TheInfoList
File:2nd millennium montage.png, From left, clockwise: in 1492, Italian
Italian may refer to:
* Anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Italy
** Italians, an ethnic group or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic
** Italian language, a Romance language
*** Regional Italian, regional variants of the ...
navigator Christopher Columbus
Christopher Columbus
* lij, Cristoffa C(or)ombo
* es, Cristóbal Colón
* pt, Cristóvão Colombo
* ca, Cristòfor (or )
* la, Christophorus Columbus. (; born between 25 August and 31 October 1451, died 20 May 1506) was an Italian ...
arrives in North America
North America is a continent
A continent is any of several large landmasses. Generally identified by convention (norm), convention rather than any strict criteria, up to seven geographical regions are commonly regarded as continen ...
; the American Revolution
The American Revolution was an ideological and political revolution which occurred in colonial North America between 1765 and 1783. The Americans in the Thirteen Colonies
The Thirteen Colonies, also known as the Thirteen British Colo ...
; the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople
The fall of Constantinople ( grc-x-byzant, Ἅλωσις τῆς Κωνσταντινουπόλεως, translit=Hálōsis tē̂s Kōnstantinoupóleōs; tr, , lit= Conquest of Istanbul) was the capture of the Byzantine Empire
The Byzantin ...
; the Atomic Bomb
A nuclear weapon (also known as an atom bomb, atomic bomb, nuclear bomb or nuclear warhead, and colloquially as an A-bomb or nuke) is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either nuclear fission, fiss ...
from World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a global war
A world war is "a war
War is an intense armed conflict between states
State may refer to:
Arts, entertainment, and media Literatur ...
; an alternate source of light, the light bulb
An electric light is a device that produces visible light
Light or visible light is electromagnetic radiation within the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum
The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of frequencies (the spectrum
...
; for the first time, a human being
Humans (''Homo sapiens'') are the most abundant and widespread species
In biology, a species is the basic unit of biological classification, classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A speci ...
in 1969 during the Apollo 11
Apollo 11 was the spaceflight
Spaceflight (or space flight) is an application of astronautics to fly spacecraft into or through outer space, either human spaceflight, with or uncrewed spaceflight, without humans on board. Most spacefli ...
moon mission; aeroplane
An airplane or aeroplane (informally plane) is a fixed-wing aircraft
A fixed-wing aircraft is a heavier-than-air flying machine
Early flying machines include all forms of aircraft studied or constructed before the development of th ...
s become the most-used way of transport through the skies; Napoleon Bonaparte
Napoleon Bonaparte ; co, Napulione Buonaparte. (born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution
The French Revolution ( ) r ...
, in the early 19th century, affects France and Europe with expansionism
In expansionism, states expand their territory through military empire-building or colonialism
Colonialism is a practice or policy of control by one people or power over other people or areas, often by establishing colony, colonies and gener ...
and modernization
Modernization theory is used to explain the process of modernization within societies. Modernization theory originated from the ideas of German sociologist Max Weber
Maximilian Karl Emil Weber (; ; 21 April 186414 June 1920) was a German socio ...
; Alexander Graham Bell
Alexander Graham Bell (; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with inventing and patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the (AT&T) in 1885.
, grandf ...
's telephone
A telephone is a telecommunication
Telecommunication is the transmission of information by various types of technologies over wire
A wire is a single usually cylindrical
A cylinder (from Greek
Greek may refer to:
Greece
Anyt ...
; in 1348, the Black Death
The Black Death (also known as the Pestilence, the Great Mortality or the Plague) was a bubonic plague
Bubonic plague is one of three types of plague caused by the plague bacterium
Bacteria (; common noun bacteria, singular bact ...
kills in just two years over 100 million people worldwide, and over half of Europe
Europe is a continent
A continent is any of several large landmass
A landmass, or land mass, is a large region
In geography
Geography (from Greek: , ''geographia'', literally "earth description") is a field of scienc ...
. (Background: An excerpt from the Gutenberg Bible
The Gutenberg Bible (also known as the 42-line Bible, the Mazarin Bible or the B42) was the earliest major book printed using mass-produced movable metal type in Europe. It marked the start of the " Gutenberg Revolution" and the age of printed ...
