1918 Spanish flu pandemic
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This year is noted for the end of the
First World War World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
, on the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month, as well as for the
Spanish flu The 1918–1920 influenza pandemic, commonly known by the misnomer Spanish flu or as the Great Influenza epidemic, was an exceptionally deadly global influenza pandemic caused by the H1N1 influenza A virus. The earliest documented case wa ...
pandemic that killed 50–100 million people worldwide.


Events

Below, the events of
World War I World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
have the "WWI" prefix.


January

* January
1918 flu pandemic The 1918–1920 influenza pandemic, commonly known by the misnomer Spanish flu or as the Great Influenza epidemic, was an exceptionally deadly global influenza pandemic caused by the H1N1 influenza A virus. The earliest documented case was ...
: The "Spanish flu" ( influenza) is first observed in Haskell County, Kansas. * January 4 – The Finnish Declaration of Independence is recognized by
Soviet Russia The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Russian SFSR or RSFSR ( rus, Российская Советская Федеративная Социалистическая Республика, Rossíyskaya Sovétskaya Federatívnaya Soci ...
, Sweden,
Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...
and
France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. Its metropolitan area ...
. * January 9
Battle of Bear Valley The Battle of Bear Valley was a small engagement fought in 1918 between a band of Yaquis and a detachment of United States Army soldiers. On January 9, 1918, elements of the American 10th Cavalry Regiment detected about thirty armed Yaquis in B ...
: U.S. troops engage
Yaqui The Yaqui, Hiaki, or Yoeme, are a Native American people of the southwest, who speak a Uto-Aztecan language. Their homelands include the Río Yaqui valley in Sonora, Mexico, and the area below the Gila River in Arizona, Southwestern United Sta ...
Native American warriors in a minor skirmish in Arizona, and one of the last battles of the
American Indian Wars The American Indian Wars, also known as the American Frontier Wars, and the Indian Wars, were fought by European governments and colonists in North America, and later by the United States and Canadian governments and American and Canadian settle ...
between the United States and Native Americans. * January 15 ** The
keel The keel is the bottom-most longitudinal structural element on a vessel. On some sailboats, it may have a hydrodynamic and counterbalancing purpose, as well. As the laying down of the keel is the initial step in the construction of a ship, in Br ...
of is laid in Britain, the first purpose-designed aircraft carrier to be laid down. ** The
Red Army The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army ( Russian: Рабо́че-крестья́нская Кра́сная армия),) often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and, afte ...
(The Workers and Peasants Red Army) is formed in the
Russian SFSR The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Russian SFSR or RSFSR ( rus, Российская Советская Федеративная Социалистическая Республика, Rossíyskaya Sovétskaya Federatívnaya Soci ...
and
Soviet Union The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, ...
. *
January 18 Events Pre-1600 * 474 – Seven-year-old Leo II succeeds his maternal grandfather Leo I as Byzantine emperor. He dies ten months later. * 532 – Nika riots in Constantinople fail. * 1126 – Emperor Huizong abdicates the Chi ...
- The Historic Concert for the Benefit of Widows and Orphans of Austrian and Hungarian Soldiers is held at the
Konzerthaus, Vienna The Konzerthaus is a concert hall located in Vienna, Austria, which opened in 1913. It is situated in the third district just at the edge of the first district in Vienna. Since it was founded it has always tried to emphasise both traditional and ...
. *
January 19 Events Pre-1600 * 379 – Emperor Gratian elevates Flavius Theodosius at Sirmium to ''Augustus'', and gives him authority over all the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire. * 649 – Conquest of Kucha: The forces of Kucha surrend ...
– The Russian Constituent Assembly proclaims the Russian Democratic Federative Republic but is dissolved by the Bolshevik government on the same day. * January 25 – The
Ukrainian People's Republic The Ukrainian People's Republic (UPR), or Ukrainian National Republic (UNR), was a country in Eastern Europe that existed between 1917 and 1920. It was declared following the February Revolution in Russia by the First Universal. In March 1 ...
declares independence from
Bolshevik The Bolsheviks (russian: Большевики́, from большинство́ ''bol'shinstvó'', 'majority'),; derived from ''bol'shinstvó'' (большинство́), "majority", literally meaning "one of the majority". also known in English ...
Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-eig ...
. * January 27 – The
Finnish Civil War The Finnish Civil War; . Other designations: Brethren War, Citizen War, Class War, Freedom War, Red Rebellion and Revolution, . According to 1,005 interviews done by the newspaper ''Aamulehti'', the most popular names were as follows: Civil W ...
begins with the Battle of Kämärä. *
January 28 Events Pre-1600 * 98 – On the death of Nerva, Trajan is declared Roman emperor in Cologne, the seat of his government in lower Germany. * 814 – The death of Charlemagne, the first Holy Roman Emperor, brings about the accession ...
Porvenir massacre: Texas Rangers, U.S. Cavalry soldiers and local ranchers kill 15 unarmed Mexican villagers, both men and boys.


