2021 United States Electoral College vote count
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The count of the
Electoral College An electoral college is a body whose task is to elect a candidate to a particular office. It is mostly used in the political context for a constitutional body that appoints the head of state or government, and sometimes the upper parliament ...
ballots during a
joint session A joint session or joint convention is, most broadly, when two normally separate decision-making groups meet, often in a special session or other extraordinary meeting, for a specific purpose. Most often it refers to when both houses of a bicam ...
of the
117th United States Congress The 117th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It convened in Washington, D.C., on January ...
, pursuant to the
Electoral Count Act The Electoral Count Act of 1887 (ECA) (, later codified at Title 3 of the United States Code, Title 3, Chapter 1) is a United States federal law that added to procedures set out in the Constitution of the United States for the counting of Uni ...
, on January 6–7, 2021, was held as the final step to confirm then
President-elect An ''officer-elect'' is a person who has been elected to a position but has not yet been installed. Notably, a president who has been elected but not yet installed would be referred to as a ''president-elect'' (e.g. president-elect of the Un ...
Joe Biden Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. (born November 20, 1942) is an American politician who was the 46th president of the United States from 2021 to 2025. A member of the Democratic Party (United States), Democratic Party, he served as the 47th vice p ...
's victory in the 2020 presidential election over incumbent President
Donald Trump Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is an American politician, media personality, and businessman who is the 47th president of the United States. A member of the Republican Party (United States), Republican Party, he served as the 45 ...
. The event drew unprecedented attention because of the efforts of Trump and his allies to overturn the election results. A group of legislators from Trump's Republican Party announced they would formally object to counting Biden's votes in
swing state In United States politics, a swing state (also known as battleground state, toss-up state, or purple state) is any state that could reasonably be won by either the Democratic or Republican candidate in a statewide election, most often refe ...
s, while Trump unsuccessfully sought to have Vice President
Mike Pence Michael Richard Pence (born June 7, 1959) is an American politician and lawyer who served as the 48th vice president of the United States from 2017 to 2021 under President Donald Trump. A member of the Republican Party (United States), Repub ...
use his presiding role over the count to change the outcome. The joint session adjourned twice to debate objections against the votes won by Biden in Arizona and Pennsylvania; both objections were defeated in the
House A house is a single-unit residential building. It may range in complexity from a rudimentary hut to a complex structure of wood, masonry, concrete or other material, outfitted with plumbing, electrical, and heating, ventilation, and air c ...
and
Senate A senate is a deliberative assembly, often the upper house or chamber of a bicameral legislature. The name comes from the ancient Roman Senate (Latin: ''Senatus''), so-called as an assembly of the senior (Latin: ''senex'' meaning "the el ...
, with only six Republican senators supporting the former and seven supporting the latter. Republican representatives also raised objections against votes for Biden from Georgia, Michigan, Nevada, and Wisconsin, but these objections failed because they were not co-signed by a senator. Amid the debate on Arizona's votes, rioters stormed the Capitol building, causing the count to be temporarily halted until officials could safely return to their chambers. The counting resumed in the evening after the Capitol was secured and concluded by the following morning. Pence was the first incumbent
vice president A vice president or vice-president, also director in British English, is an officer in government or business who is below the president (chief executive officer) in rank. It can also refer to executive vice presidents, signifying that the vi ...
since
Dan Quayle James Danforth Quayle (; born February 4, 1947) is an American retired politician who served as the 44th vice president of the United States from 1989 to 1993 under President George H. W. Bush. A member of the Republican Party (United States), ...
in 1993 to have presided over an electoral vote count in which they were a losing vice presidential candidate on the ballot for re-election.


Background


Electoral College

The
United States Electoral College In the United States, the Electoral College is the group of presidential electors that is formed every four years for the sole purpose of voting for the President of the United States, president and Vice President of the United States, vice p ...
is the group of presidential electors required by the
Constitution A constitution is the aggregate of fundamental principles or established precedents that constitute the legal basis of a polity, organization or other type of entity, and commonly determines how that entity is to be governed. When these pri ...
to form every four years for the sole purpose of electing the
president President most commonly refers to: *President (corporate title) * President (education), a leader of a college or university *President (government title) President may also refer to: Arts and entertainment Film and television *'' Præsident ...
and
vice president A vice president or vice-president, also director in British English, is an officer in government or business who is below the president (chief executive officer) in rank. It can also refer to executive vice presidents, signifying that the vi ...
. Each
state State most commonly refers to: * State (polity), a centralized political organization that regulates law and society within a territory **Sovereign state, a sovereign polity in international law, commonly referred to as a country **Nation state, a ...
appoints electors according to its
legislature A legislature (, ) is a deliberative assembly with the legal authority to make laws for a political entity such as a country, nation or city on behalf of the people therein. They are often contrasted with the executive and judicial power ...
, equal in number to its congressional delegation (senators and representatives). Federal office holders cannot be electors. Of the current 538 electors, an
absolute majority A majority is more than half of a total; however, the term is commonly used with other meanings, as explained in the " Related terms" section below. It is a subset of a set consisting of more than half of the set's elements. For example, if a gr ...
of 270 or more electoral votes is required to elect the president and vice president. As stated in the
Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution The Twelfth Amendment (Amendment XII) to the United States Constitution provides the procedure for electing the president and vice president. It replaced the procedure in Article II, Section 1, Clause 3, under which the Electoral College origi ...
, if no candidate for either office achieves an absolute majority there, a
contingent election In the United States, a contingent election is used to elect the president or vice president if no candidate receives a majority of the whole number of electors appointed. A presidential contingent election is decided by a special vote of th ...
is held by the
United States House of Representatives The United States House of Representatives is a chamber of the Bicameralism, bicameral United States Congress; it is the lower house, with the U.S. Senate being the upper house. Together, the House and Senate have the authority under Artic ...
to elect the president, and by the
United States Senate The United States Senate is a chamber of the Bicameralism, bicameral United States Congress; it is the upper house, with the United States House of Representatives, U.S. House of Representatives being the lower house. Together, the Senate and ...
to elect the vice president; under this amendment, only the election of 1824 failed to produce a majority for president, and the election of 1836 for vice president. Each state and the District of Columbia produces two documents to be forwarded to Congress, a '' certificate of ascertainment'' and a '' certificate of vote''. A ''certificate of ascertainment'' is an official document that identifies the state's appointed College electors and the tally of the final popular vote count for each candidate in that state in a presidential election; the certificate of ascertainment is submitted after an election by the governor of each state to the archivist of the United States and others, in accordance with 3U.S.C.§§6–14 and the
Electoral Count Act The Electoral Count Act of 1887 (ECA) (, later codified at Title 3 of the United States Code, Title 3, Chapter 1) is a United States federal law that added to procedures set out in the Constitution of the United States for the counting of Uni ...
. Within the United States' electoral system, the certificates " epresenta crucial link between the popular vote and votes cast by electors". The certificates must bear the state seal and the governor's signature. Staff from the
Office of the Federal Register The Office of the Federal Register is an office of the United States government within the National Archives and Records Administration. The Office publishes the ''Federal Register'', ''Code of Federal Regulations'', '' Public Papers of the Presi ...
ensure that each certificate contains all legally required information. When each state's appointed electors meet to vote (on the first Monday after the second Wednesday of December), they sign and record their vote on a ''certificate of vote'', which are then paired with the certificate of ascertainment, which together are sent to be opened and counted by Congress. The 12th Amendment mandates Congress assemble in joint session to count the electoral votes and declare the winners of the election. The
Electoral Count Act The Electoral Count Act of 1887 (ECA) (, later codified at Title 3 of the United States Code, Title 3, Chapter 1) is a United States federal law that added to procedures set out in the Constitution of the United States for the counting of Uni ...
, a federal law enacted in 1887, further established specific procedures for the counting of the electoral votes by the joint Congress. The session is ordinarily required to take place on January6 in the calendar year immediately following the meetings of the presidential electors., ''Counting electoral votes in Congress'' Since the 20th Amendment, the newly elected joint Congress declares the winner of the election; all elections before
1936 Events January–February * January 20 – The Prince of Wales succeeds to the throne of the United Kingdom as King Edward VIII, following the death of his father, George V, at Sandringham House. * January 28 – Death and state funer ...
were determined by the outgoing Congress. A state's certificate of vote can be rejected only if both Houses of Congress, debating separately, vote to accept an objection by a majority in each House. If the objection is approved by both Houses, the state's votes are not included in the count. Individual votes can also be objected to, and are also not counted. If there are no objections or all objections are overruled, the presiding officer simply includes a state's votes, as declared in the certificate of vote, in the official tally. After the certificates from all states are read and the respective votes are counted, the presiding officer simply announces the final state of the vote. This announcement concludes the joint session and formalizes the recognition of the president-elect and of the vice president-elect. The senators then depart from the House chamber. The final tally is printed in the Senate and House journals.