, the first major book printed in the West using movable type, in the 1450s), 500px, thumb
rect 3 3 253 191 New World
The "New World" is a term for the majority of Earth's Western Hemisphere, specifically the Americas."America." ''The Oxford Companion to the English Language'' (). McArthur, Tom, ed., 1992. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 33: " American_Revolution_
The_American_Revolution_was_an_ideological_and_political_revolution_which_occurred_in__colonial_North_America_between_1765_and_1783._The_Americans_in_the_Thirteen_Colonies
The_Thirteen_Colonies,_also_known_as_the_Thirteen_British_Colo_...
rect_445_4_559_159_Ottoman_conquest_of_Constantinople.html" ;"title="6c: from ...
rect 259 5 438 123 American Revolution
The American Revolution was an ideological and political revolution which occurred in colonial North America between 1765 and 1783. The Americans in the Thirteen Colonies
The Thirteen Colonies, also known as the Thirteen British Colo ...
rect 445 4 559 159 Ottoman conquest of Constantinople">Islamic conquest of Constantinople
rect 260 129 438 249 Black Death
The Black Death (also known as the Pestilence, the Great Mortality or the Plague) was a bubonic plague
Bubonic plague is one of three types of plague caused by the plague bacterium
Bacteria (; common noun bacteria, singular bact ...
rect 5 212 110 375 Napoleon Bonaparte
Napoleon Bonaparte ; co, Napulione Buonaparte. (born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution
The French Revolution ( ) r ...
rect 129 197 253 299 Telephone
rect 123 309 257 386 aeroplane
An airplane or aeroplane (informally plane) is a fixed-wing aircraft
A fixed-wing aircraft is a heavier-than-air flying machine
Early flying machines include all forms of aircraft studied or constructed before the development of th ...
s
rect 268 257 432 379 Moon landing
A Moon landing is the arrival of a spacecraft on the surface of the Moon. This includes both crewed and robotic missions. The first human-made object to touch the Moon was the Soviet Union's Luna 2, on 13 September 1959.
The United St ...
rect 446 165 560 296 Atomic Bomb
A nuclear weapon (also known as an atom bomb, atomic bomb, nuclear bomb or nuclear warhead, and colloquially as an A-bomb or nuke) is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either nuclear fission, fiss ...
rect 440 303 514 387 Light Bulb
An electric light is a device that produces visible light
Light or visible light is electromagnetic radiation within the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum
The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of frequencies (the spectrum
...
rect 1 1 566 394 Gutenberg Bible
The Gutenberg Bible (also known as the 42-line Bible, the Mazarin Bible or the B42) was the earliest major book printed using mass-produced movable metal type in Europe. It marked the start of the " Gutenberg Revolution" and the age of printed ...
The second millennium of the Anno Domini
The terms (AD) and before Christ (BC) are used to label or number years in the Julian and Gregorian calendar
The Gregorian calendar is the used in most of the world. It was introduced in October 1582 by as a modification of the , r ...
or Common Era
Common Era (CE) is one of the year notations used for the Gregorian calendar (and its predecessor, the Julian calendar), the world's most widely used calendar era. Before the Common Era (BCE) is the era before CE. BCE and CE are alternatives ...
was a millennium
A millennium (plural millennia or millenniums) is a period of one thousand year
A year is the orbital period of a planetary body, for example, the Earth, moving in Earth's orbit, its orbit around the Sun. Due to the Earth's axial tilt, th ...
spanning the years 1001 to 2000 ( 11th to 20th
20 (twenty; Roman numeral XX) is the natural number following 19 (number), 19 and preceding 21 (number), 21. A group of twenty units may also be referred to as a score.
In mathematics
*20 is a pronic number.
*20 is a tetrahedral number as 1, ...
centuries; in astronomy: JD – ).
It encompassed the High
High may refer to:
People with the name
* High (surname)
Science, technology and economics
* Height
* High (atmospheric), a high-pressure area
* High (computability), a quality of a Turing degree, in computability theory
* High (technical analy ...
and Late Middle Ages
The Late Middle Ages or Late Medieval Period was the period
Period may refer to:
Common uses
* Era, a length or span of time
* Full stop (or period), a punctuation mark
Arts, entertainment, and media
* Period (music), a concept in musical com ...
of the Old World
The Old World consists of Africa
Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% o ...