February

* February 1Cattaro Mutiny: Austrian sailors in the Gulf of Cattaro (Kotor), led by two Czech Socialists, mutiny. * February 5 – The is torpedoed off the Irish coast; it is the first ship carrying American troops to Europe to be torpedoed and sunk. * February 6
Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom A movement to fight for women's right to vote in the United Kingdom finally succeeded through acts of Parliament in 1918 and 1928. It became a national movement in the Victorian era. Women were not explicitly banned from voting in Great Britai ...
:
Representation of the People Act Representation of the People Act is a stock short title used in Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Ghana, Grenada, Guyana, India, Jamaica, Mauritius, Pakistan, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, ...
gives most women over 30 the vote. * February 13 – A magnitude (Mw) 7.2 earthquake shakes the Chinese city of Shantou leaving 1,000 dead and causing a moderate tsunami. * February 14
Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-eig ...
switches from the
Julian calendar The Julian calendar, proposed by Roman consul Julius Caesar in 46 BC, was a reform of the Roman calendar. It took effect on , by edict. It was designed with the aid of Greek mathematicians and astronomers such as Sosigenes of Alexandr ...
to the
Gregorian calendar The Gregorian calendar is the calendar used in most parts of the world. It was introduced in October 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII as a modification of, and replacement for, the Julian calendar. The principal change was to space leap years dif ...
; the date skips from
January 31 Events Pre-1600 * 314 – Pope Sylvester I is consecrated, as successor to the late Pope Miltiades. *1208 – The Battle of Lena takes place between King Sverker II of Sweden and his rival, Prince Eric, whose victory puts him on the ...
to February 14. *
February 16 Events Pre-1600 *1249 – Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khagan of the Mongol Empire. *1270 – Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeats the Livonian Order in the Battle of Kar ...
– The Council of Lithuania adopts the
Act of Independence of Lithuania The Act of Independence of Lithuania ( lt, Lietuvos Nepriklausomybės Aktas) or the Act of February 16, also the Lithuanian Resolution on Independence ( lt, Lietuvos Nepriklausomybės Nutarimas), The signed document is actually titled simply '' ...
, declaring Lithuania's independence from Germany, Russia or any other state. *
February 18 Events Pre-1600 * 1229 – The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, signs a ten-year truce with al-Kamil, regaining Jerusalem, Nazareth, and Bethlehem with neither military engagements nor support from the papacy. *1268 & ...
Operations against the Marri and Khetran tribes in
Balochistan Balochistan ( ; bal, بلۏچستان; also romanised as Baluchistan and Baluchestan) is a historical region in Western and South Asia, located in the Iranian plateau's far southeast and bordering the Indian Plate and the Arabian Sea coastline. ...
by British authorities begin. * February 19 – WWI: The
Capture of Jericho The Capture of Jericho occurred between 19 and 21 February 1918 to the east of Jerusalem beginning the Occupation of the Jordan Valley during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of the First World War. Fighting took place in an area bordered by the ...
by the
Egyptian Expeditionary Force The Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) was a British Empire military formation, formed on 10 March 1916 under the command of General Archibald Murray from the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force and the Force in Egypt (1914–15), at the beginning ...
begins the British occupation of the Jordan Valley. * February 1925 – WWI: The
Imperial Russian Navy The Imperial Russian Navy () operated as the navy of the Russian Tsardom and later the Russian Empire from 1696 to 1917. Formally established in 1696, it lasted until dissolved in the wake of the February Revolution of 1917. It developed from ...
evacuates
Tallinn Tallinn () is the most populous and capital city of Estonia. Situated on a bay in north Estonia, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea, Tallinn has a population of 437,811 (as of 2022) and administratively lies in the Harju '' ...
through thick ice, over the Gulf of Finland. *
February 21 Events Pre-1600 *452 or 453 – Severianus, Bishop of Scythopolis, is martyred in Palestine. * 1245 – Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland, is granted resignation after confessing to torture and forgery. *1440 – The Pru ...
– The last
Carolina parakeet The Carolina parakeet (''Conuropsis carolinensis''), or Carolina conure, is an extinct species of small green neotropical parrot with a bright yellow head, reddish orange face and pale beak that was native to the eastern, Midwest and plains sta ...
(the last breed of
parrot Parrots, also known as psittacines (), are birds of the roughly 398 species in 92 genera comprising the order Psittaciformes (), found mostly in tropical and subtropical regions. The order is subdivided into three superfamilies: the Psittacoide ...
native to the eastern United States) dies in captivity at the Cincinnati Zoo. * February 23
Estonian Declaration of Independence __NOTOC__ The Estonian Declaration of Independence, also known as the Manifesto to the Peoples of Estonia ( et, Manifest Eestimaa rahvastele), is the founding act of the Republic of Estonia from 1918. It is celebrated on 24 February, the Nation ...
from
Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-eig ...
, after seven centuries of foreign rule; German forces capture
Tallinn Tallinn () is the most populous and capital city of Estonia. Situated on a bay in north Estonia, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea, Tallinn has a population of 437,811 (as of 2022) and administratively lies in the Harju '' ...
the following day.