Attempts to thwart the electoral college

President Trump, his campaign, and his supporters engaged in numerous attempts to overturn the results of the 2020 United States presidential election.


Proposal for the military to decide the winner

On December 18, 2020, a team of Trump allies met the president in the White House and urged him to issue a drafted
executive order In the United States, an executive order is a directive by the president of the United States that manages operations of the federal government. The legal or constitutional basis for executive orders has multiple sources. Article Two of the ...
, "Presidential Findings to Preserve Collect and Analyze National Security Information Regarding the 2020 General Election." According to the draft order, the military would seize voting machines; the Trump White House would delay the transition to the Biden administration while Director of National Intelligence John Ratcliffe and the Defense Department decided whether the election had been fair; and Trump would appoint a special counsel to prosecute those involved in the election. One of the guests, attorney Sidney Powell, proposed that Trump appoint her to the last position.


Pressure on Vice President Pence to obstruct the certification of electoral votes

On December 28, 2020, Republican U.S. Representative Louis Gohmert of Texas and the slate of Republican presidential electors for
Arizona Arizona is a U.S. state, state in the Southwestern United States, Southwestern region of the United States, sharing the Four Corners region of the western United States with Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah. It also borders Nevada to the nort ...
filed a lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Texas against Vice President
Mike Pence Michael Richard Pence (born June 7, 1959) is an American politician and lawyer who served as the 48th vice president of the United States from 2017 to 2021 under President Donald Trump. A member of the Republican Party (United States), Repub ...
, seeking to force him to decide the election outcome. Gohmert argued that the Electoral Count Act of 1887 was unconstitutional, that the Constitution gave Vice President Pence the "sole" power to decide the election outcome, and that Pence had the power to "count elector votes certified by a state's executive", select "a competing slate of duly qualified electors," or "ignore all electors from a certain state." On January 1, 2021, U.S. District Judge Jeremy Kernodle dismissed the suit for lack of standing. The next day, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit affirmed the dismissal of Gohmert's suit in a unanimous decision by a three-judge panel. President Trump had repeatedly raised with his vice president the notion he could delay or obstruct the Electoral College vote count set to occur in Congress on January 6 and was "confused" on why Vice President Pence could not unilaterally reject electoral votes and overturn the results of the election. Trump had argued that Pence, instead of simply acting in his constitutionally prescribed role, could delay the count beyond January 6 and ultimately force the question of who won the election to either the House of Representatives or the Supreme Court. However, on January 5, Pence told Trump that he did not have the authority to block counting of votes for President-elect Joe Biden's win in the joint session of Congress to count electoral votes. On July 5, 2023, in the lead up to the 2024 Iowa Republican presidential caucuses, Pence responded to questions from an Iowa woman about his Constitutional authority saying that "The Constitution affords no authority -- to the vice president or anyone else -- to reject votes or return votes to the states."


Fake electors sent by the Trump campaign in seven states

Another proposed method was to reject results in Pennsylvania, Georgia, Michigan, Arizona, Wisconsin, Nevada and New Mexico by alleging that these states had sent competing sets of electors. If the results from those seven states had been rejected, neither candidate would have had the 270 votes required in the Electoral College, and the House would have had to decide the election. This strategy, including the drafting of fake documents for the supposedly competing electors, was coordinated by
Rudy Giuliani Rudolph William Louis Giuliani ( , ; born May 28, 1944) is an American politician and Disbarment, disbarred lawyer who served as the 107th mayor of New York City from 1994 to 2001. He previously served as the United States Associate Attorney ...
in December 2020. Boris Epshteyn acknowledged being involved. Attorney John Eastman mentioned it in a January 4 meeting with Trump and Pence. In reality, the states only sent one set of electors each. The Trump campaign sent its own supposedly competing electors and backed them by forged documents. While real state certificates tend to have "their own quirks, their own fancy or not fancy paper and decorations and seals," the Republicans' fake documents had the "same formatting, same font, same spacing, almost the same exact wording, all of them," as MSNBC commentator Rachel Maddow noted. In Pennsylvania and Nevada, the documents explicitly admitted that these "electors in waiting" were not the state's official electors and were only being proposed as alternate electors pending the outcome of Trump's election lawsuits. In the other five states, however, the documents falsely identified the Trump allies as the official state electors. As of January 2022, the Justice Department is investigating the matter. The 59 people who presented themselves as fake electors could face federal and state charges.


Announcements of planned Electoral College vote count objections

In December 2020, several Republican members of the House led by Representative Mo Brooks of Alabama, as well as Republican senator
Josh Hawley Joshua David Hawley (born December 31, 1979) is an American politician and attorney serving as the Seniority in the United States Senate, senior United States Senate, United States senator from Missouri, a seat he has held since 2019. A member ...
of Missouri, declared that they would formally object to the counting of the electoral votes of five swing states won by Biden during the January 6, 2021, joint session. The objections would then trigger votes from both houses. In December Brooks organized three White House meetings between Trump, Republican lawmakers, and others, including Vice President Pence and members of Trump's legal team. As Brooks confirmed at the time, the purpose of the meetings was to strategize about how Congress could overturn the election results on January 6. The last time an objection was successfully filed was after the 2004 presidential election, when Senator
Barbara Boxer Barbara Sue Boxer (née Levy; born November 11, 1940) is a retired American politician, lobbyist, and former reporter who served in the United States Senate, representing California from 1993 to 2017. A member of the Democratic Party (United St ...
of
California California () is a U.S. state, state in the Western United States that lies on the West Coast of the United States, Pacific Coast. It borders Oregon to the north, Nevada and Arizona to the east, and shares Mexico–United States border, an ...
joined Representative Stephanie Tubbs Jones of
Ohio Ohio ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Midwestern United States, Midwestern region of the United States. It borders Lake Erie to the north, Pennsylvania to the east, West Virginia to the southeast, Kentucky to the southwest, Indiana to the ...
in filing a congressional objection to the certification of Ohio's
Electoral College An electoral college is a body whose task is to elect a candidate to a particular office. It is mostly used in the political context for a constitutional body that appoints the head of state or government, and sometimes the upper parliament ...
votes due to alleged irregularities. The Senate voted the objection down 1–74; the House voted the objection down 31–267. At least 140 House Republicans reportedly planned to vote against the 2020 counting of electoral votes, despite the lack of any credible allegation of an irregularity that would have affected the election, and the allegations' rejections by courts, election officials, the Electoral College, and others, and despite the fact that almost all of the Republican objectors had "just won elections in the very same balloting they are now claiming was fraudulently administered." Senate Majority Leader
Mitch McConnell Addison Mitchell McConnell III (; born February 20, 1942) is an American politician and attorney serving as the senior United States senator from Kentucky, a seat he has held since 1985. McConnell is in his seventh Senate term and is the long ...
, who on December 15 acknowledged Biden's victory the day after the Electoral College vote, privately urged his Republican Senate colleagues not to join efforts by some House Republicans to challenge the vote count, but was unable to persuade Hawley not to lodge an objection. Hawley used his objection stance in fundraising emails. Twelve additional Republican senators and senators-elect (
Ted Cruz Rafael Edward Cruz (; born December 22, 1970) is an American politician and attorney serving as the junior United States senator from Texas since 2013. A member of the Republican Party, Cruz was the solicitor general of Texas from 2003 ...
,
Ron Johnson Ronald Harold Johnson (born April 8, 1955) is an American businessman and politician serving as the Seniority in the United States Senate, senior United States Senate, United States senator from Wisconsin, a seat he has held since 2011. A Rep ...
, James Lankford,
Steve Daines Steven David Daines ( ; born August 20, 1962) is an American politician and former corporate executive serving as the Seniority in the United States Senate, senior United States Senate, United States senator from Montana, a seat he has held since ...
, John Kennedy,
Marsha Blackburn Mary Marsha Blackburn (née Wedgeworth; born June 6, 1952) is an American politician and businesswoman serving as the Seniority in the United States Senate, senior United States Senate, United States senator from Tennessee. Blackburn was first ...
, Mike Braun, Cynthia Lummis,
Roger Marshall Roger Wayne Marshall (born August 9, 1960) is an American politician, physician, and former military officer serving as the junior United States senator from Kansas since 2021. A member of the Republican Party, he served from 2017 to 2021 as ...
, Bill Hagerty,
Tommy Tuberville Thomas Hawley Tuberville (; born September 18, 1954) is an American politician and retired college football coach who is the Seniority in the United States Senate, senior United States senator from Alabama, a seat he has held since 2021. Before ...
, and Kelly Loeffler) eventually announced that they would join Hawley's challenge, while acknowledging that it would not succeed. On January 2, 2021, Vice President Pence expressed support for the attempt to overturn Biden's victory. Neither Pence nor the senators planning to object made any specific allegation of fraud; rather, they vaguely suggested that some wrongdoing might have taken place. Other Senate Republicans were noncommittal or opposed to the attempt to subvert the election results.


