''Alphabaculovirus'' is a genus of

virus A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living Cell (biology), cells of an organism. Viruses infect all life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea. Viruses are ...

es in the family ''

Baculoviridae ''Baculoviridae'' is a family of viruses. Arthropods, among the most studied being Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera and Diptera, serve as natural hosts. Currently, 85 Virus classification, species are placed in this family, assigned to four genera. Bac ...

''. The natural

hosts A host is a person responsible for guests at an event or for providing hospitality during it. Host may also refer to: Places * Host, Pennsylvania, a village in Berks County * Host Island, in the Wilhelm Archipelago, Antarctica People * ...

of species in this family are

invertebrate Invertebrates are animals that neither develop nor retain a vertebral column (commonly known as a ''spine'' or ''backbone''), which evolved from the notochord. It is a paraphyletic grouping including all animals excluding the chordata, chordate s ...

s, among them

winged insects Pterygota ( ) is a subclass of insects that includes all winged insects and groups who lost them secondarily. Pterygota group comprises 99.9% of all insects. The orders not included are the Archaeognatha (jumping bristletails) and the Zygent ...

(

Lepidoptera Lepidoptera ( ) or lepidopterans is an order (biology), order of winged insects which includes butterflies and moths. About 180,000 species of the Lepidoptera have been described, representing 10% of the total described species of living organ ...

ns,

Hymenoptera Hymenoptera is a large order of insects, comprising the sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants. Over 150,000 living species of Hymenoptera have been described, in addition to over 2,000 extinct ones. Many of the species are parasitic. Females typi ...

ns,

Diptera Flies are insects of the order Diptera, the name being derived from the Greek δι- ''di-'' "two", and πτερόν ''pteron'' "wing". Insects of this order use only a single pair of wings to fly, the hindwings having evolved into advance ...

ns), and

decapods The Decapoda or decapods, from Ancient Greek δεκάς (''dekás''), meaning "ten", and πούς (''poús''), meaning "foot", is a large order (biology), order of crustaceans within the class Malacostraca, and includes crabs, lobsters, crayfis ...

. However, species in this genus have been isolated only from the insect order Lepidoptera. There are 68 species in the genus.

Structure

Viruses in ''Alphabaculovirus'' are enveloped, with circular genomes around 80–180 kbp in length. The genome codes for 100 to 180 proteins.

Life cycle

''Alphabaculovirus'' replication is nuclear. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the viral

glycoprotein Glycoproteins are proteins which contain oligosaccharide (sugar) chains covalently attached to amino acid side-chains. The carbohydrate is attached to the protein in a cotranslational or posttranslational modification. This process is known a ...

s to host receptors, which mediates

endocytosis Endocytosis is a cellular process in which Chemical substance, substances are brought into the cell. The material to be internalized is surrounded by an area of cell membrane, which then buds off inside the cell to form a Vesicle (biology and chem ...

. Replication follows the

double-stranded DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid (; DNA) is a polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix. The polymer carries genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth and reproduction of ...

bidirectional replication model. DNA-templated

transcription Transcription refers to the process of converting sounds (voice, music etc.) into letters or musical notes, or producing a copy of something in another medium, including: Genetics * Transcription (biology), the copying of DNA into RNA, often th ...

with some alternative splicing mechanism is the method of transcription.

Translation Translation is the communication of the semantics, meaning of a #Source and target languages, source-language text by means of an Dynamic and formal equivalence, equivalent #Source and target languages, target-language text. The English la ...

takes place by

leaky scanning Leaky scanning is a mechanism used during the initiation phase of eukaryotic translation that enables regulation of gene expression. During initiation, the small 40S ribosomal subunit (as a 43S PIC) "scans" or moves in a 5' --> 3' direction along ...

. The virus exits the host cell by nuclear pore export and exists in occlusion bodies after cell death, remaining infectious until finding another host. Winged insects, arthropods, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera, and Decapoda serve as natural hosts. Transmission routes are fecal-oral.

Taxonomy

The genus contains the following species, listed by scientific name and followed by the exemplar virus of the species: * ''Alphabaculovirus adhonmai'',

Adoxophyes honmai nucleopolyhedrovirus ''Adoxophyes'' is a genus of moths of the tribe Archipini. Archipini Species *'' Adoxophyes acrocindina'' Diakonoff, 1983 *'' Adoxophyes afonini'' Razowski, 2009 *'' Adoxophyes aniara'' Diakonoff, 1941 *'' Adoxophyes aurantia'' Clarke, 1976 *' ...

* ''Alphabaculovirus agipsilonis'',

Agrotis ipsilon multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus ''Agrotis'' is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae. The genus was erected by Ferdinand Ochsenheimer in 1816. A number of the species of this genus are extinct. Description The proboscis is well developed. Palpi obliquely porrect (extend ...

