Al-Ousta Codex, also known under its library classification BnF 1314-1315, is a 14th-century illuminated Bible codex (2 volumes) containing the 24 canonical books of the

Hebrew Bible The Hebrew Bible or Tanakh (;"Tanach"
. '' Tiberian sublinear vocalisation, minuscule trope symbols, and the Masorah Magna and Parva. Others place the writing of the codex in the 15th century. The manuscript was purchased by ethnographer Jacob Sapir in

San'a Sanaa, officially the Sanaa Municipality, is the ''de jure'' capital and largest city of Yemen. The city is the capital of the Sanaa Governorate, but is not part of the governorate, as it forms a separate administrative unit. At an elevation o ...

, Yemen in 1859, who carried it with him to

France France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe. Overseas France, Its overseas regions and territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the Atlantic Ocean#North Atlan ...

. Today, the manuscript is housed at the Bibliotheque Nationale de Paris. Although purchased in Yemen, the manuscript is not of Yemenite Jewish

provenance Provenance () is the chronology of the ownership, custody or location of a historical object. The term was originally mostly used in relation to works of art, but is now used in similar senses in a wide range of fields, including archaeology, p ...

, as it shows no signs of the ancient Yemenite Jewish tradition of

orthography An orthography is a set of convention (norm), conventions for writing a language, including norms of spelling, punctuation, Word#Word boundaries, word boundaries, capitalization, hyphenation, and Emphasis (typography), emphasis. Most national ...

, but of the

Sephardic Jewish Sephardic Jews, also known as Sephardi Jews or Sephardim, and rarely as Iberian Peninsular Jews, are a Jewish diaspora population associated with the historic Jewish communities of the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal) and their descendant ...

tradition of orthography. Prior to its debut in Yemen, the manuscript was in Egypt, where it was purchased by Aharon haCohen Iraqi (''al-'Usṭā''), the visiting minister from Yemen and minter of the king's coins. Based on its colophon, one whose name was Sar-Shalom the ''

nasi Nasi may refer to: Food Dishes Nasi Goreng is an Indonesian and Malay word for ''cooked rice'', featured in many Southeast Asian dishes *Nasi goreng, a popular rice dish often simply called ''nasi'' *Other Southeast Asian ''nasi'' dishes: ** Nasi ...

'', the presumed head of the Sephardic Jewish community in Egypt and who lived in

Cairo Cairo ( ; , ) is the Capital city, capital and largest city of Egypt and the Cairo Governorate, being home to more than 10 million people. It is also part of the List of urban agglomerations in Africa, largest urban agglomeration in Africa, L ...

, had commissioned the manuscript's writing, and who had apparently been ordained and confirmed in his office by his brother, Shelomo ''Nasi'', the exilarch (''resh galutha'').

Jacob Sapir's description

The Al-Ousta codex, named for its original

Yemenite Jewish Yemenite Jews, also known as Yemeni Jews or Teimanim (from ; ), are a Jewish diaspora group who live, or once lived, in Yemen, and their descendants maintaining their customs. After several waves of persecution, the vast majority of Yemenite J ...

owner whose descendants were coined the name "al-Ousta" (lit. ''al-'Usṭā'' = "the artisan"), was described by Jacob Sapir in 1872, who brought its attention to the western world. The MS. was purchased by Sapir from the grandchildren of a certain David ben Saʻīd al-Ṣārum in

, whose grandfather (David), in turn, had acquired it in 1795 from a certain Abraham al-Manzeli, who, in turn, purchased it from the sons of Haroun Cohen-Iraqi, the grandchild of Aharon ha-Cohen Iraqi who purchased the codex in Egypt. They were driven to do so because of their extreme privation.

Abraham Firkovich Abraham (Avraham) ben Samuel Firkovich (Hebrew - ''Avraham ben Shmuel''; Karayce: Аврагъам Фиркович - ''Avragham Firkovich'') (Sept. 27, 1786–June 7, 1874) was a famous Karaite writer and archaeologist, collector of ancient ...