Reactions

A spokesperson for President-elect Biden called the proposed objection effort a publicity stunt that would fail, a statement echoed by Senator
Amy Klobuchar Amy Jean Klobuchar ( ; born May 25, 1960) is an American politician and lawyer serving as the Seniority in the United States Senate, senior United States Senate, United States senator from Minnesota, a seat she has held since 2007. A member o ...
, the top Democrat of the committee with jurisdiction over federal elections. A bipartisan group of senators condemned the scheme to undo the election for Trump; Joe Manchin (D-WV),
Susan Collins Susan Margaret Collins (born December 7, 1952) is an American politician serving as the senior United States senator from Maine. A member of the Republican Party, she has held her seat since 1997 and is Maine's longest-serving member of ...
(R-ME),
Mark Warner Mark Robert Warner (born December 15, 1954) is an American businessman and politician serving as the senior United States senator from Virginia, a seat he has held since 2009. A member of the Democratic Party, Warner served as the 69th gove ...
(D-VA),
Bill Cassidy William Morgan Cassidy (born September 28, 1957) is an American physician and politician serving as the Seniority in the United States Senate, senior United States senator from Louisiana, a seat he has held since 2015. A member of the Republic ...
(R-LA),
Jeanne Shaheen Cynthia Jeanne Shaheen ( ; née Bowers, born January 28, 1947) is an American politician and former educator serving since 2009 as the Seniority in the United States Senate, senior United States Senate, United States senator from New Hampshire. A ...
(D-NH),
Lisa Murkowski Lisa Ann Murkowski ( ; born May 22, 1957) is an American attorney and politician serving as the Seniority in the United States Senate, senior United States senator from the state of Alaska, having held the seat since 2002. She is the first woman ...
(R-AK),
Angus King Angus Stanley King Jr. (born March 31, 1944) is an American lawyer and politician who has served since 2013 as the Seniority in the United States Senate, junior United States senator from Maine. A Independent politician, political independent, h ...
(I-ME),
Mitt Romney Willard Mitt Romney (born March 12, 1947) is an American businessman and retired politician. He served as a United States Senate, United States senator from Utah from 2019 to 2025 and as the 70th governor of Massachusetts from 2003 to 2007 ...
(R-UT), and
Maggie Hassan Margaret Wood Hassan ( ; ; born February 27, 1958) is an American politician and attorney serving as the junior United States senator for New Hampshire since 2017. A member of the Democratic Party, Hassan was the 81st governor of New Hampshire, ...
(D-NH) said, "The 2020 election is over. All challenges through recounts and appeals have been exhausted. At this point, further attempts to cast doubt on the legitimacy of the 2020 Presidential election are contrary to the clearly expressed will of the American people and only serve to undermine Americans' confidence in the already determined election results." In a separate statement, Senator Ben Sasse, Republican of Nebraska, denounced his Republican colleagues who have sought to overturn the election results, terming them "the institutional arsonist members of Congress" and the submission of objection to counting the electoral votes as a "dangerous ploy" by Republican members of Congress who, in seeking "a quick way to tap into the president's populist base", were pointing "a loaded gun at the heart of legitimate self-government." Other prominent Republicans who spoke out against attempts to subvert the election results included
Maryland Maryland ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Mid-Atlantic (United States), Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. It borders the states of Virginia to its south, West Virginia to its west, Pennsylvania to its north, and Delaware to its east ...
Governor A governor is an politician, administrative leader and head of a polity or Region#Political regions, political region, in some cases, such as governor-general, governors-general, as the head of a state's official representative. Depending on the ...
Larry Hogan, former House Speaker
Paul Ryan Paul Davis Ryan (born January 29, 1970) is an American politician who served as the List of Speakers of the United States House of Representatives, 54th speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 2015 to 2019. A member of the ...
, and Representative
Liz Cheney Elizabeth Lynne Cheney (; born July 28, 1966) is an American attorney and politician. She represented in the U.S. House of Representatives from 2017 to 2023, and served as chair of the House Republican Conference from 2019 to 2021. Cheney i ...
of Wyoming, the third-highest-ranking Republican in the House. Objections to the electoral votes had virtually no chance of success, as Democrats had a majority in the House of Representatives. Although the Senate had a Republican majority, there was no committed majority for overturning the election results.
Trevor Potter Trevor Alexander McClurg Potter (born October 24, 1955) is an American lawyer who served as the former commissioner and chairman of the United States Federal Election Commission. He is the founder and president of the Campaign Legal Center, a non ...
, a Republican former chairman of the
Federal Election Commission The Federal Election Commission (FEC) is an independent agency of the United States government that enforces U.S. campaign finance laws and oversees U.S. federal elections. Created in 1974 through amendments to the Federal Election Campaign ...
and the president of the Campaign Legal Center, wrote that the counting joint session "gives Trump's die-hard supporters in Congress an opportunity to again provide more disinformation about the election on national television." After Senator John Thune, the second highest-ranking Senate Republican, said that the challenge to the election results would fail "like a shot dog" in the Senate, Trump attacked him on Twitter. In December, Trump repeatedly encouraged his supporters to protest in Washington, D.C., on January 6 in support of his campaign to overturn the election results, appealing his supporters to "Be there, will be wild!" ''
The Washington Post ''The Washington Post'', locally known as ''The'' ''Post'' and, informally, ''WaPo'' or ''WP'', is an American daily newspaper published in Washington, D.C., the national capital. It is the most widely circulated newspaper in the Washington m ...
'' editorial board criticized Trump for urging street protests, referring to previous violence by some Trump supporters at two earlier rallies and his earlier statement during a presidential debate telling the
Proud Boys The Proud Boys is an American far-right politics, far-right, Neo-fascism, neo-fascist militant organization that promotes and engages in political violence.Far-right: * * Fascist: * * * * * Men only: * * * Political violence and militancy: ...
to "stand back and stand by." Multiple groups of "die-hard" Trump supporters planned rallies in D.C. on that day: Women for America First; the Eighty Percent Coalition (also at Freedom Plaza); the group's name refers to the approximately 80% of Trump voters who do not accept the legitimacy of Biden's win); and "The Silent Majority" (a group organized by a South Carolina conservative activist). George Papadopoulos and
Roger Stone Roger Jason Stone (born Roger Joseph Stone Jr.; August 27, 1952) is an American Political consulting, political consultant and lobbyist. He is Donald Trump's longest-serving political adviser, best known for the Mueller special counsel investi ...
, ardent allies of Trump, planned to headline some of the events. In addition to the formally organized events, the Proud Boys, other
far-right Far-right politics, often termed right-wing extremism, encompasses a range of ideologies that are marked by ultraconservatism, authoritarianism, ultranationalism, and nativism. This political spectrum situates itself on the far end of the ...
groups, and white supremacists vowed to descend on Washington on January 6, with some threatening violence and pledging to carry weapons. Proud Boys leader Enrique Tarrio said that his followers would "be incognito" and "spread across downtown DC in smaller teams." On January 4, Tarrio was arrested by D.C. police on misdemeanor and felony charges. On January 10, a number of companies (including the financial company
Morgan Stanley Morgan Stanley is an American multinational investment bank and financial services company headquartered at 1585 Broadway in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. With offices in 42 countries and more than 80,000 employees, the firm's clients in ...
and the hotel chain Marriott, which each have their own PAC) announced they would cease their political contributions to members of Congress who had voted against certifying the Electoral College results.