, the Islamic Golden Age
The Islamic Golden Age was a period of cultural, economic, and scientific flourishing in the history of Islam
The history of Islam concerns the political, social, economic, and cultural developments of Muslim world, Islamic civilization. M ...
and the period of Renaissance
The Renaissance ( , ) , from , with the same meanings. is a period
Period may refer to:
Common uses
* Era, a length or span of time
* Full stop (or period), a punctuation mark
Arts, entertainment, and media
* Period (music), a concept in ...
, followed by the Early Modern period
The early modern period of modern history
Human history, or world history, is the narrative of Human, humanity's past. It is understood through archaeology, anthropology, genetics, and linguistics, and since the History of writing, adve ...
, characterized by the Wars of Religion
A religious war or holy war ( la, bellum sacrum) is a war
War is an intense armed conflict between states, government
A government is the system or group of people governing an organized community, generally a State (polit ...
in Europe, the Age of Enlightenment
The Age of Enlightenment (also known as the Age of Reason or simply the Enlightenment); ger, Aufklärung, "Enlightenment"; it, L'Illuminismo, "Enlightenment"; pl, Oświecenie , "Enlightenment"; pt, Iluminismo, "Enlightenment"; es, link= ...
, the Age of Discovery
The Age of Discovery, or the Age of Exploration (sometimes also, particularly regionally, Age of Contact or Contact Period), is an informal and loosely defined term for the early modern period
The early modern period of modern history
...
and the colonial periodColonial period (a period in a country's history where it was subject to management by a Colonialism, colonial power) may refer to:
* Spanish conquest of Guatemala
* Viceroyalty of Peru
* Colonial history of the United States
* British Raj, British ...
. Its final two centuries coincide with Modern history
Human history, or world history, is the narrative of Human, humanity's past. It is understood through archaeology, anthropology, genetics, and linguistics, and since the History of writing, advent of writing, from primary source, primary an ...
, characterized by industrialization
Industrialisation ( alternatively spelled industrialization) is the period of social and economic change that transforms a human group from an agrarian society
An agrarian society, or agricultural society, is any community whose economy is b ...
, the rise of nation state
A nation state is a political unit where the state
State may refer to:
Arts, entertainment, and media Literature
* ''State Magazine'', a monthly magazine published by the U.S. Department of State
* The State (newspaper), ''The State'' (news ...
s, the rapid development of science
Science () is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge
Knowledge is a familiarity or awareness, of someone or something, such as facts
A fact is something that is truth, true. The usual test for a statement of ...
, widespread education
Education is the process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition of knowledge, skills, value (ethics), values, morals, beliefs, habits, and personal development. Educational methods include teaching, training, storytelling, discussion ...
, and universal health care
Healthcare is the maintenance or improvement of health
Health, according to the , is "a state of complete physical, and social and not merely the absence of and ".. (2006)''Constitution of the World Health Organization''– ''Basic Docume ...
and vaccination
Vaccination is the administration of a vaccine to help the immune system develop protection from a disease. Vaccines contain a microorganism or virus in a weakened, live or killed state, or proteins or toxins from the organism. In stimulating ...
s in the Western world
The Western world, also known as the West, refers to various regions, nations and state (polity), states, depending on the context, most often consisting of the majority of Europe, Northern America, and Australasia. . The 20th century
The 20th (twentieth) century began on
January 1, 1901 ( MCMI), and ended on December 31, 2000 ( MM). It was the tenth and final century of the 2nd millennium. The 20th century was dominated by significant events that defined the era: Spanish ...
saw increasing globalization
Globalization, or globalisation (Commonwealth English
The use of the English language
English is a of the , originally spoken by the inhabitants of . It is named after the , one of the ancient that migrated from , a peninsu ...
, most notably the two World Wars
A world war is "a war
War is an intense armed conflict between states
State may refer to:
Arts, entertainment, and media Literature
* ''State Magazine'', a monthly magazine published by the U.S. Department of State
* The State (newsp ...
and the subsequent formation of the United Nations
The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization aiming to maintain international peace and international security, security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and be a centre for harm ...