March

*
March 1 Events Pre-1600 *509 BC – Publius Valerius Publicola celebrates the first triumph of the Roman Republic after his victory over the deposed king Lucius Tarquinius Superbus at the Battle of Silva Arsia. * 293 – Emperor Diocletian ...
– WWI: German submarine sinks off Rathlin Island, Northern Ireland. *
March 3 Events Pre-1600 * 473 – Gundobad (nephew of Ricimer) nominates Glycerius as emperor of the Western Roman Empire. * 724 – Empress Genshō abdicates the throne in favor of her nephew Shōmu who becomes emperor of Japan. * 1575 & ...
– WWI: The
Central Powers The Central Powers, also known as the Central Empires,german: Mittelmächte; hu, Központi hatalmak; tr, İttifak Devletleri / ; bg, Централни сили, translit=Tsentralni sili was one of the two main coalitions that fought in ...
and Bolshevist Russia sign the
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (also known as the Treaty of Brest in Russia) was a separate peace treaty signed on 3 March 1918 between Russia and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire), that ended Russia's ...
, ending Russia's involvement in the war. *
March 6 Events Pre-1600 * 12 BCE – The Roman emperor Augustus is named Pontifex Maximus, incorporating the position into that of the emperor. * 632 – The Farewell Sermon (Khutbah, Khutbatul Wada') of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. * 845 & ...
** The Finnish Army Corps of Aviation is founded as a forerunner of the
Finnish Air Force , colours = , colours_label = , march = , mascot = , anniversaries = , equipment = 159 , equipment_label ...
(established on 4 May
1928 Events January * January – British bacteriologist Frederick Griffith reports the results of Griffith's experiment, indirectly proving the existence of DNA. * January 1 – Eastern Bloc emigration and defection: Boris Bazhan ...
). The blue swastika is adopted as its symbol, as a tribute to the Swedish explorer and aviator Eric von Rosen, who donated the first plane. Von Rosen had painted the Viking symbol on the plane as his personal lucky insignia. ** The first pilotless drone, the
Hewitt-Sperry Automatic Airplane The Hewitt-Sperry Automatic Airplane was a project undertaken during World War I to develop a flying bomb, or pilotless aircraft capable of carrying explosives to its target. It is considered by some to be a precursor of the cruise missile. Co ...
developed by
Elmer Ambrose Sperry Elmer Ambrose Sperry Sr. (October 12, 1860 – June 16, 1930) was an American inventor and entrepreneur, most famous for construction, two years after Hermann Anschütz-Kaempfe, of the gyrocompass and as founder of the Sperry Gyroscope Company. ...
and
Peter Cooper Hewitt Peter Cooper Hewitt (May 5, 1861 – August 25, 1921) was an American electrical engineer and inventor, who invented the first mercury-vapor lamp in 1901. Hewitt was issued on September 17, 1901. In 1903, Hewitt created an improved version t ...
, is test-flown in Long Island, New York, but development is scrapped in
1925 Events January * January 1 ** The Syrian Federation is officially dissolved, the State of Aleppo and the State of Damascus having been replaced by the State of Syria. * January 3 – Benito Mussolini makes a pivotal speech in the Itali ...
, after its guidance system proves unreliable. * March 7 - WWI:
Finland Finland ( fi, Suomi ; sv, Finland ), officially the Republic of Finland (; ), is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It shares land borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east, with the Gulf of B ...
forms an alliance with Germany. *
March 8 Events Pre-1600 * 1010 – Ferdowsi completes his epic poem ''Shahnameh''. *1126 – Following the death of his mother, queen Urraca of León, Alfonso VII is proclaimed king of León. * 1262 – Battle of Hausbergen between bou ...