Joint Session of Congress

A
joint session A joint session or joint convention is, most broadly, when two normally separate decision-making groups meet, often in a special session or other extraordinary meeting, for a specific purpose. Most often it refers to when both houses of a bicam ...
of
Congress A congress is a formal meeting of the representatives of different countries, constituent states, organizations, trade unions, political parties, or other groups. The term originated in Late Middle English to denote an encounter (meeting of ...
convened at 1:00 PM EST on January 6, 2021, presided over by Vice President Pence, where the votes of the state electors were formally certified in the House chamber. Prior to the vote, Pence released a letter to Congress which denied the assertion that Pence, as the presiding officer of the count, had "unilateral authority" to overturn any state results. (See also '' Gohmert v. Pence''.) The results from each state were opened and read one at a time, in alphabetical order. The results of Alabama and Alaska were read without objection. The results of Arizona were then objected to by Paul Gosar ( AZ-4) and
Ted Cruz Rafael Edward Cruz (; born December 22, 1970) is an American politician and attorney serving as the junior United States senator from Texas since 2013. A member of the Republican Party, Cruz was the solicitor general of Texas from 2003 ...
( TX). Because of the objection, the joint session adjourned at 1:15 p.m. to allow each chamber to debate and vote on the objection. During the debate of Arizona's votes, Trump supporters stormed the U.S. Capitol at approximately 2:15 p.m. and members of the House of Representatives and Senate were promptly evacuated from the Capitol by Capitol Police, and Congress was placed under lockdown. The District of Columbia National Guard, as well as the National Guards and state police of the neighboring states of
Virginia Virginia, officially the Commonwealth of Virginia, is a U.S. state, state in the Southeastern United States, Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic (United States), Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States between the East Coast of the United States ...
and
Maryland Maryland ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Mid-Atlantic (United States), Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. It borders the states of Virginia to its south, West Virginia to its west, Pennsylvania to its north, and Delaware to its east ...
, were activated within the hour. At approximately 5:40 p.m., the Sergeant-at-Arms announced that the Capitol building had been secured. Congress then reconvened at 8:00 p.m. and politicians from both parties condemned both Trump and the rioters' failed insurrection. Before the session resumed, at 7:00 p.m. Trump's lawyer, Rudy Giuliani, left a voice message to Senator
Mike Lee Michael Shumway Lee (born June 4, 1971) is an American lawyer and politician serving as the senior United States senator from Utah, a seat he has held since 2011. A member of the Republican Party, Lee became Utah's senior senator in 2019, whe ...
by mistake, as the intended recipient was Senator
Tommy Tuberville Thomas Hawley Tuberville (; born September 18, 1954) is an American politician and retired college football coach who is the Seniority in the United States Senate, senior United States senator from Alabama, a seat he has held since 2021. Before ...
. Lee subsequently released the message to the public. In the message, Giuliani is heard saying: "I know they're reconvening at 8 tonight, but it ... the only strategy we can follow is to object to numerous states and raise issues so that we get ourselves into tomorrow – ideally until the end of tomorrow." The legal or tactical purpose of the attempted delay is not clear; but may have been to form the basis of another legal challenge if the certification could not have been finalized on the 6th. Senator Tuberville was not aware of the message intended for him until after it became public. Debate on the objection to Arizona's electoral votes resumed at 8:00 p.m., and both chambers spent some time condemning the storming of the Capitol. The Senate then voted to reject the objection by 6–93 at 10:10 p.m., and was followed by the House rejection by 121–303 at 11:08 p.m. The joint session resumed again shortly afterwards where Pence requested the
Secretary of the Senate The secretary of the United States Senate is an officer of the United States Senate. The secretary supervises an extensive array of offices and services to expedite the day-to-day operations of that body. The office is somewhat analogous to that o ...
and the Clerk of the House to report the actions of both, with the written objection being formally rejected, allowing the session to resume for the rest of the states. Objections to the electoral votes of
Georgia Georgia most commonly refers to: * Georgia (country), a country in the South Caucasus * Georgia (U.S. state), a state in the southeastern United States Georgia may also refer to: People and fictional characters * Georgia (name), a list of pe ...
,
Michigan Michigan ( ) is a peninsular U.S. state, state in the Great Lakes region, Great Lakes region of the Upper Midwest, Upper Midwestern United States. It shares water and land boundaries with Minnesota to the northwest, Wisconsin to the west, ...
and
Nevada Nevada ( ; ) is a landlocked state in the Western United States. It borders Oregon to the northwest, Idaho to the northeast, California to the west, Arizona to the southeast, and Utah to the east. Nevada is the seventh-most extensive, th ...
were raised by Republican members of the House, but were not sustained because no senator joined the objection. In the case of Georgia, Senator Kelly Loeffler (R–GA) had withdrawn her objection after the unrest. After the failed objection to Michigan's electoral votes, the outstanding planned objections for Nevada, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin totaling 36 votes were not sufficient to deny the Biden/Harris ticket the 270 votes needed to win. Representative
Jake LaTurner Jacob Andrew Joseph LaTurner (born February 17, 1988) is an American politician who served as the United States House of Representatives, U.S. representative for Kansas's 2nd congressional district from 2021 to 2025. A member of the Republican Pa ...
was notified of his positive diagnosis with COVID after the vote on Arizona and went into isolation, missing the Pennsylvania vote. The next state objected to was
Pennsylvania Pennsylvania, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a U.S. state, state spanning the Mid-Atlantic (United States), Mid-Atlantic, Northeastern United States, Northeastern, Appalachian, and Great Lakes region, Great Lakes regions o ...
where Scott Perry ( PA-10) and
Josh Hawley Joshua David Hawley (born December 31, 1979) is an American politician and attorney serving as the Seniority in the United States Senate, senior United States Senate, United States senator from Missouri, a seat he has held since 2019. A member ...
( MO) objected to the results, and the joint session adjourned at 12:15 a.m. The Senate held no further debate and within minutes the Senate rejected the objection by a 7–92 vote. The House held a debate where there was a single instance of disruption during a speech by Conor Lamb ( PA-17). An objection by Morgan Griffith ( VA-9) to Lamb's words was denied over timeliness, during which Andy Harris ( MD-1) and Colin Allred ( TX-32) argued with each other, causing a disruption. Their confrontation was broken up, after which Lamb resumed his speech. After further debate, the House voted to reject the objection at 3:08 a.m. by a 138–282 vote. Across the objections for Arizona and Pennsylvania, a total of 147 Republicans in Congress—eight senators and 139 representatives—voted to sustain one or both objections. The joint session resumed once again at 3:25 a.m., with the Secretary and the Clerk reporting the results of the vote, formally rejecting the second written objection. The session resumed the tallying of the results. At 3:33 a.m., the electoral votes of Vermont were counted, putting the Biden/Harris ticket over the 270 electoral votes needed to secure the presidency and vice presidency. The final objection was to
Wisconsin Wisconsin ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Great Lakes region, Great Lakes region of the Upper Midwest of the United States. It borders Minnesota to the west, Iowa to the southwest, Illinois to the south, Lake Michigan to the east, Michig ...
, but it failed because no senator joined the objection. The joint session was dissolved by Pence at 3:44 a.m. Republican representative Peter Meijer said that several of his Republican colleagues in the House would have voted to certify the votes, but did not out of fear for the safety of their families, and that at least one specifically voted to overturn Biden's victory against their conscience because they were shaken by the mob attack that day.