(1786–1874) mentions also the codex in his writings. Sapir heaps lavish praises on the codex:

...Also the precious Bible codex, the peculiar treasure of kings, in an extraordinarily beautiful handwriting upon parchment, which he (al-Ousta) had brought with him from Egypt or from Persia, it also was sold by his children's children in their poverty

The first volume of the book is adorned with an illuminated

frontispiece Frontispiece may refer to: * Frontispiece (books), a decorative illustration facing a book's title page * Frontispiece (architecture) In architecture, the term frontispiece is used to describe the Façade, principal face of the building, usually ...

and other decorative pages, showing a printed seven-branched

candlestick A candlestick is a device used to hold a candle in place. Candlesticks have a cup or a spike ("pricket") or both to keep the candle in place. Candlesticks are sometimes called "candleholders". Before the proliferation of electricity, candles wer ...

and its appurtenances, using an old squeezing technique to produce a relief effect with gold tracings. Jacob Sapir, ''Iben Safir'' (vol. 2), Magenza (Mainz) 1874, pp. 175a–b In the words of Sapir, the codex measures "two-thirds of a

cubit The cubit is an ancient unit of length based on the distance from the elbow to the tip of the middle finger. It was primarily associated with the Sumerians, Egyptians, and Israelites. The term ''cubit'' is found in the Bible regarding Noah ...

in length, and one-half of a cubit in width." It is written upon smooth and thin parchment that was split in half, having the same texture on both its sides. The layout of the codex is made with three columns to a page, with thirty lines to each column. The beginning of the codex contains a genealogical record thought to belong to its original owner, Sar-Shalom the ''

'', who traces his lineage back to King David and to the First Man,

Adam Adam is the name given in Genesis 1–5 to the first human. Adam is the first human-being aware of God, and features as such in various belief systems (including Judaism, Christianity, Gnosticism and Islam). According to Christianity, Adam ...

. The same genealogical record appears on p. 768 in the 13th and early 14th century ''Shem Ṭov Bible'' (

Hebrew Hebrew (; ''ʿÎbrit'') is a Northwest Semitic languages, Northwest Semitic language within the Afroasiatic languages, Afroasiatic language family. A regional dialect of the Canaanite languages, it was natively spoken by the Israelites and ...

: כתר שם טוב) described by bibliophile

David Solomon Sassoon David Solomon Sassoon (; 8 December 1880 – 10 August 1942) (also known as "David Suleiman Sassoon"), was a bibliophile and grandson of 19th century Baghdadi Jewish community leader David Sassoon. Family Sassoon was born in Bombay to Solom ...

(see Sassoon MS. no. 82), which leads to the conclusion that it may have been a standard form used at that time in codices. However, Sapir, in counting the number of generations that had passed since Sar-Shalom's ancestor,

Bostanai Bostanai (Hebrew: בוסתנאי), also transliterated as Bustanai or Bustnay, also known by his personal name Haninai (Hani' in Arabic), was the first Exilarch (leader of the Jewish community of Mesopotamia) under Arab rule. He lived in the earl ...

, reasons that the time-frame given for this man who acquired the codex would have roughly been accurate.

Date of manuscript

A date found written in the colophon has given rise to some confusion, as the date is written as a biblical verse taken from Deuteronomy 31:22: " ereinwritten and signed on this seventh day of the unarmonth

Adar Adar (Hebrew: , ; from Akkadian ''adaru'') is the sixth month of the civil year and the twelfth month of the religious year on the Hebrew calendar, roughly corresponding to the month of March in the Gregorian calendar. It is a month of 29 days. ...

, in the year ''we-yiḫtov mošeh eṯ ha-šīrah hazoṯ'', in the year of creation" (), with only those letters highlighted whose numerical values are to be translated into real numbers. According to Sapir, the author of the colophon has highlighted only 5 Hebrew characters, which are כתב מש and which letters have the numerical value of 762. Considering that the original owner wrote only the abbreviated era, by adding the millennial year 4 to the number, it means that he wrote this colophon in the year 4762 ''

anno mundi (from Latin 'in the year of the world'; ), abbreviated as AM or A.M., or Year After Creation, is a calendar era based on biblical accounts of the creation of the world and subsequent history. Two such calendar eras of notable use are: * Sin ...

'', corresponding with 1002 CE, or which Sapir acknowledges was 870 years before his own time of writing his ''Iben Safir'' in 1872 CE. Sapir adds that had the writer intended to highlight all eight letters (over which a line had been drawn), it would put the writing of the colophon in the year 4783 ''

'' (corresponding with year 1023 CE). The problem with these configurations is that it would put the writing of the codex much earlier than the period that is known for the style of Sephardic script used in the manuscript. This led Sapir to conclude that the date may actually refer to the time of the giving of the '' Masorah'' (Masoretic text), or to something else, but not necessarily to the writing of the codex. Most scholars agree that the manuscript was written in either the 14th or 15th century CE.