. 20th-century technology includes powered flight
A powered aircraft is an aircraft that uses onboard Air propulsion, propulsion with mechanical power generated by an aircraft engine of some kind.
Aircraft propulsion nearly always uses either a type of propeller, or a form of jet propulsion. Ot ...
, television
Television, sometimes shortened to TV or telly, is a telecommunication
Telecommunication is the transmission of information by various types of technologies over wire
A wire is a single usually cylindrical
A cylinder (from Gre ...
and semiconductor technology, including integrated circuit
An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit (also referred to as an IC, a chip, or a microchip) is a set of electronic circuit
200px, A circuit built on a printed circuit board (PCB).
An electronic circuit is composed of indiv ...
s. The term "Great Divergence
320px, The European book output rose between 500 and 1800 by a factor of 100,000, particularly after the Printing Revolution in 1450.
The Great Divergence or European miracle is the socioeconomic
Socioeconomics (also known as social economics ...
" was coined to refer the unprecedented cultural and political ascent of the Western world
The Western world, also known as the West, refers to various regions, nations and state (polity), states, depending on the context, most often consisting of the majority of Europe, Northern America, and Australasia. in the second half of the millennium, emerging by the 18th century as the most powerful and wealthy world civilization, having eclipsed Qing China
The Qing dynasty, officially the Great Qing (), was the last dynasty
A dynasty (, ) is a sequence of rulers from the same family,''Oxford English Dictionary'', "dynasty, ''n''." Oxford University Press
Oxford University Pre ...
and the Islamic World
The terms Muslim world and Islamic world commonly refer to the Islamic
Islam (; ar, اَلْإِسْلَامُ, al-’Islām, "submission o God
Oh God may refer to:
* An exclamation; similar to "oh no", "oh yes", "oh my", "aw goodne ...
. This allowed the colonization
Colonization, or colonisation refers to large-scale population movements where the migrants maintain strong links with their—or their ancestors'—former country, gaining significant privileges over other inhabitants of the territory by such l ...
by European countries of much of the world during this millennium, including the Americas, Africa, Oceania, and South and Southeast Asia.
World population
In demography, demographics, the world population is the total number of humans currently living, and was estimated to have exceeded 7.9 billion people . It took over 2 million years of prehistory, human prehistory and human history, history fo ...
grew without precedent over the millennium, from about 310 million in 1000 to about 6 billion in 2000.
The population growth
Population growth is the increase in the number of people in a population
Population typically refers the number of people in a single area whether it be a city or town, region, country, or the world. Governments typically quantify the size ...
rate increased dramatically during this time; world population approximately doubled to 600 million by 1700, and doubled more than three more times by 2000, ultimately reaching about 1.8% per year in the second half of the 20th century.
Political history
Middle Ages
::'' 11th century, 1143
Year 1143 ( MCXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday
A common year starting on Friday is any non-leap year
A leap year (also known as an intercalary year or bissextile year) is a calendar year that contains an additional day (or, in t ...
, 1400
Year 1400 (Roman numerals, MCD) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The year 1400 was not a leap year in the Proleptic Gregorian Calendar.
Events
January–December
* Henry ...
, 1495
Year 1495 ( MCDXCV) was a common year starting on Thursday
A common year starting on Thursday is any non-leap year
A leap year (also known as an intercalary year or wikt:bissextile, bissextile year) is a calendar year that contains an addition ...
''
;Europe
*Western/Central Europe
**Kingdom of Scotland
The Kingdom of Scotland ( gd, Rìoghachd na h-Alba; sco, Kinrick o Scotland) was a sovereign state in northwest Europe traditionally said to have been founded in 843. Its territories expanded and shrank, but it came to occupy the northern thi ...
(843–1707): see Medieval Scotland
Scotland in the Middle Ages concerns the history of Scotland
The recorded begins with the arrival of the Roman Empire in the 1st century, when the Roman province, province of Roman Britain, Britannia reached as far north as the Antonin ...