Arizona

* Robert Aderholt ( AL–4) * Rick W. Allen ( GA–12) *
Jodey Arrington Jodey Cook Arrington ( ; born March 9, 1972) is an American politician serving as the United States House of Representatives, U.S. representative for since 2017. The district includes a large slice of West Texas, centered around Lubbock, Texas, ...
( TX–19) *
Brian Babin Brian Philip Babin ( ; born March 23, 1948) is an American dentist, politician and member of the Republican Party (United States), Republican Party who has served as the United States House of Representatives, U.S. representative from since 2015 ...
( TX–36) * Jim Baird ( IN–4) * Jim Banks ( IN–3) *
Jack Bergman John Warren Bergman (born February 2, 1947) is an American politician and retired United States Marine Corps lieutenant general serving as the U.S. representative from Michigan's 1st congressional district since 2017. He is a member of the Re ...
( MI–1) * Stephanie Bice ( OK–5) * Andy Biggs ( AZ–5) * Dan Bishop ( NC–9) * Lauren Boebert ( CO–3) * Mike Bost ( IL–12) * Mo Brooks ( AL–5) *
Ted Budd Theodore Paul Budd (born October 21, 1971) is an American businessman and politician serving as the Seniority in the United States Senate, junior United States Senate, United States senator for North Carolina since 2023. A member of the Republica ...
( NC–13) * Tim Burchett ( TN–2) * Michael C. Burgess ( TX–26) * Ken Calvert ( CA–42) * Kat Cammack ( FL–3) * Jerry Carl ( AL–1) * Buddy Carter ( GA–1) * John Carter ( TX–31) * Madison Cawthorn ( NC–11) * Ben Cline ( VA–6) * Michael Cloud ( TX–27) * Andrew Clyde ( GA–9) * Tom Cole ( OK–4) * Rick Crawford ( AR–1) * Warren Davidson ( OH–8) *
Scott DesJarlais Scott Eugene DesJarlais ( ; born February 21, 1964) is an American politician and physician serving as the U.S. representative for since 2011. The district stretches across East and Middle Tennessee. He is a member of the Republican Party. E ...
( TN–4) * Mario Díaz-Balart ( FL–25) * Byron Donalds ( FL–19) * Jeff Duncan ( SC–3) * Neal Dunn ( FL–2) *
Ron Estes Ronald Gene Estes ( ; born July 19, 1956) is an American politician who has been the U.S. representative for since April 2017. A member of the Republican Party, he served as Kansas State Treasurer from 2011 to 2017. A fifth-generation Kansan ...
( KS–4) * Pat Fallon ( TX–4) * Michelle Fischbach ( MN–7) * Scott L. Fitzgerald ( WI–5) * Chuck Fleischmann ( TN–3) * Scott Franklin ( FL–15) * Russ Fulcher ( ID–1) * Matt Gaetz ( FL–1) * Mike Garcia ( CA–25) *
Bob Gibbs Robert Brian Gibbs (born June 14, 1954) is an American politician who served as the United States House of Representatives, U.S. representative for from 2011 to 2023. He is a member of the Republican Party (United States), Republican Party. In A ...
( OH–7) * Carlos A. Giménez ( FL–26) * Louie Gohmert ( TX–1) * Bob Good ( VA–5) * Lance Gooden ( TX–5) * Paul Gosar ( AZ–4) * Sam Graves ( MO–6) * Mark E. Green ( TN–7) * Marjorie Taylor Greene ( GA–14) * Morgan Griffith ( VA–9) * Michael Guest ( MS–3) * Jim Hagedorn ( MN–1) * Andy Harris ( MD–1) * Diana Harshbarger ( TN–1) * Vicky Hartzler ( MO–4) *
Kevin Hern Kevin Ray Hern (born December 4, 1961) is an American politician and businessman from Oklahoma. A Republican Party (United States), Republican, he is serving as a member of the United States House of Representatives for since 2018. Born in Mis ...
( OK–1) * Yvette Herrell ( NM–2) * Jody Hice ( GA–10) * Clay Higgins ( LA–3) * Richard Hudson ( NC–8) *
Darrell Issa Darrell Edward Issa ( ; born November 1, 1953) is an American businessman and politician serving as the U.S. representative for California's 48th congressional district. He represented the 50th congressional district from 2021 to 2023. A memb ...
( CA–50) *
Ronny Jackson Ronny Lynn Jackson (born May 4, 1967) is an American physician, politician, and former United States Navy officer who has served as the U.S. representative for since 2021. A member of the Republican Party (United States), Republican Party, his ...
( TX–13) * Chris Jacobs ( NY–27) *
Mike Johnson James Michael Johnson (born January 30, 1972) is an American lawyer and politician serving as the List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives, 56th speaker of the United States House of Representatives since 2023. A member ...
( LA–4) * Bill Johnson ( OH–6) *
Jim Jordan James Daniel Jordan (born February 17, 1964) is an American politician who has served in the U.S. House of Representatives as the representative for since 2007. He is a member of the Republican Party (United States), Republican Party. ...
( OH–4) * John Joyce ( PA–13) *
Trent Kelly John Trent Kelly (born March 1, 1966) is an American lawyer, politician, and U.S. Army general officer from Mississippi. A member of the Republican Party, Kelly is a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from . Early life and career Jo ...
( MS–1) * Mike Kelly ( PA–16) *
Doug LaMalfa Douglas Lee LaMalfa ( ; born July 2, 1960) is an American politician serving as the United States House of Representatives, U.S. representative for California's 1st congressional district since 2013. A member of the California Republican Party, ...
( CA–1) * Doug Lamborn ( CO–5) *
Jake LaTurner Jacob Andrew Joseph LaTurner (born February 17, 1988) is an American politician who served as the United States House of Representatives, U.S. representative for Kansas's 2nd congressional district from 2021 to 2025. A member of the Republican Pa ...
( KS–2) *
Debbie Lesko Debra Kay Lesko ( ; née Lorenz; born November 14, 1958) is an American politician from the state of Arizona. Lesko, a member of the Arizona Republican Party, Republican Party, serves on the Maricopa County Board of Supervisors representing the 4 ...
( AZ–8) * Billy Long ( MO–7) * Barry Loudermilk ( GA–11) * Frank Lucas ( OK–3) * Blaine Luetkemeyer ( MO–3) * Nicole Malliotakis ( NY–11) * Tracey Mann ( KS–1) * Brian Mast ( FL–18) *
Kevin McCarthy Kevin Owen McCarthy (born January 26, 1965) is an American politician who served as the List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives, 55th speaker of the United States House of Representatives from January until he was Remova ...
( CA–23) *
Lisa McClain Lisa Carmella McClain ( Iovannisci; born April 7, 1966) is an American politician who has served as a U.S. representative from Michigan since 2021. She represented Michigan's 10th congressional district from 2021 to 2023 and has represented Mi ...
( MI–10) * Mary Miller ( IL–15) * Carol Miller ( WV–3) * Barry Moore ( AL–2) *
Markwayne Mullin Markwayne Mullin (born July 26, 1977) is an American and Cherokee Nation, Cherokee businessman and politician who has served as the Seniority in the United States Senate, junior United States Senate, United States senator from Oklahoma since 2023 ...
( OK–2) * Troy Nehls ( TX–22) * Ralph Norman ( SC–5) *
Devin Nunes Devin Gerald Nunes (; born October 1, 1973) is an American businessman and politician who serves as the Chair of the President's Intelligence Advisory Board since January 20, 2025, and as chief executive officer of the Trump Media & Technolog ...
( CA–22) * Jay Obernolte ( CA–8) * Steven Palazzo ( MS–4) * Gary Palmer ( AL–6) * Scott Perry ( PA–10) * August Pfluger ( TX–11) * Bill Posey ( FL–8) * Guy Reschenthaler ( PA–14) * Tom Rice ( SC–7) *
Hal Rogers Harold Dallas Rogers (born December 31, 1937) is an American lawyer and politician serving as the U.S. representative for since 1981. He is a member of the Republican Party. Upon Don Young's death in 2022, Rogers became the dean of the Hous ...
( KY–5) * Mike Rogers ( AL–3) * John Rose ( TN–6) *
Matt Rosendale Matthew Martin Rosendale Sr. (born July 7, 1960) is an American politician and former real estate developer who represented Montana in the United States House of Representatives from 2021 to 2025. A member of the Republican Party, Rosendale ser ...
