, which also appeared on residential houses.

Upper Hungary

The distinctive

style has developed into an upper Italian effect and has an extraordinary variety. The

Castle of Sárospatak A castle is a type of fortified structure built during the Middle Ages predominantly by the nobility or royalty and by military orders. Scholars usually consider a ''castle'' to be the private fortified residence of a lord or noble. This is ...

can be built at the beginning of the development. The 16th century construction site is located in the Perényi district. In the second half of the century, a lot of construction followed, at first Lombard and later Renaissance forms (

Trenčín castle The Trenčín Castle (, ) is a castle above the town of Trenčín in western Slovakia. History The history of the castle goes back to the age of the Roman Empire, testified by the inscription telling about the victory of the II. Roman legion at ' ...

(current Slovakia), 1540;

Markušovce Markušovce (; ) is a village and municipality in the Spišská Nová Ves District in the Košice Region of central-eastern Slovakia. History Markušovce was founded in the 12th century before the Tatar invasions of the region. The village was o ...

(current Slovakia), 1567;

Orava Castle Orava Castle (, ) is a castle situated on a high rock above Orava (river), Orava river in the village of Oravský Podzámok, Slovakia. The castle was built in the Kingdom of Hungary, with the oldest parts being built in the thirteenth century an ...

(Slovakia), 1561-1611; Town hall of

Banská Bystrica Banská Bystrica (, also known by other #Etymology, alternative names) is a city in central Slovakia, located on the Hron River in a long and wide valley encircled by the mountain chains of the Low Tatras, the Greater Fatra, Veľká Fatra, and t ...

(Slovakia), 1564–65;

Nitra Castle Nitra Castle (, ) is a castle located in the Old Town of Nitra, Slovakia. It dominates the city and is a national cultural monument. It is the seat of the Diocese of Nitra. History The first fortified center on Castle Hill dates back to the B ...

's gate (Slovakia), 1582–87; Ugruțiu Castle (Romania), 1589;

Bytča Bytča () is a town in northwestern Slovakia. It is located on the Váh River near the cities of Žilina and Považská Bystrica. It belongs to Upper Váh region of tourism. Etymology The name comes from a Slavic personal name ''Bytek'', ''Bytko' ...

Castle (Slovakia), 1571-1605). The late Renaissance ruled in the 17th century, and this was reflected in the building and form of the castles ( Budatín Castle (Slovakia), Beniczky's Castle in

Dolná Mičiná Dolná Mičiná () is a village and municipality of the Banská Bystrica District in the Banská Bystrica Region of Slovakia Slovakia, officially the Slovak Republic, is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is bordered by Poland to th ...

(Slovakia), 1667;

Topoľčianky Topoľčianky () is a village and municipality in Zlaté Moravce District of the Nitra Region, in western-central Slovakia. History In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1293. Tourism Topoľčianky is unique for its European ...

Castle (Slovakia), 1662; houses in

Levoča Levoča (; ; ) is the principal town of Levoča District in the Prešov Region of eastern Slovakia, with a population of 14,256. The town has a historic center with a well-preserved town wall, a Gothic architecture, Gothic church with the talle ...

and

Prešov Prešov () is a city in eastern Slovakia. It is the seat of administrative Prešov Region () and Šariš. With a population of approximately 85,000 for the city, and in total more than 100,000 with the urban area, it is the second-largest city i ...

(Slovakia)). The architecture of the old

Szepes County Szepes (; , , ) was an administrative county of the Kingdom of Hungary, called Scepusium before the late 19th century. Its territory today lies in northeastern Slovakia, with a very small area in southeastern Poland. For the current region, see S ...

and

Sáros County Sáros (- Hungarian, Slovak: ''Šariš'', Latin: ''comitatus Sarossiensis'', German: ''Scharosch'') was an administrative county ( comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary. Its territory is now in northeastern Slovakia. Today, Šariš is only an in ...

, which was named the "Paris Renaissance", represents a particular colour, and because of its local character, it is easily distinguished from Polish, Austrian and Czech houses. Its most beautiful memories are the Thurzó's

Betlanovce Betlanovce () is a village and municipality in the Spišská Nová Ves District in the Košice Region of central-eastern Slovakia. History The name "Terra Bethlem", the earth of Bethlem, was mentioned as early as 1260 in a written document. In hi ...

Castle (Slovakia) (1564), the belfry of

Kežmarok Kežmarok ( or ; , , , ) is a town in the Spiš region of eastern Slovakia (population 16,000), on the Poprad River. Prior to World War I, it was in Szepes county in the Kingdom of Hungary. History Settlement at Kežmarok dates back to the Up ...

(Slovakia) (1591), the church tower of Svinia (Slovakia) (1628), the

Emeric Thököly Emeric Thököly de Késmárk (; ; ; ; 25 September 1657 13 September 1705) was a Hungarian nobleman, leader of anti-Habsburg uprisings like his father, Count István Thököly, before him. Emeric was Prince of Upper Hungary, an Ottoman vass ...

's Castle of

(Slovakia), the Castle of

Fričovce Fričovce () is a village and municipality in Prešov District in the Prešov Region of eastern Slovakia. History In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1320. One of the oldest breweries in the country can be found there, Zapo ...

(1623–30) (Slovakia), and several houses of

and

(Slovakia).

Transylvania (current Romania)

It was here that the Renaissance developed its most peculiar image, which was formed after Italian designs, under the direction of the regal centre. The mecenatura has intensified the building mood. The cinquecento felt its effects between 1530–70, from this period the

Gherla Gherla (; ; ) is a municipality in Cluj County, Romania (in the historical region of Transylvania). It is located from Cluj-Napoca on the river Someșul Mic, and has a population of 19,873 as of 2021. Three villages are administered by the city: ...

Castle, The Humanist dwelling house of Adrianus Wolphard in Cluj-Napoca, the southern wing of Bethlen Castle in

Vințu de Jos Vințu de Jos, also known as ''Vinț'' (; ; ; ), is a commune located in the centre of Alba County, Transylvania, Romania. It is composed of eighteen villages: Câmpu Goblii (''Unter-Eisenberg''; ''Telekvinc''), Ciocașu (''Zoggesch''; ''Csókás' ...

, the Palace of Mănăstirea. From the second half of the 16th century the late Renaissance, which started with castle construction (

Castle,

Făgăraș Făgăraș (; , ) is a municipiu, city in central Romania, located in Brașov County. It lies on the Olt (river), Olt River and has a population of 26,284 as of 2021. It is situated in the historical region of Transylvania, and is the main city of ...

Castle,

Șimleu Silvaniei Șimleu Silvaniei (; , ) is a town in Sălaj County, Crișana, Romania with a population of 13,948 people (2021 census). It is located near the ancient Dacian fortress Dacidava. Three villages are administered by the town: Bic (''Bükk''), Cehei ...

Castle, István Kokas's house in

) is counted. The stone carving of the Cluj-Napoca School was established, which can be monitored for 150 years for orders and operations throughout Transylvania. The architecture of the 17th century coincides with the flower age of Transylvania, huge castle buildings, royal palaces were built, which also served as a model (Váradi pentagonal interior castle,

Medieșu Aurit Medieșu Aurit ( ) is a commune of 6,224 residents in Satu Mare County, Romania. It is composed of seven villages: Băbășești (''Szamosberence''), Iojib (''Józsefháza''), Medieșu Aurit, Medieș-Râturi (''Meggyesforduló''), Medieș-Vii ('' ...