** Kingdom of England
The Kingdom of England (Latin
Latin (, or , ) is a classical language
A classical language is a language
A language is a structured system of communication
Communication (from Latin ''communicare'', meaning "to share" or ...
(927–1707): see Medieval England
England in the Middle Ages concerns the history of England
The British Isles became inhabited more than 800,000 years ago, as the discovery of stone tools and footprints at Happisburgh in Norfolk has indicated.; "Earliest footprints outside ...
** Holy Roman Empire
The Holy Roman Empire ( la, Sacrum Romanum Imperium; german: Heiliges Römisches Reich) was a multi-ethnic complex of territories in Western
Western may refer to:
Places
*Western, Nebraska, a village in the US
*Western, New York, a town i ...
(962–1806): see Medieval Germany
The concept of Germany
)
, image_map =
, map_caption =
, map_width = 250px
, capital = Berlin
, coordinates =
, largest_city = capital
, languages_type = Official language
, languages = German language, German
, demonym = Germa ...
** Kingdom of France
The Kingdom of France ( fro, Reaume de France; frm, Royaulme de France; french: link=yes, Royaume de France) is the historiographical name or Hyponymy and hypernymy, umbrella term given to various political entities of France in the Middle Ages ...
(987–1789): see Medieval France
The Kingdom of France in the Middle Ages (roughly, from the 10th century to the middle of the 15th century) was marked by the fragmentation of the Carolingian Empire and West Francia (843–987); the expansion of royal control by the House of ...
** Kingdom of Hungary
The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy
A monarchy is a form of government
A government is the system or group of people governing an organized community, generally a state
State may refer to:
Arts, entertainment, an ...
(1000–1526)
** Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)
Historical political entities
*Kingdom of Poland
"Kingdom of Poland" ( Polish: ''Królestwo Polskie'', Latin
Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was orig ...
: see Medieval Poland
In this time period History of Poland, Polish history covering roughly a millennium, from the 5th century, the way through to the 16th century. It is commonly dated from the Decline of the Roman Empire, fall of the Western Roman Empire, and contrast ...
** Old Swiss Confederacy
The Old Swiss Confederacy or Swiss Confederacy (Modern German
New High German (NHG) is the term used for the most recent period in the history of the German language
German (: , ) is a mainly spoken in . It is the most widely spoke ...
(from c. 1300): see Medieval Switzerland
*Medieval Italy
The history of the Italian peninsula
The Italian Peninsula (Italian
Italian may refer to:
* Anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Italy
** Italians, an ethnic group or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic
** Ital ...
**Kingdom of Italy
The Kingdom of Italy ( it, Regno d'Italia) was a state that existed from 1861—when King Victor Emmanuel II
en, Victor Emmanuel Mario Albert Eugene Ferdinand Thomas
, house = House of Savoy, Savoy
, father = Charles Albert o ...
**Papal States
The Papal States ( ; it, Stato Pontificio), officially the State of the Church ( it, Stato della Chiesa, ; la, Status Ecclesiasticus; also '), were a series of territories in the Italian Peninsula
The Italian Peninsula (Italian
Ital ...
**Maritime republics
The maritime republics ( it, repubbliche marinare), also called merchant republics ( it, repubbliche mercantili), of the Mediterranean Basin were Thalassocracy, thalassocratic city-states in Italy in the Middle Ages, Italy and Dalmatia during th ...
**Kingdom of Sicily
Kingdom may refer to:
Monarchy
* A type of monarchy
A monarchy is a form of government
A government is the system or group of people governing an organized community, generally a state
State may refer to:
Arts, ente ...
*Medieval Spain
In many ways, the history of Spain is marked by waves of conquerors who brought their distinct cultures to the peninsula. After the passage of the Vandals
The Vandals were a Germanic people
Germanic may refer to:
* Germanic peoples
T ...
: see also Reconquista
The ' (Portuguese
Portuguese may refer to:
* anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Portugal
** Portuguese cuisine, traditional foods
** Portuguese language, a Romance language
*** Portuguese dialects, variants of the Portug ...
** Caliphate of Córdoba
A caliphate ( ar, خِلَافَة, ) is an Islamic state
{{Infobox war faction
, name = Islamic State
, anthem = '' Dawlat al-Islam Qamat'' {{small, ("My Ummah
' ( ar, أمة ) is an Arabic
Arabic (, ' ...