( MT–AL) * David Rouzer ( NC–7) * John Rutherford ( FL–4) *
Steve Scalise Stephen Joseph Scalise ( ; born October 6, 1965) is an American politician who has been the House majority leader since 2023 and the U.S. representative for since 2008. A member of the Republican Party (United States), Republican Party, he was ...
( LA–1) * Pete Sessions ( TX–17) * Jason Smith ( MO–8) * Adrian Smith ( NE–3) * Greg Steube ( FL–17) * Tom Tiffany ( WI–7) * William Timmons ( SC–4) * Jeff Van Drew ( NJ–2) *
Tim Walberg Timothy Lee Walberg (born April 12, 1951) is an American politician serving as a United States House of Representatives, U.S. representative from Michigan since 2011, representing the state's Michigan's 5th congressional district, 5th congression ...
( MI–7) * Jackie Walorski ( IN–2) * Randy Weber ( TX–14) *
Daniel Webster Daniel Webster (January 18, 1782 – October 24, 1852) was an American lawyer and statesman who represented New Hampshire and Massachusetts in the U.S. Congress and served as the 14th and 19th United States Secretary of State, U.S. secretary o ...
( FL–11) *
Roger Williams Roger Williams (March 1683) was an English-born New England minister, theologian, author, and founder of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Providence Plantations, which became the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Pl ...
( TX–25) * Joe Wilson ( SC–2) * Ron Wright ( TX–6) *
Lee Zeldin Lee Michael Zeldin (born January 30, 1980) is an American attorney, politician, and officer in the United States Army Reserve who has been serving as the 17th administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) since January 29, 2025. A m ...
( NY–1) *
Mark Amodei Mark Eugene Amodei ( ; born June 12, 1958) is an American lawyer and politician serving as the United States House of Representatives, U.S. representative for Nevada's 2nd congressional district since 2011. The only Republican Party (United Stat ...
( NV–2) * Kelly Armstrong ( ND–AL) *
Don Bacon Donald John Bacon (born August 16, 1963) is an American politician and retired military officer who has served as the United States House of Representatives, U.S. representative for Nebraska's Nebraska's 2nd congressional district, 2nd congress ...
( NE–2) * Troy Balderson ( OH–12) * Andy Barr ( KY–6) * Cliff Bentz ( OR–2) * Vern Buchanan ( FL–16) * Ken Buck ( CO–4) * Larry Bucshon ( IN–8) * Steve Chabot ( OH–1) *
Liz Cheney Elizabeth Lynne Cheney (; born July 28, 1966) is an American attorney and politician. She represented in the U.S. House of Representatives from 2017 to 2023, and served as chair of the House Republican Conference from 2019 to 2021. Cheney i ...
( WY–AL) *
James Comer James Richardson Comer Jr. ( ; born August 19, 1972) is an American politician from Kentucky who represents the state's Kentucky's 1st congressional district, 1st congressional district in the United States House of Representatives. A member of ...
( KY–1) * Dan Crenshaw ( TX–2) * John Curtis ( UT–3) * Rodney Davis ( IL–13) *
Tom Emmer Thomas Earl Emmer Jr. (born March 3, 1961) is an American attorney, lobbyist, and politician who has served as majority whip in the United States House of Representatives since 2023. A member of the Republican Party, he has represented since 2 ...
( MN–6) *
Randy Feenstra Randall Lee Feenstra (born January 14, 1969) is an American politician and businessman serving as the U.S. representative for Iowa's 4th congressional district. The district covers the state's western border and its northwestern quadrant, inclu ...
( IA–4) * Drew Ferguson ( GA–3) * Brian Fitzpatrick ( PA–1) * Jeff Fortenberry ( NE–1) * Virginia Foxx ( NC–5) * Mike Gallagher ( WI–8) * Andrew Garbarino ( NY–2) * Tony Gonzales ( TX–23) * Anthony Gonzalez ( OH–16) * Garret Graves ( LA–6) * Glenn Grothman ( WI–6) * Brett Guthrie ( KY–2) * Jaime Herrera Beutler ( WA–3) * French Hill ( AR–2) *
Ashley Hinson Ashley Elizabeth Hinson (born June 27, 1983) is an American politician and journalist serving as the U.S. representative for Iowa's 2nd congressional district since 2021. The district, numbered as the 1st district during her first term, cove ...
( IA–1) * Trey Hollingsworth ( IN–9) * Bill Huizenga ( MI–2) * Dusty Johnson ( SD–AL) * David Joyce ( OH–14) * John Katko ( NY–24) * Fred Keller ( PA–12) * Adam Kinzinger ( IL–16) * David Kustoff ( TN–8) * Darin LaHood ( IL–18) * Bob Latta ( OH–5) * Nancy Mace ( SC–1) * Thomas Massie ( KY–4) * Michael McCaul ( TX–10) * Tom McClintock ( CA–4) *
Patrick McHenry Patrick Timothy McHenry (born October 22, 1975) is an American politician who served as the U.S. representative for from 2005 to 2025, which includes the communities of Hickory, North Carolina, Hickory and Mooresville, North Carolina, Mooresvi ...
( NC–10) * David McKinley ( WV–1) * Peter Meijer ( MI–3) * Dan Meuser ( PA–9) * Mariannette Miller-Meeks ( IA–2) * John Moolenaar ( MI–4) *
Alex Mooney Alexander Xavier Mooney (born June 7, 1971) is an American politician who served as the U.S. representative for from 2015 to 2025. A member of the Republican Party, he represented the 3rd district in the Maryland State Senate from 1999 to 20 ...
( WV–2) * Blake Moore ( UT–1) * Greg Murphy ( NC–3) * Dan Newhouse ( WA–4) *
Burgess Owens Clarence Burgess Owens (born August 2, 1951) is an American politician and former professional football player serving as the U.S. representative for Utah's 4th congressional district since 2021. He played safety for 10 seasons in the Nati ...
( UT–4) *
Greg Pence Gregory Joseph Pence (born November 14, 1956) is an American businessman and politician who served as the United States House of Representatives, U.S. representative for Indiana's 6th congressional district from 2019 to 2025. The district serves ...
( IN–6) * Tom Reed ( NY–23) *
Cathy McMorris Rodgers Cathy Anne McMorris Rodgers (born May 22, 1969) is an American politician who served from 2005 to 2025 as the United States representative for , which encompasses the eastern third of the state and includes Spokane, the state's second-largest cit ...
( WA–5) * Chip Roy ( TX–21) * David Schweikert ( AZ–6) * Austin Scott ( GA–8) *
Mike Simpson Michael Keith Simpson (born September 8, 1950) is an American politician serving as the United States House of Representatives, U.S. representative for since 1999. The district covers most of the eastern portion of the state, including Idaho Fa ...
( ID–2) * Chris Smith ( NJ–4) * Lloyd Smucker ( PA–11) * Victoria Spartz ( IN–5) * Pete Stauber ( MN–8) *
Elise Stefanik Elise Marie Stefanik ( ; born July 2, 1984) is an American politician serving as the U.S. representative for . As chair of the House Republican Conference from 2021 to 2025, she was the fourth-ranking House Republican. Stefanik's district covers ...
( NY–21) * Bryan Steil ( WI–1) * Chris Stewart ( UT–2) * Steve Stivers ( OH–15) * Van Taylor ( TX–3) * Glenn Thompson ( PA–15) * Mike Turner ( OH–10) *
Fred Upton Frederick Stephen Upton (born April 23, 1953) is an American politician who served as a U.S. representative from Michigan from 1987 to 2023. A member of the Republican Party (United States), Republican Party, he represented Kalamazoo, Michigan, ...
( MI–6) * Beth Van Duyne ( TX–24) * Ann Wagner ( MO–2) * Michael Waltz (Florida's 6th congressional district, FL–6) * Brad Wenstrup (Ohio's 2nd congressional district, OH–2) * Bruce Westerman (Arkansas's 4th congressional district, AR–4) * Rob Wittman (Virginia's 1st congressional district, VA–1) * Steve Womack (Arkansas's 3rd congressional district, AR–3) * Don Young (Alaska's at-large congressional district, AK–AL)