Castle,

Iernut Iernut (, ) is a town in Mureș County, central Transylvania, Romania. It administers eight villages: Cipău (''Maroscsapó''), Deag (''Marosdég''), Lechința (''Maroslekence''), Oarba de Mureș (''Marosorbó''), Porumbac (''Porumbáktanya''), ...

Castle and

Ineu Ineu (; ) is a town in Arad County, western Transylvania, Romania. It is situated at a distance of from the county capital, Arad, it occupies a surface at the contact point of Crișul Alb Basin and Crișurilor Plateau. Ineu is the main entranc ...

Castle). In the second half of the 17th century, construction sites of national importance stopped, senior palaces were built instead of castles, like the Bethlen Castle in Sânmiclăuș, which was based on the own designs of

Miklós Bethlen Miklós (, ) is a given name or surname, the Hungarian form of the Greek (English ''Nicholas''), and may refer to: In Hungarian politics * Miklós Bánffy, Hungarian nobleman, politician, and novelist * Miklós Horthy, Regent of the Kingdom of H ...

. At the late of the 17th century the Transylvanian floral Renaissance was founded, which was manifested primarily in decorative design. Most falls in the 18th century, the last appeared in the stone carving work of Dávid Sipos in Chidea. File:Königsschloß4 - Mátyás Király Múzeum (König-Matthias-Museum), Visegrád.jpg, Royal Palace of Visegrád File:Namestie SNP - panoramio.jpg, Old Town Hall in

, now Slovakia File:Levoča (2).jpg, Old Town Hall in

, now Slovakia File:Levoca 27.jpg, Thurzo House in

, now Slovakia File:Muzeum - panoramio (2).jpg, Houses on the Main Square in

, now Slovakia File:RO AB Castelul Bethlen din Sanmiclaus (4).JPG, Bethlen Castle in Sânmiclăuș, now Romania

Ottoman-Islamic architecture in Hungary

File:GaziKaszimFotoThalerTamas1.jpg,

Mosque of Pasha Qasim The Downtown Candlemas Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary (), formerly known as the Mosque of Pasha Qasim (, ) is a Catholic church in Pécs, Hungary, which was a mosque in the 16–17th century due to the Ottoman conquest. It is one of the sym ...

File:Zelesny Károly Pécs 1880s.jpg, Mosque of Pasha Qasim in the 1880s File:Jakováli Hasszán dzsámija.JPG, Yakovalı Hasan Paşa Mosque in Pécs File:Minaret (5528. számú műemlék) 4.jpg,

Eger minaret The Eger minaret ( Hungarian: Egri minaret or Kethüda-minaret) is an Ottoman-era minaret tower located in Eger city, northern Hungary. It is one of the most northern minarets left from Ottoman rule in Europe. The minaret is 40 metres (131 feet ...

File:Malkocs bég dzsámija.jpg, Malkoç Bey Mosque in

Siklós Siklós ( sh-Latn-Cyrl, separator=/, Šikloš, Шиклош) is the 4th largest town in Baranya county, Hungary. The Malkocs Bey Mosque was built by the order of the Malkoçoğlu family. Ottoman conquest During Sultân Süleymân's 1543 campa ...

File:Malkocs bég dzsámija belső.jpg, Interior of the Malkoç Bey Mosque File:RudasFotoThalerTamas.JPG, The

Rudas Baths Rudas Bath or Rudas fürdő () is a thermal bath in Budapest, Hungary which is claimed to have medicinal properties. It was founded in 1571/1572 during the time of Ottoman rule. To date, it retains many of the key elements of a Hammam, exemplifi ...

in the moment of the Turkish invasion File:Gül baba türbéje.JPG, The

türbe ''Türbe'' refers to a Muslim mausoleum, tomb or grave often in the Turkish-speaking areas and for the mausolea of Ottoman sultans, nobles and notables. A typical türbe is located in the grounds of a mosque or complex, often endowed by the ...

Gül Baba Gül Baba (died 1541), also known as Jafer, was an Ottoman Bektashi dervish poet and companion of Sultan Suleiman I () who took part in a number of campaigns in Europe from the reign of Mehmed II onwards. Biography A native of Merzifon ...

File:Idrisz Baba türbéje (1780. számú műemlék).jpg, The

of Idrisz Baba File:Minaret in Érd. S. - Hungary.JPG,

Érd minaret The Érd minaret (Hungarian language, Hungarian: Érdi minaret) is an Ottoman Hungary, Ottoman era minaret tower situated in Érd near capital Budapest in Hungary. It is one of only three Ottoman Empire, Ottoman era minarets still surviving in Hun ...

File:Rác Gyógyfürdő, Budapest 02.jpg, Turkish bath in the

Rác Thermal Bath The Rác Thermal Bath, located in Budapest, Hungary, is an 8000-square metre bath and is renowned for its Turkish bath dating back to the 16th century, and its imperial pools and shower corridor built in the age of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. T ...

File:Rokusdomb well.jpg, Idrisz Baba's well

Baroque

The

Baroque art The Baroque ( , , ) is a Western style of architecture, music, dance, painting, sculpture, poetry, and other arts that flourished from the early 17th century until the 1750s. It followed Renaissance art and Mannerism and preceded the Rococo (in ...

of Hungary has long lived with the late Renaissance. It came in with European currents and was first established in literature following the

Péter Pázmány Péter Pázmány de Panasz, S.J. (, ; ; ; ; 4 October 1570 – 19 March 1637), was a Hungarian Jesuit who was a noted philosopher, theologian, cardinal, pulpit orator and statesman. He was an important figure in the Counter-Reformation ...

's work. It has a tendency to spread from the west to the east and has been established throughout the country after the expulsion of

Turkey Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly located in Anatolia in West Asia, with a relatively small part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe. It borders the Black Sea to the north; Georgia (country), Georgia, Armen ...

Early Baroque

The intellectual background of the architecture of the 17th century was the

Counter-Reformation The Counter-Reformation (), also sometimes called the Catholic Revival, was the period of Catholic resurgence that was initiated in response to, and as an alternative to or from similar insights as, the Protestant Reformations at the time. It w ...

. Work to meet the needs of the Catholic High Priest and the aristocracy started in the 1620s. The first memory of Baroque architecture in the Kingdom of Hungary was the Jesuit Trnava Cathedral (current Slovakia) designed by Pietro Spazzi. In its arrangement it follows the main church of the Jesuits, the

Church of the Gesù The Church of the Gesù (, ), officially named (), is a church located at Piazza del Gesù in the Pigna (rione of Rome), Pigna ''Rioni of Rome, rione'' of Rome, Italy. It is the mother church of the Society of Jesus (best known as Jesuits). Wi ...

of Rome. The monuments of the construction that started in the wake of the Jesuits include the Benedictine Church of St. Ignatius of Loyola, in

and the

Cathedral Basilica of Győr The Cathedral Basilica of the Assumption of Our Lady (also called Győr Cathedral; ) is a Catholic church that serves as cathedral basilica in Győr, Hungary, being the seat of the Diocese of Győr. The early 11th-century Romanesque church was de ...