(929–1031)
** Crown of Aragon
The Crown of Aragon (; an, Corona d'Aragón; ca, Corona d'Aragó; es, Corona de Aragón)' ()' (, , )' ()' (). was a composite monarchy
A composite monarchy (or composite state) is a historical category, introduced by H. G. Koenigsberger ...
(1035–1479)
** Crown of Castile
The Crown of Castile was a medieval polity in the Iberian Peninsula that formed in 1230 as a result of the third and definitive union of the crowns and, some decades later, the parliaments of the kingdoms of Kingdom of Castile, Castile and Kin ...
(1030–1479)
** Emirate of Granada
)
, common_languages = Official language: Classical ArabicOther languages: Andalusi Arabic, Mozarabic, Berber, Ladino
, capital = Granada
, religion = Majority religion:Sunni Islam
Sunni Islam () i ...
(1230–1492)
*Medieval Scandinavia
In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted from the 5th to the late 15th century. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and transitioned into the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery. The Middle Ages i ...
: see also Viking Age
The Viking Age (793–1066 AD) was the period during the Middle Ages
In the history of Europe
The history of Europe concerns itself with the discovery and collection, the study, organization and presentation and the interpretation o ...
** Kingdom of Denmark
The Danish Realm ( da, Danmarks Rige; fo, Danmarkar Ríki; kl, Danmarkip Naalagaaffik), officially the Kingdom of Denmark (; ; ), is a sovereign state
A sovereign state is a polity, political entity represented by one centralized governm ...
(c. 936–1397)
** Kingdom of Sweden
Sweden ( sv, Sverige ), officially the Kingdom of Sweden ( sv, links=no, Konungariket Sverige ), is a Nordic country
The Nordic countries, or the Nordics, are a geographical and cultural region
In geography, regions are areas that ...
(c. 970–1397)
** Kingdom of Norway
Norway, officially the Kingdom of Norway,Names in the official and recognised languages: Bokmål: ''Norge'' ; Nynorsk: '; Official names in minority languages: Northern Sami: ''Norga''; Lule Sami ''Vuodna''; Southern Sámi, Southern Sami: ' ...
(c. 1015–1397)
** Kalmar Union
The Kalmar Union (Danish
Danish may refer to:
* Something of, from, or related to the country of Denmark
* A national or citizen of Denmark, also called a "Dane", see Demographics of Denmark
* Danish people or Danes, people with a Danish ancest ...
(1397–1523)
*Eastern/Southeastern Europe
** Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, or Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire
The Roman Empire ( la, Imperium Rōmānum ; grc-gre, Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων, Basileía tôn ...
(330–1453)
** Kievan Rus
Kievan Rus' ( orv, , Rusĭ, or , , "Rus' land") or Kyivan Rus', was a loose federation
A federation (also known as a federal state) is a political entity
A polity is an identifiable political entity—any group of people who have a ...
(880–1150)
** Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)
The Kingdom of Croatia ( hr, Kraljevina Hrvatska; la, Regnum Croatiae), or Croatian Kingdom ( hr, Hrvatsko Kraljevstvo), was a medieval kingdom in Southern Europe comprising most of what is today Croatia (without western Istria and some Dalmati ...
, Croatia in union with Hungary
The Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102), Kingdom of Croatia ( la, Regnum Croatiae; hr, Kraljevina Hrvatska, ''Hrvatsko kraljevstvo'', ''Hrvatska zemlja'') entered a personal union with the Kingdom of Hungary in 1102, after a period of rule of kings fr ...
(1102–1526)
** Kingdom of Bosnia
The Kingdom of Bosnia ( sh, Kraljevina Bosna / Краљевина Босна), or Bosnian Kingdom (''Bosansko kraljevstvo'' / Босанско краљевство), was a medieval kingdom that lasted from 1377 to 1463 and evolved out of the Ban ...
(1154–1463)
** Second Bulgarian Empire
The Second Bulgarian Empire (Middle Bulgarian
Middle Bulgarian language was the lingua franca and the most widely spoken language of the Second Bulgarian Empire
The Second Bulgarian Empire ( bg, Второ българско царство, ...