* ''Alphabaculovirus agsegetum'',

Agrotis segetum nucleopolyhedrovirus A ''Agrotis'' is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae. The genus was erected by Ferdinand Ochsenheimer in 1816. A number of the species of this genus are extinct. Description The proboscis is well developed. Palpi obliquely porrect (extend ...

* ''Alphabaculovirus alteragsegetum'',

Agrotis segetum nucleopolyhedrovirus B ''Agrotis'' is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae. The genus was erected by Ferdinand Ochsenheimer in 1816. A number of the species of this genus are extinct. Description The proboscis is well developed. Palpi obliquely porrect (extend ...

* ''Alphabaculovirus alterchofumiferanae'',

Choristoneura fumiferana DEF multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus ''Choristoneura'' is a genus of moths in the family Tortricidae. Several species are serious pests of conifers, such as spruce and are known as spruce budworms. Species *'' Choristoneura adumbratanus'' (Walsingham, 1900) *'' Choristoneura afri ...

* ''Alphabaculovirus alterchrincludentis'',

Chrysodeixis includens nucleopolyhedrovirus ''Chrysodeixis'' is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae described by Jacob Hübner in 1821. Species * '' Chrysodeixis acuta'' (Walker, 858 - Tunbridge Wells gem * '' Chrysodeixis argentifera'' (Guenée, 1852) - tobacco looper * '' Chrysodeix ...

* ''Alphabaculovirus alterhycuneae'', Hypantria cunea nucleopolyhedrovirus B * ''Alphabaculovirus altermyunipunctae'',

Mythimna unipuncta nucleopolyhedrovirus Mythimna () is a former municipality in the Chania regional unit, Crete, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Kissamos, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of . It was part of ...

* ''Alphabaculovirus altersperidaniae'',

Spodoptera eridania nucleopolyhedrovirus ''Spodoptera'' is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae erected by Achille Guenée in 1852. Many are known as pest insects. The larvae are sometimes called armyworms. The roughly thirty species are distributed across six continents. Descrip ...

* ''Alphabaculovirus alterspexiguae'',

Spodoptera exigua multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus ''Spodoptera'' is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae erected by Achille Guenée in 1852. Many are known as pest insects. The larvae are sometimes called armyworms. The roughly thirty species are distributed across six continents. Descrip ...

* ''Alphabaculovirus angemmatalis'',

Anticarsia gemmatalis multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus ''Anticarsia'' is a genus of moths of the family Erebidae. The genus was erected by Jacob Hübner Jacob Hübner (20 June 1761 – 13 September 1826, in Augsburg) was a German entomologist. He was the author of ''Sammlung Europäischer Schmetter ...

* ''Alphabaculovirus anpernyi'',

Antheraea pernyi nucleopolyhedrovirus ''Antheraea'' is a genus of moths belonging to the family Saturniidae. It was erected by Jacob Hübner in 1819. Several species of this genus have caterpillars which produce wild silk of commercial importance. Commonly called "tussar silk", the ...

* ''Alphabaculovirus ardigrammae'',

Artaxa digramma nucleopolyhedrovirus ''Artaxa'' is a genus of tussock moths in the family Erebidae erected by Francis Walker in 1855. Some of the species have urticating hair Urticating hairs or urticating bristles are one of the primary defense mechanisms used by numerous pla ...

* ''Alphabaculovirus aucalifornicae'',

Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) is a nucleopolyhedrovirus belonging to the family ''Baculoviridae ''Baculoviridae'' is a family of viruses. Arthropods, among the most studied being Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera and D ...

* ''Alphabaculovirus bomori'',

Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus ''Bombyx'' is the genus of true silk moths or mulberry silk moths of the family Bombycidae, also known as silkworms, which are the larvae or caterpillars of silk moths. The genus was erected as a subgenus by Carl Linnaeus in his 10th edition of ...

* ''Alphabaculovirus busuppressariae'',

Buzura suppressaria nucleopolyhedrovirus ''Biston'' is a genus of large, long-winged moths belonging to the family Geometridae. It is most notable for containing the well-known peppered moth. The genus was first described by William Elford Leach in 1815. Distribution The species of '' ...

* ''Alphabaculovirus capomonae'', Catopsilia pomona nucleopolyhedrovirus * ''Alphabaculovirus chofumiferanae'',

Choristoneura fumiferana multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus ''Choristoneura'' is a genus of moths in the family Tortricidae. Several species are serious pests of conifer Conifers () are a group of conifer cone, cone-bearing Spermatophyte, seed plants, a subset of gymnosperms. Scientifically, they m ...