, the reconstruction of Church of St. George in

and the former Jesuit church in

Košice Košice is the largest city in eastern Slovakia. It is situated on the river Hornád at the eastern reaches of the Slovak Ore Mountains, near the border with Hungary. With a population of approximately 230,000, Košice is the second-largest cit ...

(Slovakia). The architects of the era were usually Italian masters, such as Carlone (1616-1667), Martinelli (1684-1747). The Hungarian Baroque church architecture is characterised by prominent towers and gates, with windows lit by side

nave The nave () is the central part of a church, stretching from the (normally western) main entrance or rear wall, to the transepts, or in a church without transepts, to the chancel. When a church contains side aisles, as in a basilica-type ...

. The castle architecture followed the traditions of the previous century (

Rechnitz Rechnitz (, , Romani: ''Rochonca'') is a municipality in Burgenland in the Oberwart district in Austria. Geography The municipality is located in southern Burgenland, on the border with Hungary, near Bozsok and Szombathely. The highest mount ...

). The first Baroque castle was built for

Paul I, Prince Esterházy Paul I, 1st Prince Esterházy of Galántha (), () (8 September 1635 – 26 March 1713) was the first House of Esterházy, Prince Esterházy of Galántha from 1687 to 1713, Palatine (Kingdom of Hungary), Palatine of the Kingdom of Hungary from 16 ...

Eisenstadt Eisenstadt (; ; ; or ; ) is the capital city of the Provinces of Austria, Austrian state of Burgenland. With a population of 15,074 (as of 2023), it is the smallest state capital and the 38th-largest city in Austria overall. It lies at the foot o ...

(current Austria) by Italian architect Carlone. The castle architecture, however, only emerged after the Turkish fighting. The

Savoy Castle in Ráckeve Savoy (; )  is a cultural-historical region in the Western Alps. Situated on the cultural boundary between Occitania and Piedmont, the area extends from Lake Geneva in the north to the Dauphiné in the south and west and to the Aosta Valley in ...

(1700-1702) was first built according to the plans of

Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt (14 November 1668 – 16 November 1745) was an Austrian baroque architect and military engineer who designed stately buildings and churches and whose work had a profound influence on the architecture of the Habsburg ...

. Its U-shaped plan, which will be the center of the castle (

cour d'honneur A court of honor ( ; ) is the principal and formal approach and forecourt of a large building. It is usually defined by two secondary wings projecting forward from the main central block ('' corps de logis''), sometimes with a fourth side, co ...

), is completely different from the former castle types. The main line of the castle architecture followed this, but the French pattern was followed from the 1720s to 1730s.

18th century Baroque

In the beginning, secular architecture was oppressed by church construction, such as the Carmelite Church in

, the Jesuit church of

Trenčín Trenčín (, also known by other #Names and etymology, alternative names) is a List of towns in Slovakia, city in western Slovakia of the central Váh River valley near the Czech Republic, Czech border, around from Bratislava. It has a populati ...

(current Slovakia), the University Church in Pest, etc. In addition, most of the churches of the

were built on the remains of earlier churches (

Kecskemét Kecskemét ( ) is a city with county rights in central Hungary. It is the List of cities and towns of Hungary, eighth-largest city in the country, and the county seat of Bács-Kiskun County, Bács-Kiskun. Kecskemét lies halfway between the ca ...

). The peak of the Baroque secular architecture, took place in the second half of the 18th century. At the request of Queen

Maria Theresa Maria Theresa (Maria Theresia Walburga Amalia Christina; 13 May 1717 – 29 November 1780) was the ruler of the Habsburg monarchy from 1740 until her death in 1780, and the only woman to hold the position suo jure, in her own right. She was the ...

, the reconstruction of the Royal palace of Buda began with the assistance of Jadot (1710-1797),

Ignác Oracsek Ignác, also sometimes spelled Ignac in English, is the Czech, Slovak and Hungarian version of the name Ignatius. Ignac is also a surname, among the most common surnames in the Međimurje County of Croatia. Notable people with this name include: ...

(1750-1770) and

Franz Anton Hillebrandt Franz may refer to: People * Franz (given name) * Franz (surname) Places * Franz (crater), a lunar crater * Franz, Ontario, a railway junction and unorganized town in Canada * Franz Lake, in the state of Washington, United States – see Fran ...

(1719-1797). The Bishop's palaces were built with church money, including in

(Romania),

Szombathely } Szombathely (; ; also see #Etymology, names) is the 10th largest city in Hungary. It is the administrative centre of Vas County in the west of the country, located near the border with Austria. Szombathely lies by the streams ''Perint'' and '' ...

and

Kalocsa Kalocsa (; or ''Kalača''; or Калоча; ) is a town in Bács-Kiskun county, Hungary. It lies south of Budapest. It is situated in a marshy but highly productive district, near the left bank of the Danube River. Historically it had greater ...

. Among the most well-known churches built under the mature Baroque include the

Franz Anton Pilgrim Franz may refer to: People * Franz (given name) * Franz (surname) Places * Franz (crater), a lunar crater * Franz, Ontario, a railway junction and unorganized town in Canada * Franz Lake, in the state of Washington, United States – see Fran ...

's Church designed by Jászó, the Minorite Church in

and the Parish of Saint Anne in

. The

Cistercian church of Székesfehérvár The Cistercians (), officially the Order of Cistercians (, abbreviated as OCist or SOCist), are a Catholic religious order of monks and nuns that branched off from the Benedictines and follow the Rule of Saint Benedict, as well as the contri ...

was built by 1756, with the most valuable

Rococo Rococo, less commonly Roccoco ( , ; or ), also known as Late Baroque, is an exceptionally ornamental and dramatic style of architecture, art and decoration which combines asymmetry, scrolling curves, gilding, white and pastel colours, sculpte ...

furniture in Hungary in the sacristy. At the same time, the very rich Basilica of St. Stephen, rebuilt by Queen

, was completed by 1771, which became the Cathedral of the Diocese of Székesfehérvár from 1777. In the construction of the church, there is mainly a Southern influence, while in secular architecture the French influence has increased, this can be seen in the

Eszterháza Eszterháza is a palace in Fertőd, Hungary, built by Prince Nikolaus I, Prince Esterházy, Nikolaus Esterházy. Sometimes called the "Hungarian Palace of Versailles, Versailles", it is Hungary's grandest Rococo edifice. It was the home of Josep ...

Fertőd Fertőd () is a town in the Győr-Moson-Sopron county of Hungary, not far from Austria. Fertőd was formed when the towns of Eszterháza and Süttör were unified, in 1950. It is the location of one of Hungary's best known palaces, Eszterháza, w ...

, which is the splendour of the palace of Versailles, where the Rococo is already present. One of the most outstanding and beautiful examples of late Baroque castle architecture in Hungary is the

Royal Palace of Gödöllő The Royal Palace of Gödöllő (, ) or Grassalkovich Castle is an imperial and royal Hungarian palace located in the municipality of Gödöllő in Pest county, central Hungary. It is famous for being a favourite palace of the penultimate Que ...