(1185–1396)
** Kingdom of Serbia
The Kingdom of Serbia ( sr-cyr, Краљевина Србија, Kraljevina Srbija) was a country located in the Balkans
The Balkans ( ), also known as the Balkan Peninsula, are a geographic area in southeastern Europe
Europe is a ...
(1217–1346)
** Serbian Empire
The Serbian Empire ( sr, / , ) was a medieval
In the history of Europe
The history of Europe concerns itself with the discovery and collection, the study, organization and presentation and the interpretation of past events and affa ...
(1346–1371)
** Grand Duchy of Lithuania (c. 1236–1795)
** Golden Horde (1240s–1502), see also: Tatar yoke
** Grand Duchy of Moscow (1283–1547)
;Near East
: see also Crusades, Mongol invasions
* Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, or Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire
The Roman Empire ( la, Imperium Rōmānum ; grc-gre, Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων, Basileía tôn ...
(330–1453)
* Abbasid Caliphate (750–1517)
* Fatimid Caliphate (910–1171)
* Kingdom of Georgia (1008–1493)
* Seljuk Empire (1037–1194)
* Khwarazmian dynasty (1077–1231)
* Crusader states
**County of Edessa (1098–1144)
**Principality of Antioch (1098–1268)
**Kingdom of Jerusalem (1099–1291)
**County of Tripoli (1102–1289)
**Latin Empire (1204–1261)
* Ayyubids (1171–1260)
* Sultanate of Rum (1194–1308)
* Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo), Mamluk Sultanate (1250–1517)
* Ilkhanate (1256–1353)
* Rise of the Ottoman Empire, Ottoman Empire (1299–1924)
* Timurid Empire (1370–1507)
;North Africa
* Almoravid dynasty (1040–1147)
* Almohad dynasty (1121–1269)
* Marinid dynasty (1244–1465)
* Hafsid dynasty (1229–1574)
* Kingdom of Tlemcen (1235–1554)
;East Asia
* Goryeo (918–1392)
* Hoysala Empire (1026–1343)
* Jin dynasty (1115–1234), Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
* Joseon Dynasty
* Khmer Empire (802–1431)
* Liao dynasty (907–1125)
* Mongol Empire (1206–1368)
* Ming Dynasty (1368–1644)
* Pagan Kingdom (849–1287)
* Song dynasty (960–1279)
* Western Xia (1038–1227)
* Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty (1271–1368)
;India
*Eastern Chalukyas (7th to 12th centuries)
*Pala Empire (8th to 12th centuries)
*Chola Empire (9th century to 13th centuries)
*Western Chalukya Empire (10th to 12th centuries)
*Kalachuris of Tripuri, Kalachuri dynasty (10th to 12th centuries)
*Eastern Ganga dynasty (11th to 15th centuries)
*Hoysala Empire (10th to 14th centuries)
*Kakatiya dynasty, Kakatiya Kingdom (1083–1323)
*Sena dynasty (11th to 12th centuries)
*Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526)
*Bengal Sultanate (1352–1576)
*Ahom Kingdom (from 1228)
*Reddy dynasty, Reddy Kingdom (1325–1448)
*Seuna (Yadava) dynasty (1190–1315)
*Vijayanagara Empire (1375–1591)
;Sahel / Sudan and Sub-Saharan Africa
* Gao Empire, Sahel (c. 9th to 15th centuries)
* Benin Empire, West Africa (from c. 1180)
* Sultanate of Ifat, Horn of Africa (1285–1415)
* Mali Empire, Sahel (c. 1230–1600)
* Songhai Empire, Sahel (c. 1464–1591)
* Empire of Kitara, East Africa (13th century)
* Oyo Empire, West Africa (from c. 1300)
* Kongo Empire, West Africa (from c. 1390)
* Kingdom of Nri, West Africa (from c. 1200?)