* ''Alphabaculovirus chomurinanae'', Choristoneura murinana nucleopolyhedrovirus * ''Alphabaculovirus chorosaceanae'',

Choristoneura rosaceana nucleopolyhedrovirus ''Choristoneura'' is a genus of moths in the family Tortricidae. Several species are serious pests of conifers, such as spruce and are known as spruce budworms. Species *'' Choristoneura adumbratanus'' (Walsingham, 1900) *'' Choristoneura afri ...

* ''Alphabaculovirus chrincludentis'', Pseudoplusia includens single nucleopolyhedrovirus * ''Alphabaculovirus chrychalcites'',

Chrysodeixis chalcites nucleopolyhedrovirus ''Chrysodeixis'' is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae described by Jacob Hübner Jacob Hübner (20 June 1761 – 13 September 1826, in Augsburg) was a German entomologist. He was the author of ''Sammlung Europäischer Schmetterlinge'' (17 ...

* ''Alphabaculovirus clabilineatae'',

Clanis bilineata nucleopolyhedrovirus ''Clanis'' is a genus of moths in the family Sphingidae erected by Jacob Hübner Jacob Hübner (20 June 1761 – 13 September 1826, in Augsburg) was a German entomologist. He was the author of ''Sammlung Europäischer Schmetterlinge'' (1796– ...

* ''Alphabaculovirus covestigialis'', Condylorrhiza vestigialis multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus * ''Alphabaculovirus crypeltasticae'', Cryptophlebia peltastica nucleopolyhedrovirus * ''Alphabaculovirus cycundantis'', Cyclophragma undans nucleopolyhedrovirus * ''Alphabaculovirus dijunonis'', Dione juno nucleopolyhedrovirus * ''Alphabaculovirus ecobliquae'', Ectropis obliqua nucleopolyhedrovirus * ''Alphabaculovirus eppostvittanae'', Epiphyas postvittana nucleopolyhedrovirus * ''Alphabaculovirus erankerariae'', Erannis ankeraria nucleopolyhedrovirus * ''Alphabaculovirus eupseudoconspersae'',

Euproctis pseudoconspersa nucleopolyhedrovirus ''Euproctis'' is a genus of tussock moths in the family Erebidae described by Jacob Hübner in 1819. Species are cosmopolitan, widespread throughout Palearctic, African, Oriental and Australian regions. Molecular phylogenetic studies indicate tha ...

* ''Alphabaculovirus helarmigerae'',

Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus ''Helicoverpa'' is a genus of moths in the family Noctuidae first described by David F. Hardwick in 1965. Some species are among the worst Lepidopteran agricultural pests in the world, and three species (''H. armigera'', ''H. zea'', and ''H. pu ...

* ''Alphabaculovirus heleucae'', Hemileuca sp. nucleopolyhedrovirus * ''Alphabaculovirus hycuneae'',

Hyphantria cunea nucleopolyhedrovirus ''Hyphantria'' is a genus of tiger moths in the family Erebidae. The genus was erected by Thaddeus William Harris Thaddeus William Harris (November 12, 1795 – January 16, 1856) was an American entomologist and librarian. His focus on insect ...

* ''Alphabaculovirus hytalacae'', Hyposidra talaca nucleopolyhedrovirus * ''Alphabaculovirus lafiscellariae'',

Lambdina fiscellaria nucleopolyhedrovirus ''Lambdina'' is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae Species description, first described by Hahn William Capps in 1943. Species Listed alphabetically: *''Lambdina canitiaria'' Rupert, 1944 *''Lambdina fervidaria'' (Hübner, 1827) - curve- ...

* ''Alphabaculovirus leseparatae'',

Leucania separata nucleopolyhedrovirus ''Leucania'' is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae first described by Ferdinand Ochsenheimer in 1816. Description Palpi obliquely upturned, where the second joint roughly scaled, and prominent, short, naked and depressed third joint. The p ...

* ''Alphabaculovirus lonobliquae'', Lonomia obliqua multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus * ''Alphabaculovirus lydisparis'', Lymantria dispar multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus * ''Alphabaculovirus lyxylinae'', Lymantria xylina multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus * ''Alphabaculovirus mabrassicae'',

Mamestra brassicae multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus ''Mamestra'' is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae described by Ochsenheimer in 1816. Perhaps the best known species is the cabbage moth, ''M. brassicae''. Species * ''Mamestra brassicae'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * ''Mamestra configurata'' Walker, ...

* ''Alphabaculovirus maconfiguratae'',

Mamestra configurata nucleopolyhedrovirus A ''Mamestra'' is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae described by Ochsenheimer in 1816. Perhaps the best known species is the cabbage moth, ''M. brassicae''. Species * ''Mamestra brassicae'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * ''Mamestra configurata'' Walker, ...