. The effect of the castle is well illustrated by the fact that the Royal Palace of Gödöllő style has also been talked about since then, which has affected, among other things, the city lord palaces. Baroque houses remains in Eger, Buda Quarter,

and

. At this time, the builders were mostly Hungarian masters. The Baroque began to affect village architecture, and the folk-style peasant Baroque was formed. The late Baroque Ponytail style is reflected in the works of

Melchior Hefele Melchior is the name traditionally given to one of the biblical Magi appearing in the Gospel of Matthew. There are many notable people with this name, or close variations. As a first name * Melchior Anderegg (1828–1914), Swiss mountain guide * ...

and

Jakab Fellner Jakab Fellner (Fellenthali Fellner Jakab; 25 July 1722 – 12 December 1780) was the most important Baroque architect of his generation in Hungary. Fellner was born in Moravia. Although untrained, his skills and knowledge, gained through experie ...

, such as the Archbishop's Palace of Veszprém, the

Cathedral A cathedral is a church (building), church that contains the of a bishop, thus serving as the central church of a diocese, Annual conferences within Methodism, conference, or episcopate. Churches with the function of "cathedral" are usually s ...

and

Bishop's palace A bishop's palace is a form of ecclesiastical architecture constituting the official residence of a bishop.The term was not used in the British Isles until the Church of England was restructured following the Norman Conquest of 1066 AD. However, th ...

of Szombathely, the

Bishop's palace of Székesfehérvár A bishop is a Christian cleric of authority. Bishop, Bishops, Bishop's, or The Bishop may also refer to: Places Antarctica * Bishop Peak (Antarctica) * Mount Bishop (Antarctica) Australia * Bishop Island (Queensland), an island Canada * Bishop ...

, the Church of St. Stephen in

Pápa Pápa is a historical town in Veszprém county, Hungary, located close to the northern edge of the Bakony Hills, and noted for its baroque architecture. With its 28,549 inhabitants (2024), it is the cultural, economic and tourism centre of the r ...

or the Líceum of

. Classical elements such as the tympanum and the

Ionic column The Ionic order is one of the three canonic orders of classical architecture, the other two being the Doric and the Corinthian. There are two lesser orders: the Tuscan (a plainer Doric), and the rich variant of Corinthian called the composite o ...

began to spread. File:Trnava john the baptist 02.jpg, Trnava Cathedral, now Slovakia File:Eisenstadt Schloss Esterhazy 16082003 01.jpg, Esterházy Palace in Eisenstadt, now Austria File:Savoyai mansion, facade, 2018 Ráckeve.jpg,

File:Grassalkovich-kastély (7051. számú műemlék) 6.jpg, The

File:Palacio Grassalkovich, Bratislava, Eslovaquia, 2020-02-01, DD 21.jpg, Grassalkovich Palace in Bratislava, now Slovakia File:R. k., ferences templom (3913. számú műemlék).jpg, Interior of the Church of St. Emeric of

File:Minorita templom (5479. számú műemlék) 8.jpg, Interior of the Minorite Church of Eger File:Szombathely püspöki palota és székesegyház.jpg, The

and

of Szombathely File:EgyetemiTemplomFotoThalerTamas1.jpg, The University Church in Pest File:Karmelita templom Győrben.jpg, The Carmelite Church of

File:Bratislava kostol trinitárov pohľad 01.JPG, Trinitarian Church in Bratislava, now Slovakia

In the 19th century

In the first half of the 19th century

The Hungarian architecture of the first half of the 19th century was dictated by the

Classicist Classics, also classical studies or Ancient Greek and Roman studies, is the study of classical antiquity. In the Western world, ''classics'' traditionally refers to the study of Ancient Greek literature, Ancient Greek and Roman literature and ...

form of a particular national version. The evolving national consciousness took shape in this style.

Ferenc Kazinczy Ferenc Kazinczy (), (in older English: Francis Kazinczy, October 27, 1759 – August 23, 1831) was a Hungarian author, poet, translator, neologist, an agent in the regeneration of the Hungarian language and literature at the turn of the 19th c ...

's work has spread and become a popular style of the tablet world. After the development of Pest as a city, in 1808,

Archduke Joseph, Palatine of Hungary Archduke Joseph Anton of Austria (; ; 9 March 1776 – 13 January 1847) was the 103rd and penultimate palatine of Hungary who served for over fifty years from 1796 to 1847, after a period as governor in 1795. The latter half of his service coin ...

set up the Beautification Committee. The committee, operating until 1857, ensured the urban design of new construction sites and the style unit, thereby facilitating the civil approach to the Classical music. The buildings were characterised by

puritanism The Puritans were English Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries who sought to rid the Church of England of what they considered to be Roman Catholic practices, maintaining that the Church of England had not been fully reformed and should ...

, sobriety, moderation in form. The increase of mansions, row houses, public buildings began. The first major building was designed by Mihály Péchy (1755-1819) the Reformed Great Church of Debrecen. In the decades before the reform, two leading masters took his place, Mihály Pollack (1773-1855) and

József Hild József Hild (born Josef Hild, 8 December 1789 – 6 March 1867) was a Hungarian-German architect.Hild József

(1789-1867). They played the leading role in the

Hungarian Reform Era The Hungarian Reform Era was a period of Hungarian history in the 19th century characterized by a distancing from Habsburg rule. Its beginning was marked by the reconvening of the Diet of Hungary of 1825 and the foundation of the Hungarian Acade ...

as well. Pollack's first solo work was the Lutheran Church in Deák square, Budapest, then designed several palaces and castles. Its main work is the building of the Hungarian National Museum, which occupies a significant place in Europe. Hild's operation defined the Classicist image of the emerging capital ( Lloyd's palace, Tänzer House) and also performed church orders ( Cathedral Basilica of Eger). The construction of

Mátyás Zitterbarth Mátyás () is a Hungarian given name meaning Matthias. Notable people with the given name Mátyás: * Mátyás Bél, Hungarian scientist * Mátyás Cseszneky, Hungarian magnate and cavalry commander * Mátyás Rákosi, Hungarian communist polit ...

(1803-1867), Ferenc Kasselik (1795-1884), József Hofrichter (1779-1835) in Pest is more important. Near Pest and Buda, the main centre of Classicist construction was

. The

Esztergom Basilica The Primatial Basilica of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary and St Adalbert (), also known as the Basilica of Esztergom (), is an ecclesiastic basilica in Esztergom, Hungary, the mother church of the Archdiocese of Esztergom-Budapest, a ...

was built, initially based on the plans of János Packh (1796-1839), which was finally completed by József Hild. Classicist houses were built all over the country, sometimes provincial. From the middle of the 19th century, the effect of

Romanticism Romanticism (also known as the Romantic movement or Romantic era) was an artistic and intellectual movement that originated in Europe towards the end of the 18th century. The purpose of the movement was to advocate for the importance of subjec ...

has been stayed, which has already used Oriental elements. Its leading master became

Frigyes Feszl Frigyes Feszl (February 20, 1821 – July 25, 1884) was an architect and a significant figure in the Hungarian romantic movement. Life Born in Pest, Hungary, into a family of German origin, Feszl's father was a master wood carver. He was the fift ...

(1821-1884). He attempted to create Hungarian national architecture for the first time, using Moorish and Byzantine elements. His main work became

Vigadó of Pest Vigadó (usually translated as "Place for Merriment") is Budapest's second largest concert hall, located on the Eastern bank of the Danube in Budapest, Hungary. Although the acoustics are lacking, the building itself, designed by Frigyes Feszl i ...