;Pre-Columbian Americas
* Maya civilisation
* Toltec
* Mississippian culture
* Vinland
* Chimú
* Kingdom of Cuzco
* Aztec Empire
* Inca Empire
Early Modern period
;Europe
* Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569), Kingdom of Poland
* Holy Roman Empire
The Holy Roman Empire ( la, Sacrum Romanum Imperium; german: Heiliges Römisches Reich) was a multi-ethnic complex of territories in Western
Western may refer to:
Places
*Western, Nebraska, a village in the US
*Western, New York, a town i ...
, see German Renaissance, early modern Germany
* Kingdom of France
The Kingdom of France ( fro, Reaume de France; frm, Royaulme de France; french: link=yes, Royaume de France) is the historiographical name or Hyponymy and hypernymy, umbrella term given to various political entities of France in the Middle Ages ...
, see early modern France
* Kingdom of England
The Kingdom of England (Latin
Latin (, or , ) is a classical language
A classical language is a language
A language is a structured system of communication
Communication (from Latin ''communicare'', meaning "to share" or ...
(before 1707)
* Kingdom of Scotland
The Kingdom of Scotland ( gd, Rìoghachd na h-Alba; sco, Kinrick o Scotland) was a sovereign state in northwest Europe traditionally said to have been founded in 843. Its territories expanded and shrank, but it came to occupy the northern thi ...
(before 1707)
* Kingdom of Great Britain (1707–1801)
* Habsburg Monarchy, Habsburg Empire (1526–1867)
;Colonial empires
* Spanish Empire (1402–1975)
* Portuguese Empire (1415–2002)
* Dutch Empire (1543–1975)
* British Empire (1583–1997)
* French colonial empire (1605–1960)
;Asia
* Ottoman Empire (1299–1922)
* Safavid Persia
* Zand dynasty (1750–1794)
* Qing Dynasty (1644–1912)
* Afsharid dynasty (1736–1796)
* Mughal Empire (1526–1858)
* Mysore empire (1399–1950)
;sub-Saharan Africa
* Mutapa Empire
* Maravi Empire
* Luba Empire
* Lunda Empire
Modern history
;Europe
* French First Empire
* British Empire (1583–1997)
* Russian Empire (1721–1917)
* United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1922)
* Austro-Hungarian Empire (1867–1918)
* Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)
* French Second Empire (1852–1870)
* German Empire (1871–1918)
* French Third Republic (1870–1940)
* Nazi Germany (1933–1945)
* United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (since 1922)
* Soviet Union (1922–1991)
;Asia
* Qing dynasty (1636–1912)
* Qajar dynasty (1794–1925)
* British Raj (1858–1947)
* Empire of Japan (1868–1947)
* Republic of China (1912–1949)
* People's Republic of China (from 1949)
* Partition of India (1947)
*Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire
*Russian conquest of Central Asia
*First Philippine Republic (1898–1901)
;Americas
* United States, United States of America (from 1776)
* First Mexican Empire, Mexican Empire (1821–1823)
* Empire of Brazil (1822–1889)
* Federal Republic of Central America (1823–1841)
* Gran Colombia (1819–1831)
* Canadian Confederation (1867)
;Africa
*European exploration of Africa
*Scramble for Africa
*French West Africa
*French Equatorial Africa
*French Algeria
*German East Africa
*Italian Libya
*Portuguese Angola
*Portuguese Mozambique
*Spanish Sahara
*Spanish protectorate in Morocco
*Belgian Congo
*Decolonisation
*List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa
Cultural and technological history
Calendar
The Julian calendar was used in Europe at the beginning of the millennium, and all countries that once used the Julian calendar had adopted the Gregorian calendar by the end of it. For this reason, the end date of the 2nd millennium is usually calculated based on the Gregorian calendar, while the beginning date is based on the Julian calendar (or occasionally the proleptic Gregorian calendar).
In the late 1990s, there was a dispute as to whether the millennium should be taken to end on December 31, 1999, or December 31, 2000.
Stephen Jay Gould at the time argued there is no objective way of deciding this question.
Associated Press reported that the third millennium began on 1 January 2001, but also reported that celebrations in the US were generally more subdued at the beginning of 2001, compared to the beginning of 2000.
Many public celebrations for the end of the second millennium were held on December 31, 1999 – January 1, 2000
Centuries and decades
Notes
References
{{DEFAULTSORT:2nd Millennium
2nd millennium,
Millennia