Pennsylvania

* Robert Aderholt ( AL–4) * Rick W. Allen ( GA–12) *
Jodey Arrington Jodey Cook Arrington ( ; born March 9, 1972) is an American politician serving as the United States House of Representatives, U.S. representative for since 2017. The district includes a large slice of West Texas, centered around Lubbock, Texas, ...
( TX–19) *
Brian Babin Brian Philip Babin ( ; born March 23, 1948) is an American dentist, politician and member of the Republican Party (United States), Republican Party who has served as the United States House of Representatives, U.S. representative from since 2015 ...
( TX–36) * Jim Baird ( IN–4) * Jim Banks ( IN–3) * Cliff Bentz ( OR–2) *
Jack Bergman John Warren Bergman (born February 2, 1947) is an American politician and retired United States Marine Corps lieutenant general serving as the U.S. representative from Michigan's 1st congressional district since 2017. He is a member of the Re ...
( MI–1) * Stephanie Bice ( OK–5) * Andy Biggs ( AZ–5) * Dan Bishop ( NC–9) * Lauren Boebert ( CO–3) * Mike Bost ( IL–12) * Mo Brooks ( AL–5) *
Ted Budd Theodore Paul Budd (born October 21, 1971) is an American businessman and politician serving as the Seniority in the United States Senate, junior United States Senate, United States senator for North Carolina since 2023. A member of the Republica ...
( NC–13) * Tim Burchett ( TN–2) * Michael C. Burgess ( TX–26) * Ken Calvert ( CA–42) * Kat Cammack ( FL–3) * Jerry Carl ( AL–1) * Buddy Carter ( GA–1) * John Carter ( TX–31) * Madison Cawthorn ( NC–11) * Steve Chabot ( OH–1) * Ben Cline ( VA–6) * Michael Cloud ( TX–27) * Andrew Clyde ( GA–9) * Tom Cole ( OK–4) * Rick Crawford ( AR–1) * Warren Davidson ( OH–8) *
Scott DesJarlais Scott Eugene DesJarlais ( ; born February 21, 1964) is an American politician and physician serving as the U.S. representative for since 2011. The district stretches across East and Middle Tennessee. He is a member of the Republican Party. E ...
( TN–4) * Mario Díaz-Balart ( FL–25) * Byron Donalds ( FL–19) * Jeff Duncan ( SC–3) * Neal Dunn ( FL–2) *
Ron Estes Ronald Gene Estes ( ; born July 19, 1956) is an American politician who has been the U.S. representative for since April 2017. A member of the Republican Party, he served as Kansas State Treasurer from 2011 to 2017. A fifth-generation Kansan ...
( KS–4) * Pat Fallon ( TX–4) * Michelle Fischbach ( MN–7) * Scott L. Fitzgerald ( WI–5) * Chuck Fleischmann ( TN–3) * Virginia Foxx ( NC–5) * Scott Franklin ( FL–15) * Russ Fulcher ( ID–1) * Matt Gaetz ( FL–1) * Mike Garcia ( CA–25) *
Bob Gibbs Robert Brian Gibbs (born June 14, 1954) is an American politician who served as the United States House of Representatives, U.S. representative for from 2011 to 2023. He is a member of the Republican Party (United States), Republican Party. In A ...
( OH–7) * Carlos A. Giménez ( FL–26) * Louie Gohmert ( TX–1) * Bob Good ( VA–5) * Lance Gooden ( TX–5) * Paul Gosar ( AZ–4) * Garret Graves ( LA–6) * Sam Graves ( MO–6) * Mark E. Green ( TN–7) * Marjorie Taylor Greene ( GA–14) * Morgan Griffith ( VA–9) * Michael Guest ( MS–3) * Jim Hagedorn ( MN–1) * Andy Harris ( MD–1) * Diana Harshbarger ( TN–1) * Vicky Hartzler ( MO–4) *
Kevin Hern Kevin Ray Hern (born December 4, 1961) is an American politician and businessman from Oklahoma. A Republican Party (United States), Republican, he is serving as a member of the United States House of Representatives for since 2018. Born in Mis ...
( OK–1) * Yvette Herrell ( NM–2) * Jody Hice ( GA–10) * Clay Higgins ( LA–3) * Richard Hudson ( NC–8) *
Darrell Issa Darrell Edward Issa ( ; born November 1, 1953) is an American businessman and politician serving as the U.S. representative for California's 48th congressional district. He represented the 50th congressional district from 2021 to 2023. A memb ...
( CA–50) *
Ronny Jackson Ronny Lynn Jackson (born May 4, 1967) is an American physician, politician, and former United States Navy officer who has served as the U.S. representative for since 2021. A member of the Republican Party (United States), Republican Party, his ...
( TX–13) * Chris Jacobs ( NY–27) *
Mike Johnson James Michael Johnson (born January 30, 1972) is an American lawyer and politician serving as the List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives, 56th speaker of the United States House of Representatives since 2023. A member ...
( LA–4) * Bill Johnson ( OH–6) *
Jim Jordan James Daniel Jordan (born February 17, 1964) is an American politician who has served in the U.S. House of Representatives as the representative for since 2007. He is a member of the Republican Party (United States), Republican Party. ...
( OH–4) * John Joyce ( PA–13) * Fred Keller ( PA–12) *
Trent Kelly John Trent Kelly (born March 1, 1966) is an American lawyer, politician, and U.S. Army general officer from Mississippi. A member of the Republican Party, Kelly is a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from . Early life and career Jo ...
( MS–1) * Mike Kelly ( PA–16) * David Kustoff ( TN–8) *
Doug LaMalfa Douglas Lee LaMalfa ( ; born July 2, 1960) is an American politician serving as the United States House of Representatives, U.S. representative for California's 1st congressional district since 2013. A member of the California Republican Party, ...
( CA–1) * Doug Lamborn ( CO–5) *
Debbie Lesko Debra Kay Lesko ( ; née Lorenz; born November 14, 1958) is an American politician from the state of Arizona. Lesko, a member of the Arizona Republican Party, Republican Party, serves on the Maricopa County Board of Supervisors representing the 4 ...
( AZ–8) * Billy Long ( MO–7) * Barry Loudermilk ( GA–11) * Frank Lucas ( OK–3) * Blaine Luetkemeyer ( MO–3) * Nicole Malliotakis ( NY–11) * Tracey Mann ( KS–1) * Brian Mast ( FL–18) *
Kevin McCarthy Kevin Owen McCarthy (born January 26, 1965) is an American politician who served as the List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives, 55th speaker of the United States House of Representatives from January until he was Remova ...
( CA–23) *
Lisa McClain Lisa Carmella McClain ( Iovannisci; born April 7, 1966) is an American politician who has served as a U.S. representative from Michigan since 2021. She represented Michigan's 10th congressional district from 2021 to 2023 and has represented Mi ...
( MI–10) * Dan Meuser ( PA–9) * Mary Miller ( IL–15) * Carol Miller ( WV–3) *
Alex Mooney Alexander Xavier Mooney (born June 7, 1971) is an American politician who served as the U.S. representative for from 2015 to 2025. A member of the Republican Party, he represented the 3rd district in the Maryland State Senate from 1999 to 20 ...
( WV–2) * Barry Moore ( AL–2) *
Markwayne Mullin Markwayne Mullin (born July 26, 1977) is an American and Cherokee Nation, Cherokee businessman and politician who has served as the Seniority in the United States Senate, junior United States Senate, United States senator from Oklahoma since 2023 ...
( OK–2) * Greg Murphy ( NC–3) * Troy Nehls ( TX–22) * Ralph Norman ( SC–5) *
Devin Nunes Devin Gerald Nunes (; born October 1, 1973) is an American businessman and politician who serves as the Chair of the President's Intelligence Advisory Board since January 20, 2025, and as chief executive officer of the Trump Media & Technolog ...
( CA–22) * Jay Obernolte ( CA–8) *
Burgess Owens Clarence Burgess Owens (born August 2, 1951) is an American politician and former professional football player serving as the U.S. representative for Utah's 4th congressional district since 2021. He played safety for 10 seasons in the Nati ...
( UT–4) * Steven Palazzo ( MS–4) * Gary Palmer ( AL–6) *
Greg Pence Gregory Joseph Pence (born November 14, 1956) is an American businessman and politician who served as the United States House of Representatives, U.S. representative for Indiana's 6th congressional district from 2019 to 2025. The district serves ...
( IN–6) * Scott Perry ( PA–10) * August Pfluger ( TX–11) * Bill Posey ( FL–8) * Guy Reschenthaler ( PA–14) * Tom Rice ( SC–7) *
Hal Rogers Harold Dallas Rogers (born December 31, 1937) is an American lawyer and politician serving as the U.S. representative for since 1981. He is a member of the Republican Party. Upon Don Young's death in 2022, Rogers became the dean of the Hous ...
( KY–5) * Mike Rogers ( AL–3) * John Rose ( TN–6) *
Matt Rosendale Matthew Martin Rosendale Sr. (born July 7, 1960) is an American politician and former real estate developer who represented Montana in the United States House of Representatives from 2021 to 2025. A member of the Republican Party, Rosendale ser ...
( MT–AL) * David Rouzer ( NC–7) * John Rutherford ( FL–4) *
Steve Scalise Stephen Joseph Scalise ( ; born October 6, 1965) is an American politician who has been the House majority leader since 2023 and the U.S. representative for since 2008. A member of the Republican Party (United States), Republican Party, he was ...
( LA–1) * David Schweikert ( AZ–6) * Pete Sessions ( TX–17) * Jason Smith ( MO–8) * Adrian Smith ( NE–3) * Lloyd Smucker ( PA–11) *
Elise Stefanik Elise Marie Stefanik ( ; born July 2, 1984) is an American politician serving as the U.S. representative for . As chair of the House Republican Conference from 2021 to 2025, she was the fourth-ranking House Republican. Stefanik's district covers ...
( NY–21) * Greg Steube ( FL–17) * Chris Stewart ( UT–2) * Glenn Thompson ( PA–15) * Tom Tiffany ( WI–7) * William Timmons ( SC–4) * Jeff Van Drew ( NJ–2) * Beth Van Duyne ( TX–24) *
Tim Walberg Timothy Lee Walberg (born April 12, 1951) is an American politician serving as a United States House of Representatives, U.S. representative from Michigan since 2011, representing the state's Michigan's 5th congressional district, 5th congression ...
( MI–7) * Jackie Walorski ( IN–2) * Randy Weber ( TX–14) *
Daniel Webster Daniel Webster (January 18, 1782 – October 24, 1852) was an American lawyer and statesman who represented New Hampshire and Massachusetts in the U.S. Congress and served as the 14th and 19th United States Secretary of State, U.S. secretary o ...
( FL–11) *
Roger Williams Roger Williams (March 1683) was an English-born New England minister, theologian, author, and founder of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Providence Plantations, which became the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Pl ...
( TX–25) * Joe Wilson ( SC–2) * Rob Wittman (Virginia's 1st congressional district, VA–1) * Ron Wright ( TX–6) *
Lee Zeldin Lee Michael Zeldin (born January 30, 1980) is an American attorney, politician, and officer in the United States Army Reserve who has been serving as the 17th administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) since January 29, 2025. A m ...
( NY–1) *
Mark Amodei Mark Eugene Amodei ( ; born June 12, 1958) is an American lawyer and politician serving as the United States House of Representatives, U.S. representative for Nevada's 2nd congressional district since 2011. The only Republican Party (United Stat ...
( NV–2) * Kelly Armstrong ( ND–AL) *
Don Bacon Donald John Bacon (born August 16, 1963) is an American politician and retired military officer who has served as the United States House of Representatives, U.S. representative for Nebraska's Nebraska's 2nd congressional district, 2nd congress ...
( NE–2) * Troy Balderson ( OH–12) * Andy Barr ( KY–6) * Vern Buchanan ( FL–16) * Larry Bucshon ( IN–8) *
Liz Cheney Elizabeth Lynne Cheney (; born July 28, 1966) is an American attorney and politician. She represented in the U.S. House of Representatives from 2017 to 2023, and served as chair of the House Republican Conference from 2019 to 2021. Cheney i ...
( WY–AL) *
James Comer James Richardson Comer Jr. ( ; born August 19, 1972) is an American politician from Kentucky who represents the state's Kentucky's 1st congressional district, 1st congressional district in the United States House of Representatives. A member of ...
( KY–1) * Dan Crenshaw ( TX–2) * John Curtis ( UT–3) * Rodney Davis ( IL–13) *
Tom Emmer Thomas Earl Emmer Jr. (born March 3, 1961) is an American attorney, lobbyist, and politician who has served as majority whip in the United States House of Representatives since 2023. A member of the Republican Party, he has represented since 2 ...
( MN–6) *
Randy Feenstra Randall Lee Feenstra (born January 14, 1969) is an American politician and businessman serving as the U.S. representative for Iowa's 4th congressional district. The district covers the state's western border and its northwestern quadrant, inclu ...
( IA–4) * Drew Ferguson ( GA–3) * Brian Fitzpatrick ( PA–1) * Jeff Fortenberry ( NE–1) * Mike Gallagher ( WI–8) * Andrew Garbarino ( NY–2) * Tony Gonzales ( TX–23) * Anthony Gonzalez ( OH–16) * Glenn Grothman ( WI–6) * Brett Guthrie ( KY–2) * Jaime Herrera Beutler ( WA–3) * French Hill ( AR–2) *
Ashley Hinson Ashley Elizabeth Hinson (born June 27, 1983) is an American politician and journalist serving as the U.S. representative for Iowa's 2nd congressional district since 2021. The district, numbered as the 1st district during her first term, cove ...
( IA–1) * Trey Hollingsworth ( IN–9) * Bill Huizenga ( MI–2) * Dusty Johnson ( SD–AL) * John Katko ( NY–24) * Young Kim (California's 39th congressional district, CA–39) * Adam Kinzinger ( IL–16) * Darin LaHood ( IL–18) * Bob Latta ( OH–5) * Nancy Mace ( SC–1) * Thomas Massie ( KY–4) * Michael McCaul ( TX–10) * Tom McClintock ( CA–4) *
Patrick McHenry Patrick Timothy McHenry (born October 22, 1975) is an American politician who served as the U.S. representative for from 2005 to 2025, which includes the communities of Hickory, North Carolina, Hickory and Mooresville, North Carolina, Mooresvi ...
( NC–10) * David McKinley ( WV–1) * Peter Meijer ( MI–3) * Mariannette Miller-Meeks ( IA–2) * John Moolenaar ( MI–4) * Blake Moore ( UT–1) * Dan Newhouse ( WA–4) * Tom Reed ( NY–23) *
Cathy McMorris Rodgers Cathy Anne McMorris Rodgers (born May 22, 1969) is an American politician who served from 2005 to 2025 as the United States representative for , which encompasses the eastern third of the state and includes Spokane, the state's second-largest cit ...
( WA–5) * Chip Roy ( TX–21) * Austin Scott ( GA–8) *
Mike Simpson Michael Keith Simpson (born September 8, 1950) is an American politician serving as the United States House of Representatives, U.S. representative for since 1999. The district covers most of the eastern portion of the state, including Idaho Fa ...
( ID–2) * Chris Smith ( NJ–4) * Victoria Spartz ( IN–5) * Pete Stauber ( MN–8) * Bryan Steil ( WI–1) * Steve Stivers ( OH–15) * Van Taylor ( TX–3) * Mike Turner ( OH–10) *
Fred Upton Frederick Stephen Upton (born April 23, 1953) is an American politician who served as a U.S. representative from Michigan from 1987 to 2023. A member of the Republican Party (United States), Republican Party, he represented Kalamazoo, Michigan, ...
( MI–6) * Ann Wagner ( MO–2) * Michael Waltz (Florida's 6th congressional district, FL–6) * Brad Wenstrup (Ohio's 2nd congressional district, OH–2) * Bruce Westerman (Arkansas's 4th congressional district, AR–4) * Steve Womack (Arkansas's 3rd congressional district, AR–3) * Don Young (Alaska's at-large congressional district, AK–AL)