, which is also an outstanding work of European Romanticism. File:Debreceni református nagytemplom.jpg, Reformed Great Church of Debrecen (1805-1824) File:Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum, Budapest.jpg, The

Hungarian National Museum The Hungarian National Museum (, ) was founded in 1802 and is the national museum for the history, art, and archaeology of Hungary, including areas not within Hungary's modern borders, such as Transylvania; it is separate to the collection of int ...

(1837–1847) designed by Mihály Pollack File:Esztergom.bazilika.lights.jpg, Night view of the

(1822-1869) built by four architects, including János Packh and

József Hild József Hild (born Josef Hild, 8 December 1789 – 6 March 1867) was a Hungarian-German architect.Hild József

File:Eger Basilica 01.jpg, Main facade of the Neoclassical Cathedral Basilica of Eger (1831–1836) File:Budapest - Chain Bridge - panoramio.jpg, The Neoclassical

Széchenyi Chain Bridge The Széchenyi Chain Bridge ( ) is a chain bridge that spans the River Danube between Buda and Pest, the western and eastern sides of Budapest, the capital of Hungary. Designed by English engineer William Tierney Clark and built by Scottish e ...

(1840-1849) File:Pesti Vigadó 2017-ben.jpg, Romantic Vigadó, Pest
(1859-1865) File:02 Pecs, Hungary - Great Synagogue.jpg, Romantic Great Synagogue of Pécs (1869)

The age of dualism

The most important architect of the second half of the 19th century was

Miklós Ybl Miklós Ybl (6 April 1814 in Székesfehérvár – 22 January 1891 in Budapest) was one of Europe's leading architects in the mid to late nineteenth century as well as Hungary's most influential architect during his career. His most well-known w ...

(1814-1891), started out from Romanticism. His influence, however, was rather manifested in the spread of the

Historicism Historicism is an approach to explaining the existence of phenomena, especially social and cultural practices (including ideas and beliefs), by studying the process or history by which they came about. The term is widely used in philosophy, ant ...

. After 1860, the Historicist aspirations appeared, first the

Renaissance Revival Renaissance Revival architecture (sometimes referred to as "Neo-Renaissance") is a group of 19th-century architectural revival styles which were neither Greek Revival nor Gothic Revival but which instead drew inspiration from a wide range of ...

(Ybl: Várkert Bazár,

Hungarian State Opera House The Hungarian State Opera House ( ) is a historic opera house located in central Budapest, on Andrássy avenue. Originally known as the Hungarian Royal Opera House, it was designed by Miklós Ybl, a major figure of 19th-century Hungarian archite ...

, Vámház körút; Gusztáv Petschacher and Alajos Hauszmann).

Frigyes Schulek Frigyes Schulek (19 November 1841 – 5 September 1919) was a Hungarian architect,
Hungarian Electronic Library, retr ...

(1841-1919) and

Imre Steindl Imre Ferenc Károly Steindl (29 October 1839 – 31 August 1902) was a Hungarian architect. Steindl (sometimes called in German ''Emerich Steindl'' or ''Emmerich Steindl'') was the designer of the Hungarian Parliament Building, an associate pr ...

(1839-1902) were involved in resurrecting the styles of

and Romanesque Revivals (

Fisherman's Bastion The Halászbástya () or Fisherman's Bastion is one of the best known historical monuments in Budapest, located near the Buda Castle, in the Várkerület (Buda Castle District). Since 1987, it has been designated a World Heritage Sites, UNESCO Wor ...

Hungarian Parliament Building The Hungarian Parliament Building ( , ), also known as the Parliament of Budapest after its location, is the seat of the National Assembly of Hungary, a notable landmark of Hungary, and a popular tourist destination in Budapest. It is situated o ...

). At the 19th century, various

Eclectic Eclectic may refer to: Music * ''Eclectic'' (Eric Johnson and Mike Stern album), 2014 * ''Eclectic'' (Big Country album), 1996 * Eclectic Method, name of an audio-visual remix act * Eclecticism in music, the conscious use of styles alien to th ...

and

neo-Baroque Neo-Baroque may refer to: * Neo-Baroque music * Neo-Baroque painting, a painting style used by Christo Coetzee and others *Baroque Revival architecture * Neo-Baroque film *the Organ reform movement The Organ Reform Movement or ''Orgelbewegung'' ...

palaces were used to define the city views.

Ödön Lechner Ödön Lechner (born János Ödön Lechner; 27 August 1845 – 10 June 1914) was a Hungarian architect, one of the prime representatives of the Hungarian Szecesszió style, which was related to Art Nouveau in the rest of Europe, including the ...

faced historical aspirations. He wanted to create a national architecture, so he sought to create an independent design. With emphasis on the Eastern heritage of the Hungarian people, he introduced into Hungarian architecture the donkey arch and other Eastern elements, which he added with a form tag from the Hungarian folk art, creating a specific Hungarian Art Nouveau. His work had a huge impact on the younger generation, especially with its non-Budapest buildings (

City Hall of Kecskemét The City Hall of Kecskemét () is a city hall building located in the Kossuth Square (town square), of Kecskemét, in the Bács-Kiskun County, Hungary. The current building was built between 1893 and 1897 in the Art Nouveau style. It was designed ...

). His followers included Ede Toroczkai Wigand (1870-1945),

Károly Kós Károly Kós (, born Károly Kosch; 16 December 1883 – 25 August 1977) was a Hungarian architect, writer, illustrator, ethnologist and politician of Austria-Hungary and Romania. Biography Born as Károly Kosch in Temesvár, Austria-Hun ...

Géza Márkus Géza Márkus (Pest, 4 August 1871 – Budapest, 6 December 1912) was a Hungarian Jewish architect. Life He was the brother-in-law of conductor Dezső Márkus and newspaper writer Miksa Márkus. His first works show the influence of the mod ...

. The Art Nouveau of

István Medgyaszay István Medgyaszay (born ''Benkó'') (23 August 1877 in Budapest – 29 April 1959 in Budapest) was a Hungarian architect and writer.

(

Petőfi Theatre of Veszprém Petőfi may refer to: * Sándor Petőfi (1823–1849), a Hungarian poet and revolutionary ** Petőfi Bridge ** Petőfi Csarnok ("Petőfi Hall") ** ''Dem Andenken Petőfis'' (, "In Petofi's Memory"), a piece for piano by Ferenc Liszt ** ''Petőfi '73 ...