* ''Alphabaculovirus mavitratae'',

Maruca vitrata nucleopolyhedrovirus ''Maruca'' is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae, commonly known as bean pod borers. Species *'' Maruca amboinalis'' (C. Felder, R. Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875) *'' Maruca fuscalis'' Yamanaka, 1998 *''Maruca nigroapicalis'' de Joannis, 193 ...

* ''Alphabaculovirus myunipunctae'',

* ''Alphabaculovirus olmendosae'', Olene mendosa nucleopolyhedrovirus * ''Alphabaculovirus opbrumatae'', Operophtera brumata nucleopolyhedrovirus * ''Alphabaculovirus orleucostigmae'',

Orgyia leucostigma nucleopolyhedrovirus ''Orgyia'' is a genus of tussock moths of the family Erebidae. The genus was described by Ochsenheimer in 1810. The species are cosmopolitan, except for the Neotropical realm. Description The male flies during the day. Its palpi are short, por ...

* ''Alphabaculovirus orpseudotsugatae'',

Orgyia pseudotsugata multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus ''Orgyia'' is a genus of tussock moths of the family Erebidae. The genus was described by Ochsenheimer in 1810. The species are cosmopolitan, except for the Neotropical realm. Description The male flies during the day. Its palpi are short, porr ...

* ''Alphabaculovirus oxochraceae'', Oxyplax ochracea nucleopolyhedrovirus * ''Alphabaculovirus pastagnalis'', Parapoynx stagnalis nucleopolyhedrovirus * ''Alphabaculovirus pavitrealis'', Palpita vitrealis nucleopolyhedrovirus * ''Alphabaculovirus peluscae'', Perigonia lusca single nucleopolyhedrovirus * ''Alphabaculovirus pesauciae'', Peridroma species nucleopolyhedrovirus * ''Alphabaculovirus ranus'', Rachiplusia nu nucleopolyhedrovirus * ''Alphabaculovirus raous'', Rachiplusia ou multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus * ''Alphabaculovirus speridaniae'',

* ''Alphabaculovirus spexemptae'',

Spodoptera exempta nucleopolyhedrovirus ''Spodoptera'' is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae erected by Achille Guenée in 1852. Many are known as pest insects. The larvae are sometimes called armyworms. The roughly thirty species are distributed across six continents. Descrip ...

* ''Alphabaculovirus spexiguae'',

* ''Alphabaculovirus splittoralis'', Spodoptera littoralis nucleopolyhedrovirus * ''Alphabaculovirus spliturae'', Spodoptera litura nucleopolyhedrovirus * ''Alphabaculovirus spocosmioidis'', Spodoptera cosmioides nucleopolyhedrovirus * ''Alphabaculovirus spofrugiperdae'', Spodoptera frugiperda multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus * ''Alphabaculovirus sujujubae'',

Sucra jujuba nucleopolyhedrovirus Sucra was a Norwegian holding company that was created in 2001 to own the alcoholic beverage producer and importer Arcus after it had been privatized. Sucra's main owners were Tine, Gilde, Norske Potetindustrier and Ekjord. Sucra bought 66% o ...

* ''Alphabaculovirus thorichlaceae'',

Thysanoplusia orichalcea nucleopolyhedrovirus ''Thysanoplusia'' is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae described by Taira Ichinosé in 1973. Species * ''Thysanoplusia ablusa'' Felder, 1874 * ''Thysanoplusia acosmia'' Dufay, 1972 * ''Thysanoplusia anargyra'' Guenée, 1852 * ''Thysanopl ...

* ''Alphabaculovirus travishnous'', Trabala vishnou gigantina nucleopolyhedrovirus * ''Alphabaculovirus trini'',

Trichoplusia ni single nucleopolyhedrovirus ''Trichoplusia'' is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae. Species * '' Trichoplusia arachnoides'' Distant, 1901 * '' Trichoplusia aranea'' Hampson, 1909 * '' Trichoplusia callista'' Dufay, 1972 * '' Trichoplusia cinnabarina'' Dufay, 1972 * ' ...

* ''Alphabaculovirus urprotei'',

Urbanus proteus nucleopolyhedrovirus Urbain Servranckx (born 7 June 1949), better known as Urbanus, is a Belgian comedian, actor, singer and comic book writer. Although he is most famous as comedian, some of his songs became hits, such as ''Bakske vol met stro'' (1979), ''Madammen ...

* ''Alphabaculovirus wisignatae'', Wiseana signata nucleopolyhedrovirus

References

External links

ICTV Report: ''Baculoviridae''

{{Taxonbar, from=Q9607776 Baculoviridae Virus genera