Aftermath

On January 11, 2021, Representative Cori Bush of Missouri filed a resolution calling for the possible expulsion of more than 100 Republican members of the U.S. House of Representatives who voted against certifying results of the presidential election, and Senator Sheldon Whitehouse of Rhode Island said the United States Senate Select Committee on Ethics, Senate Ethics Committee "must consider the expulsion, or censure and punishment, of Senators Cruz, Hawley, and perhaps others." On December 22, 2022, the United States Senate passed the Electoral Count Reform and Presidential Transition Improvement Act of 2022, sponsored by Senator
Susan Collins Susan Margaret Collins (born December 7, 1952) is an American politician serving as the senior United States senator from Maine. A member of the Republican Party, she has held her seat since 1997 and is Maine's longest-serving member of ...
of Maine and Senator Joe Manchin of West Virginia. After about a year of negotiations, it became Division P of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, which passed 68–29 in the Senate and 225–201 in the House the following day. It was signed into law by President Joe Biden on December 29. Some of the highlights of the bill: * Identifies each state's governor as responsible for submitting certificates of ascertainment, unless otherwise specified by state laws or constitutions. * Provides for expedited review, including a three-judge panel with a direct appeal to the Supreme Court, of certain claims related to a state's certificate identifying its electors. * Requires Congress to defer to slates of electors submitted by a state's executive pursuant to the judgments of state or federal courts. * Clarifies that the vice president cannot solely determine, accept, reject, or otherwise adjudicate disputes over electors. * Raises objection threshold from one member of each chamber to 20% of each chamber. * Prohibits state legislatures from declaring a "failed election". They can now move their election only under "extraordinary and catastrophic" circumstances.


See also

* Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election * Presidential transition of Joe Biden * Public hearings of the United States House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack


Notes


References


External links


2020 Electoral College Results
from the National Archives and Records Administration, National Archives {{First presidency of Donald Trump 2020 United States presidential election United States Electoral College United States election controversies January 6 United States Capitol attack, United States Electoral College vote count Articles containing video clips First presidency of Donald Trump Vote counting First Trump administration controversies Democratic backsliding in the United States Josh Hawley 117th United States Congress