, Petőfi Theatre of Sopron, St. Elizabeth Church of Muľa (current Slovakia)), which in several aspects points towards the avant-garde ( Laczkó Dezső Múzeum in

). Only the

World War I World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...

ended the flowering of the Hungarian Art Nouveau, although rural Art Nouveau housing houses were built even in the 1920s. However, only the

plaster Plaster is a building material used for the protective or decorative coating of walls and ceilings and for moulding and casting decorative elements. In English, "plaster" usually means a material used for the interiors of buildings, while "re ...

architecture preserved the motifs of folk nature. Hungarian architects of this period produced many important works in today's neighbouring countries:

Croatia Croatia, officially the Republic of Croatia, is a country in Central Europe, Central and Southeast Europe, on the coast of the Adriatic Sea. It borders Slovenia to the northwest, Hungary to the northeast, Serbia to the east, Bosnia and Herze ...

and others. File:HUN-2015-Budapest-St. Stephen's Basilica.jpg, St. Stephen's Basilica in Budapest (1851-1906) by József Hild and Miklós Ybl File:Budapest Opera 1.jpg,

in Budapest (1875-1884) by Miklós Ybl File:20190502 Zamek w Budapeszcie 0647 1862 DxO.jpg,

, rebuilt 1875-1912 File:Parlamentcivertanlegi.jpg,

(1885-1904) by Imre Steindl File:Kecskemétvárosház légifotó.jpg,

(1892-1894) by Ödön Lechner File:Museum of Applied Arts (Budapest).jpg,

Iparművészeti Múzeum The Museum of Applied Arts (, ) is a museum in Budapest, Hungary. It is the third-oldest applied arts museum in the world. It was established by the Hungarian Parliament in 1872 to collect applied artworks, historical and contemporary, from Hunga ...

(1893-1896) by Ödön Lechner File:Földtani intézet - Budapest.jpg, Geological Museum of Budapest (1896-1899) by Ödön Lechner File:View of Hungarian State Treasury building (03).jpg,

Hungarian Postal Savings Bank The Hungarian Postal Savings Bank () was a major savings institution in Hungary, established in 1886 as the Hungarian Royal Postal Savings Bank () and terminated in 1948. It is well remembered for its head office in District V, Budapest, District ...

in Budapest (1899-1902) by Ödön Lechner File:Blue Church, Bratislava 03.jpg, Blue Church in Bratislava, now Slovakia (1907-1913) by Ödön Lechner File:DSC 0960-12.jpg,

Subotica Synagogue The Subotica Synagogue, officially the Jakab and Komor Square Synagogue in Subotica (; ), is a former Neolog Jewish congregation and synagogue, located in Subotica, Serbia. Completed in 1903 in the Hungarian Art Nouveau style, the synagogue ...

, now Serbia (1901-1902) by Márcell Komor and

Dezső Jakab Dezső Jakab (4 November 1864 – 5 August 1932) was a Kingdom of Hungary, Hungarian architect of History of the Jews in Hungary, Jewish heritage. Life He received his degree in architecture from the Budapest University of Technology. At the t ...

File:Palatul Culturii din Târgu Mureș 01.jpg, Palace of Culture in Târgu Mureș, now Romania (1911-1913) by Márcell Komor and

File:Budapest, XIX. Kós Károly tér, Wekerletelep.jpg,

Kós Károly Square Kos, meaning "blackbird", is a Slavic surname. It is very common in Slovenia, Croatia, Poland, Ukraine, and the Czech Republic. It is the 10th most common surname in Slovenia. Unlike many other Slovene surnames, Kos is found throughout the country ...

in the

Wekerletelep The Wekerle estate () is a part of Budapest's XIX. district (known as Kispest). Kispest, formerly a suburb was administratively attached to Budapest in 1950 along with several other settlements of Greater Budapest. Wekerle estate was named af ...

, Budapest, by Károly Kós

In the 20th century

The Hungarian Art Noveau movement continued into the early 20th century. The first modern Hungarian architect

Béla Lajta Béla Lajta (until 1907 Béla Leitersdorfer) (Óbuda, 23 January 1873 – Vienna, 12 October 1920) was a prominent Hungarian architect. Career Lajta finished his degree at the Budapest Technical University and worked briefly under Alajos Hau ...

(1873-1920) started from Lechner's aspirations, who, at the same time as the experiments in Western Europe and America, sought new ways. File:Kecskemét - Cifrapalota.JPG, Cifra Palace in Kecskemét (1902-1903) File:Kiskunfélegyháza, városháza 2019 06.jpg, The town hall of Kiskunfélegyháza (1910-1912) File:Szeged - Gróf-palota (30870057028).jpg, Gróf Palace in Szeged (1912-1913) The

Rózsavölgyi business house Rózsavölgyi is a Hungarian toponymic surname, created from 'Rózsavölgy', now Ružindol, Slovakia or a Hungarised Jewish surname ' Rosenthal'. Notable people with the surname include: * István Rózsavölgyi (1929–2012), Hungarian athlete * ...

is the first modern Hungarian building. Beside it,

Móric Pogány Móric Pogány (1878–1942) was a Hungarian Jewish architect. Life and works He began his studies at the industrial school in Kolozsvár. He later entered into a social relationship with architect Emil Tőry until his death. He made his name k ...

(1878-1942),

Dénes Györgyi Dénes Györgyi (April 25, 1886 – November 25, 1961) was a Hungary, Hungarian architect,Györgyi Dénes

(1886-1961) was one of the innovators. This includes the fact that the

is a very sharp impact in the history of Hungarian architecture. Between the two World Wars, Eclectic aspirations have been revived for some time, but New Currents have been gaining ground. Church buildings were renewed by the works of

Aladár Árkay Aladár Árkay ( Temesvár, February 1, 1868 – Budapest, February 2, 1932) was a Hungarian architect, craftsman, and painter.Bertalan Árkay Bertalan Árkay (Budapest, 11 April 1901 – Budapest, 23 November 1971)Árkay Bertalan
Gyula Rimanóczy, Károly Weichinger, Iván Kotsis, mainly with Italian inspiration. The

Congrès Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne The ''Congrès Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne'' (CIAM), or International Congresses of Modern Architecture, was an organization founded in 1928 and disbanded in 1959, responsible for a series of events and congresses arranged across Europ ...

(CIAM/CIRPAC group) in Hungary (

Farkas Molnár Farkas "Wolfgang" Ferenc Molnár (1897–1945) was a Hungarian architect, painter, essayist, and graphic artist. He is associated with the first generation of Bauhaus movement, and was active in Budapest. Biography Farkas Molnár was born in 1 ...

József Fischer József Fischer (15 December 1887 – 1952) was a Hungarian and Romanian lawyer and politician of Jewish ethnicity. He was a prominent leader of the Jewish National Party in interwar Romania. In this capacity, he was a member of the Assembly of ...

Marcel Breuer Marcel Lajos Breuer ( ; 21 May 1902 – 1 July 1981) was a Hungarian-American modernist architect and furniture designer. He moved to the United States in 1937 and became a naturalized American citizen in 1944. At the Bauhaus he designed the Was ...

and more) set the goal for the introduction of the

Bauhaus The Staatliches Bauhaus (), commonly known as the , was a German art school operational from 1919 to 1933 that combined Decorative arts, crafts and the fine arts.Oxford Dictionary of Art and Artists (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 4th edn., ...

ideas in Hungary. CIAM decided to form national groups at its congress in

Frankfurt Frankfurt am Main () is the most populous city in the States of Germany, German state of Hesse. Its 773,068 inhabitants as of 2022 make it the List of cities in Germany by population, fifth-most populous city in Germany. Located in the forela ...

in 1929. Farkas Molnár with several Hungarian architects participated in the congress. After their return, CIAM's Hungarian group was formed, led by Farkas Molnár and József Fischer. The Hungarian group of CIAM called itself the CIRCAC section after the CIAM steering committee. Its operation was manifested in the propagation of modern architecture, related social criticism and the design of buildings in line with the Bauhaus principles. The periodical "space and form" (which was grouped around by contemporary advanced architects) generally published the plans of the members of the Hungarian group of CIAM in January. Meetings at the Centrál kávéház or at the home of some managers provided a regular framework for the operation of the group. The typical activity of the group's period up to 1932 was mainly agitative. Their first manifestation is the Hungarian Association of Engineers and Architects of 1928. it was a debate on modern architecture in November, where

(construction sites in Frankfurt) presented a picture report, and

Pál Ligeti Pál is a Hungarian masculine given name, the Hungarian version of Paul. It may refer to: * Pál Almásy (1818–1882), Hungarian lawyer and politician * Pál Bedák (born 1985), Hungarian boxer * Pál Benkő (1928–2019), Hungarian-American ch ...