Tradition of orthography

While most of the orthography of the text follows the Sephardic tradition in

plene and defective scriptum In orthography, a is a word containing an additional letter, usually one which is superfluous – not normally written in that word – nor needed for the proper comprehension of the word. Today, the term applies mostly to sacred scripture. E ...

, there are some things in common with the Yemenite Jewish tradition, such as writing Potiphera (in Genesis 41:45; p
39a
in codex) as one word, and making use of only 67 lines in '' Shirat Ha'azinu'' (Deut. 32:1–43), just as found in the Yemenite tradition. In the line arrangement of '' Shirat Hayam'' in Exodus 15:1–19 (p
53a
in codex), the last line follows the emendation made by R. Meir ben Todros Halevi (ca. 1170–1244), and which the Sephardic communities adhered to., who mentions an invaluable account, whereby Rabbi Meir ben Todros Halevi (ca. 1170–1244), when trying to ascertain the correct scribal tradition, mentions his having written to

Samuel ibn Tibbon Samuel ben Judah ibn Tibbon ( – ), more commonly known as Samuel ibn Tibbon (, ), was a Jewish philosopher and doctor who lived and worked in Provence, later part of France. He was born about 1150 in Lunel, Hérault, Lunel (Languedoc), and die ...

the physician of Marseilles, inquiring about the scroll of the Torah that was with him and which was copied from

Maimonides Moses ben Maimon (1138–1204), commonly known as Maimonides (, ) and also referred to by the Hebrew acronym Rambam (), was a Sephardic rabbi and Jewish philosophy, philosopher who became one of the most prolific and influential Torah schola ...

’ scroll of the Torah. Ibn Tibbon replied, sending to him an accurate copy of the arranged lines of the Song of the Sea (Hebrew: שירת הים) in Exodus 15:1–19 as found in the scroll that was copied from Maimonides’ Torah scroll. He writes that he found the three words, את מי הים (= "the waters of the sea"), written at the beginning of the last line. Notwithstanding, Rabbi Meir ben Todros admitted to having deviated from this tradition, having decided against its orthography, seeing that in the Song of the Sea all of the previous lines had thus far ended in one word, and it seemed fitting to him that the second to the last line should also end in one word. He therefore changed its order, by his own admittance. The author of '' Minḥat Shai'' followed in suit and also changed the original order of the last two lines in the Song of the Sea.

Aharon haCohen-Iraqi

The codex was bought by Aharon haCohen Iraqi, the wealthy minter of the king's coins, in the early 1700s, and who bequeathed the same codex to his great grandson, Aharon (Haroun) b. Yihya b. Shalom haCohen Iraqi. This family was renowned in San'a and had received the honorable epithet "al-Ousta," meaning the "skilled artisan." They were philanthropists who built several synagogues (one bearing the name "al-Ousta') and a public bath in San'a to be used by the Jewish community there. The codex purchased by this wealthy family's ancestor subsequently passed several hands of ownership, until, eventually, it was purchased by Sapir in San'a, and taken with him to France.

References

External links

BnF 1314
- the Al-Ousta Codex (Paris), vol. 1, online viewing (color); or access web-pag
here
(PARIS BN 1314) ** Available also on microfilm at the

National Library of Israel The National Library of Israel (NLI; ; ), formerly Jewish National and University Library (JNUL; ), is the library dedicated to collecting the cultural treasures of Israel and of Judaism, Jewish Cultural heritage, heritage. The library holds more ...

, in Jerusalem, Manuscript Dept. microfilm F-34248. Contains Pentateuch.
BnF 1315
- the Al-Ousta Codex (Paris), vol. 2, online viewing (Black & white) ** Available also on microfilm at the

, in Jerusalem, Manuscript Dept. microfilm F-12325. Contains Prophets and Hagiographia. {{DEFAULTSORT:Ousta Bibliothèque nationale de France collections Biblical manuscripts Hebrew Bible manuscripts Judaism in Egypt Jewish medieval literature Jewish illuminated manuscripts Jewish prayer and ritual texts Assyrian (Ashuri) script 14th-century biblical manuscripts 14th-century books Yemenite Jews Jewish Egyptian history Torah Jewish Yemeni history