Accident Sequence Evaluation Program

An accident is an unintended, normally unwanted event that was not deliberately caused by humans. The term ''accident'' implies that the event may have been caused by unrecognized or unaddressed risks. Many researchers, insurers and attorneys who specialize in unintentional injury prefer to avoid using the term ''accident'', and focus on conditions that increase risk of severe injury or that reduce injury incidence and severity. For example, when a tree falls down during a wind storm, its fall may not have been directly caused by human error, but the tree's type, size, health, location, or improper maintenance may have contributed to the result. Most car crashes are the result of dangerous behavior and not purely ''accidents''; however, English speakers started using that word in the mid-20th century as a result of media manipulation by the US automobile industry. Accidental deaths were much less frequent before high-powered machinery began to spread with the Industrial Revolution of the late 1700s.

In recent years worldwide, the most-common causes of accidental deaths are road traffic and falls. Many different theoretical models have been proposed for analyzing accidents, but no single model has yet proved sufficient for these often-complex events.

Types

Physical and non-physical

Physical examples of accidents include unintended motor vehicle collisions, malfunctioning machinery, drowning, falling, or unintentional contact with something sharp or hot or electrified or poisonous (including drug overdoses).

Non-physical examples include unintentionally revealing a secret or otherwise saying something incorrectly, or forgetting an appointment.

Work and leisure

Accidents during the course of work, or arising out of it, are called work accidents, occupational accidents, or similar terms. According to the International Labour Organization, approximately 400 million accidents happen on the job each year (5% of the world population), causing more than 300,000 deaths annually (especially in mining and construction) and millions of long-term disabilities (especially back injuries).

In contrast, leisure-related accidents are mainly sports injuries, with lower fatality rates.

In process manufacturing, a primary accident (such as leakage, fire or explosion) may propagate to nearby units, resulting in an escalating chain of failure, which is often called a domino effect accident.

Commercial products sometimes emerge from accidental discoveries, famously including penicillin, Post-it notes, and microwave ovens. Injuries that occur during travel to or from employment are sometimes counted statistically as work accidents, but are usually classified separately as transportation accidents instead.

Transportation

Aviation

Aviation safety has improved dramatically through decades of concerted effort. Although individual crashes can have high fatality counts and widespread publicity, modern air travel has approximately just 1 fatal crash per 16 million commercial flights (as of 2024), or 1 death per 35 billion passenger-kilometers (22 billion miles), far better than historical rates, and generally the safest way to travel a given distance over land. Airplane accidents occur most commonly during the landing process.

Bicycles and motorcycles

Unenclosed two-wheel vehicles are more economical but less visible than the much larger cars and trucks on the road, and bikes offer their riders little protection from collision or weather or hazardous road conditions. For these reasons, bicycle or motorcycle travel typically has multiple times the risk of car travel over a given distance. Electric bikes present the further risk of accidental fire from the overheating of their powerful batteries, especially from lower-quality manufacturers.

Maritime

Water transportation accidents are far too diverse for any simple generalization or statistic. Modern mega-cruise ships are akin to slow-motion cities, where accidental deaths are dwarfed by ordinary heart attacks and strokes. At the opposite extreme of size, technology, and regulation, refugee boats and whitewater kayaks are much riskier than luxury cruise ships. Ferries overloaded with impoverished crowds capsize regularly, and so do the sailboats of wealthy adventurers, and cargo ships in hazardous waters. Any attempt to summarize maritime accidents would need to recognize all these differences and more.

Road traffic

Most vehicle collisions are triggered by preventable driver behaviors such as drunk, drowsy, distracted, or dangerously fast driving, and are not true accidents in the strictest sense. The use of the word ''accident'' to describe car wrecks was promoted by the US National Automobile Chamber of Commerce in the middle of the 20th century, as a way to make vehicle-related deaths and injuries seem like an unavoidable matter of fate, rather than a problem that could be addressed by automotive safety. The automobile industry accomplished this by writing customized articles about local collisions as a free service for newspapers that used the industry's preferred language. Since 1994, the US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration has asked media and the public not to use the word ''accident'' to describe vehicle collisions.

Trains

For a given distance, passenger trains (and also buses) are considerably safer than car traffic, although riskier than commercial aircraft. Major rail accidents can also arise from freight trains, carrying bulk quantities of hazardous cargo but few people. Unlike most other transportation accidents, a large fraction of train casualties are people out along the route, not riding on the train itself.

Common causes

According to the World Health Organization, globally more than 3 million accidental deaths occur in a typical year. The most-common causes are road traffic (1.2 million annual deaths, especially for young males) and falls (0.7 million annual deaths, especially for elderly females). Both fatal and nonfatal accident rates in developing countries are at least double the per-capita rates in high-income countries.

The United States collects detailed statistical injury data (sampled from 100 hospitals) through the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System administered by the Consumer Product Safety Commission. This program was revised in 2000 to include all injuries, rather than just injuries involving products. Data on emergency department visits is also collected through the annual National Health Interview Survey by the CDC's National Center for Health Statistics. The US Bureau of Labor Statistics website includes extensive data on workplace accidents.

Analytical models

Many theoretical models to characterize and analyze accidents have been proposed, which can be classified by type. Most accidents have no single cause, and no single model is the sole correct approach for analyzing them. Notable models include:

* Sequential models
** Domino theory
** Loss causation model
* Complex linear models
** Energy damage model
** Time sequence models
*** Generalized time sequence model
*** Accident evolution and barrier function
** Epidemiological models
*** Public health analysis
*** "Resident pathogens" metaphor
* Process models
** Multilinear events sequencing
* Systemic models
** Skill/Rule/Knowledge model of human error
** Reason's model of system safety (embedding the Swiss cheese model)
*** Healthcare error proliferation model
*** Human reliability
** Human/Machine cognitive systems
* Non-linear models
** System accident
** Systems-theoretic accident model and process (STAMP)
** Functional resonance analysis method (FRAM)
** Assertions that all existing models are insufficient for complex systems

Ishikawa diagrams are sometimes used to illustrate root-cause analysis and five whys discussions.

See also

* Accident insurance
* Accident-proneness
* Act of God
* Fail-safe
* Idiot-proof
* Injury prevention
* Lists of disasters
* Personal protective equipment
* Poka-yoke
* Risk management
* Safety
* Safety engineering

References

External links

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Safety