(aesthetics of modern architecture) gave a presentation. The group's exhibitions the first exhibition was organised in the framework of the 1931 Home Furnishings and household for Autumn Fair. This is where the plan for "the dorm" was presented. The idea of the " Kolház" leaves the traditional thinking of architecture, and it also contains the content of lifestyle and sociological change, today we would call it a utopian plan (the idea of it even came up in the 1960s, and even a lively "collective house-private residence" discussion forum was organised by the new writing journal. In the spring of 1932, the group organized its own (second) exhibition at the

Tamás gallery Tamás () is a Hungarian, masculine given name. It is a Hungarian equivalent of the name Thomas. The given name may refer to: * Tamás Adamik (born 1937), Hungarian linguist and professor * Tamás Bognár (born 1978), Hungarian footballer * Tamá ...

. At this exhibition, their theoretical and propaganda activities have been presented to the public in an orderly manner. (..."in the new interest, the old methods of architecture had to be fought ..." (FJ). The material of the exhibition is pictures, drawings and statistical data processed on cardboard, which show the poor housing and social conditions in Hungary. The third exhibition of the group was organized in 1932 in the framework of The Craft Industry Exhibition. The social-political trend in his spirit is strong, so some of their exhibition material was confiscated by the police before the opening. The exhibition entitled "House, City, Society" and calls for the creation of social architecture. This was the last exhibition of the group, and it was also the end of the first phase of its activity. During the second phase of the group's activities, it carried out joint planning tasks. This section is characterised by the fact that they have not received community mandates because of their strong social policy orientation. Their activities were mainly localized to the designs of condominiums and private homes of financially wealthy civilian clients, representing a more modern spirit. In fact, they've moved away from their own ideological line. In addition to the given social and political framework in Hungary, this is also part of the fact that the group's unity was gradually broken down, the joint work was cancelled and even the Hungarian material could not be compiled for CIAM's 1938 Congress. The Hungarian group was thus dissolved in 1938. However, its architectural effect became fruitful only after the

World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...

. File:Városmajori templom 015.jpg, Church of Jesus of the city by

Aladár Árkay Aladár Árkay ( Temesvár, February 1, 1868 – Budapest, February 2, 1932) was a Hungarian architect, craftsman, and painter.Bertalan Árkay Bertalan Árkay (Budapest, 11 April 1901 – Budapest, 23 November 1971)Árkay Bertalan
Pasaréti téri templom by Gyula Rimanóczy, 1933–34 File:Szépvölgyi út 88. alatti villaépület (Fischer József, 1934).jpg, 88/a, Szépvölgyi street, II, Budapest. by

1933-34 File:A volt Szabadság téri Pénzintézeti központ (1938–40, Lauber László és Nyiri István), Budapest.jpg, Pénzintézeti Központ, Szabadság Square, 1940, by Lauber- Nyiri File:Magyar Királyi Ipari Anyaghivatal székháza, Budapest.jpg, Agency for Materials and Prices, Nagy I. Square, II., Budapest, by Janáky- Szendrői, 1942 File:004i Ferihegy 1 terminál.jpg, Galleries entrance building of

Budapest Ferenc Liszt International Airport Budapest Ferenc Liszt International Airport (, ) , formerly known as Budapest Ferihegy International Airport and commonly denoted as Ferihegy (), is the international airport serving the Hungarian capital city of Budapest. It is the largest of ...

, Ferihegy 1, Budapest, by

Károly Dávid Károly () is a common Hungarian male given name. It is also sometimes found as a Hungarian surname. Károly is considered the equivalent of English Karl or Charles (because the Latin Carolus is very close to Károly).Fercsik Erzsébet – Raátz ...

, 1939–48 The most important architectural task of the years after the

was the country's restoration. At first, the modern experiments continued, but during the

dictatorship A dictatorship is an autocratic form of government which is characterized by a leader, or a group of leaders, who hold governmental powers with few to no Limited government, limitations. Politics in a dictatorship are controlled by a dictator, ...

, social architecture already flourishing in the

Soviet Union The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet ...

became the model to be followed, and this architecture manifested itself in an outdated Eclectic Classicism (construction in

Dunaújváros Dunaújváros (; also known by #Etymology and names, alternative names) is an industrial city in Fejér County, Central Hungary. It is a city with county rights. Situated 70 kilometres (43 miles) south of Budapest on the Danube, the city is best ...

, led by Tibor Weiner, party houses, blocks, housing estates). This era has its architectural values. These include:

Zoltán Farkasdy Zoltán () is a Hungarian masculine given name. The name days for this name are 8 March and 23 June in Hungary, and 7 April in Slovakia. "Zoli" is the short version of Zoltán. "Zoli" is commonly used. Zoltána is the feminine version. The name i ...

's College of Applied Arts, György Jánossy's

Water tower A water tower is an elevated structure supporting a water tank constructed at a height sufficient to pressurize a water distribution system, distribution system for potable water, and to provide emergency storage for fire protection. Water towe ...

Szent István University The Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences is a university of technology in Hungary. Its headquarters and main campus are located about 30 kilometres from the capital, Budapest, in the Central Hungarian town of Gödöllő. Ot ...

Gödöllő Gödöllő, officially the City of Gödöllő, is a city in Pest County, Budapest metropolitan area, Hungary, about northeast from the outskirts of Budapest. Its population is 34,396 according to the 2010 census and is growing rapidly. It can b ...

, and Gyula Rimanóczy's "R" building of the BME of

Budapest University of Technology and Economics The Budapest University of Technology and Economics ( or in short ), official abbreviation BME, is a public research university located in Budapest, Hungary. It is the most significant university of technology in the country and is considered ...

. File:Moholy-Nagy1.jpg, College of Applied Arts by

File:Gödöllői Agrártudományi Egyetem víztornya 3.jpg,

, by György Jánossy File:Budapesti Műszaki Egyetem R épület (id. Rimanóczy Gyula).jpg, "R" building of the BME of

by Gyula Rimanóczy The new generation of architects growing up in the special socio-economic conditions of the period after the

Hungarian Revolution of 1956 The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 (23 October – 4 November 1956; ), also known as the Hungarian Uprising, was an attempted countrywide revolution against the government of the Hungarian People's Republic (1949–1989) and the policies caused by ...

of university students, young instructors, practicing architects, as contemporaries, lived together the continuously changing events of socio, economic and technical, artistic, architectural events, dense events. Thus they became together "a representative of the Hungarian creative architecture generation" of the end of the century, thus becoming a bridge between the previous pioneers (and less pioneers) and the new ones coming after them. The period stretches from 1956 to the end of the 20th century, which is a time for marked changes, so to speak, drastic changes. In social policy, dictatorial arbitrariness, inspiring, but lost revolution, retaliation, and the escalating crisis phenomena of the one-party, top-controlled socio-economic formation, political system change, a faltering democracy, leading to today's globalisation problems. In the meantime, the age of technical and technological changes defining the architecture of the era was also the age. The large-scale industrialisation of the nationalised construction industry, the conversion from brick construction to concrete construction, prefabrication, metal and light construction, the change in structure-type, with an astonishing expansion of the range of building materials to be used, from the brick barrel to the house and tower crane technology. The process of changing the architectural and architectural ideal is no smaller: the architectural spirit started from the Eastern perspective to the traces and experiences of the early Hungarian avant-garde, while instructors and disciples, together with young practitioners, learned the

principles, sucked into the idea of functionality, structure, modern material and form formation, the spirit of collectivism. Finding again the spiritual values and protection of the earlier ages. The interpretation of architecture has widened to environmental culture, environmental protection, urban science, construction and urban economy, construction, construction policy, spatial information. But the equipment and tools of the architect have also changed, from the logarithe and tusk driver, to the always-flapping graphos, the dredging pens to computer software, façades and models, to the visual image of the World Wide Web video. As a result of the above, there was an open interest in modern forms in the 1960s, the representative buildings of the era industrial buildings, hospitals, hotels and office buildings (

József Finta József Finta (12 June 1935 – 7 January 2024) was a Hungarian architect who designed the InterContinental Budapest. He was the winner of the Kossuth Prize, the Miklós Ybl Prize, the Imre Steindl Prize, and the Prima Primissima Award. Finta was ...

, Zoltán Gulyás, György Jánossy, Károly Jurcsik, Péter Molnár, etc.). The design and construction of new urban areas (housing estates) under mass housing programmes has transformed urban planning and urban architecture into an independent urban area. Housing units built from pre-fabricated elements in the era still play a crucial role in meeting social expectations (housing), and in the environment culture and social sociological processes that are slowly changing.

Organic architecture

Imre Makovecz Imre Makovecz (November 20, 1935 – September 27, 2011) was a Hungary, Hungarian architect active in Europe from the late 1950s onward. Makovecz was born and died in Budapest. He attended the Technical University of Budapest. He was founder a ...

and György Csete's

Organic architecture Organic architecture is a philosophy of architecture which promotes harmony between human habitation and the natural world. This is achieved through design approaches that aim to be sympathetic and well-integrated with a site, so buildings, furn ...

were separated from the official forms. File:Cultural Center Sarospatak Hungary Imre Makovecz.jpg, Cultural Center in

Sárospatak Sárospatak (; ; Serbian language, Serbian: Муд Стреам; Slovak language, Slovakian: ''Šarišský Potok, Blatný Potok)'' History The area has been inhabited since ancient times. Sárospatak was granted town status in 1201 by Emeric ...

File:Kakasd Community Centre.jpg, Kakasd Community Center by

File:Piliscsaba Stephaneum déli oldal.JPG, Stephaneum in

Piliscsaba Piliscsaba () is a town in Budapest metropolitan area, Hungary, located in northwestern Pest County, near the border of Komárom-Esztergom in a valley between the Buda and Pilis hills. It is accessible by Highway 10 and lies on the Budapest-Eszte ...

File:Orfű.Forrásház 08.JPG, ''Fountain House'' by György Csete File:Koronás jurta Ópusztaszer.JPG, A church of forests in

Ópusztaszer National Heritage Park The Ópusztaszer National Heritage Park is an open-air museum of Hungarian history in Ópusztaszer, Hungary. It was established in 1982 and is most famous for being the location of the Feszty Panorama, a cyclorama by Árpád Feszty and his ass ...

by Csete György

Bibliography

* Aggházy - Balogh - Dercsényi - Enzt - Lajta - Németh - Radocsay: An article in the Művészeti lexikon, pp. 142–166. *Dercsényi D., Zádor A. (1980) ''Kis magyar művészettörténet (A honfoglalás korától a XIX. század végéig''). (Képzőművészeti Alap Kiadóvállalata, Budapest *Szentkirályi Z. - Détshy M. (1986) ''Az építészet rövid története''. Műszaki Könyvkiadó, Budapest *Radocsai Dénes: ''Magyarországi reneszánsz művészet''. Képzőművészeti Alap Kiadóvállalata, Budapest *Aradi N. (főszerk.) (é. n.) ''A művészet története Magyarországon'', Gondolat Kiadó, Budapest *Fülep L. (főszerk.) (é. n.) ''A magyarországi művészet története''. Budapest *Gerevich T. (1938) ''Magyarország románkori emlékei''. Royal Hungarian University Press, Budapest *Henszlmann I. (1876) ''Magyarország ó-keresztyén, román és átmeneti stylü mű-emlékeinek rövid ismertetése''. Royal Hungarian University Press, Budapest *Marosi E. (1972) ''A román kor művészete''. Corvina Kiadó, Budapest *Tombor I. (1968) ''Magyarországi festett famennyezetek és rokonemlékek a XV-XIX. századból''. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest *Gerő L. (szerk.) (1975) ''Várépítészetünk''. Műszaki Könyvkiadó, Budapest *Gervers-Molnár V. (1972) ''A középkori Magyarország rotundái''. Akadémiai, Budapest *Szőnyi O. (é. n.) ''Régi magyar templomok''. Kir. Magy. University Press, Budapest *Rados Jenő: Magyar építészettörténet - Műszaki K. Bp. 1961. - ETO72 (439) 091 *Moravánszky Ákos: Építészet az Osztrák–Magyar Monarchiában Corvina K. Bp.1988. *Moravánszky Ákos: Versengő látomások - Vince K.1998. - *Szerk. Éri-Jobbágyi: A Golden Age – Art and society in Hungary 1896-1914 - 1989.10.25. London (Barbican); Miami (C. Fine Arts) - *Kiss Tamás: Veszprém, Megyeház-Színház-Múzeum (T-K-M könyvtár)- Bp. OMF-Veszprém VT. - *Gerle-Kovács-Makovecz: A századforduló magyar építészete - Szépirodalmi K. Bp.1990. - *Pamer Nóra: Magyar építészet a két világháború között - Műszaki K. Bp. 1986. -

References

External links

József Fekete Csaba: "Early Renaissance and Renaissance architecture styles'
(in Hungarian) {{Authority control

In the time of the foundation of the country

In the Árpádian's age

Béla III of Hungary's age

Effect of the Cistercians

Impact of the Premonstratensians

National monasteries

Appearance of the Gothic

Popular architecture

Anjou and Sigismund's eras

Early Gothic church architecture

Flourishing of the Popular architecture

Renaissance

Early Renaissance

Mature and late Renaissance

Transdanubian

Upper Hungary

Transylvania (current Romania)

Ottoman-Islamic architecture in Hungary

Baroque

Early Baroque

18th century Baroque

In the 19th century

In the first half of the 19th century

The age of dualism

In the 20th century

Organic architecture

See also

Bibliography

References

External links