– WWI: The Battle of Tell 'Asur is launched by units of the
British Army The British Army is the principal land warfare force of the United Kingdom, a part of the British Armed Forces along with the Royal Navy and the Royal Air Force. , the British Army comprises 79,380 regular full-time personnel, 4,090 Gurk ...
's
Egyptian Expeditionary Force The Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) was a British Empire military formation, formed on 10 March 1916 under the command of General Archibald Murray from the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force and the Force in Egypt (1914–15), at the beginning ...
against Ottoman defences from the
Mediterranean Sea The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Western and Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, and on the ...
, across the
Judaean Mountains The Judaean Mountains, or Judaean Hills ( he, הרי יהודה, translit=Harei Yehuda) or the Hebron Mountains ( ar, تلال الخليل, translit=Tilal al-Khalīl, links=, lit=Hebron Mountains), is a mountain range in Palestine and Israel wh ...
to the edge of the Jordan Valley; it ends on March 12, with the move of much of the front line north into Ottoman territory. * March 12
Moscow Moscow ( , US chiefly ; rus, links=no, Москва, r=Moskva, p=mɐskˈva, a=Москва.ogg) is the capital and largest city of Russia. The city stands on the Moskva River in Central Russia, with a population estimated at 13.0 millio ...
becomes the capital of Soviet Russia. *
March 15 Events Pre-1600 *474 BC – Roman consul Aulus Manlius Vulso celebrates an ovation for concluding the war against Veii and securing a forty years' truce. * 44 BC – The assassination of Julius Caesar takes place. * 493 – Odo ...
Finnish Civil War The Finnish Civil War; . Other designations: Brethren War, Citizen War, Class War, Freedom War, Red Rebellion and Revolution, . According to 1,005 interviews done by the newspaper ''Aamulehti'', the most popular names were as follows: Civil W ...
: The
battle of Tampere The Battle of Tampere was a 1918 Finnish Civil War battle, fought in Tampere, Finland from 15 March to 6 April between the Whites and the Reds. It is the most famous and the heaviest of all the Finnish Civil War battles. Today it is particular ...
began.100 years ago today: Reds take Tampere, Finnish Civil War begins
– ''
Yle News Yleisradio Oy (Finnish, literally "General Radio Ltd." or "General Broadcast Ltd."; abbr. Yle ; sv, Rundradion Ab, italics=no), translated to English as the Finnish Broadcasting Company, is Finland's national public broadcasting company, founde ...
'', January 27, 2018. Retrieved October 6, 2021.
*
March 19 Events Pre-1600 * 1277 – The Byzantine–Venetian treaty of 1277 is concluded, stipulating a two-year truce and renewing Venetian commercial privileges in the Byzantine Empire. * 1279 – A Mongol victory at the Battle of Yamen en ...
– The
United States Congress The United States Congress is the legislature of the federal government of the United States. It is bicameral, composed of a lower body, the House of Representatives, and an upper body, the Senate. It meets in the U.S. Capitol in Washing ...
establishes
time zone A time zone is an area which observes a uniform standard time for legal, commercial and social purposes. Time zones tend to follow the boundaries between countries and their subdivisions instead of strictly following longitude, because it ...
s, and approves
daylight saving time Daylight saving time (DST), also referred to as daylight savings time or simply daylight time (United States, Canada, and Australia), and summer time (United Kingdom, European Union, and others), is the practice of advancing clocks (typicall ...
(DST goes into effect on March 31). *
March 21 Events Pre-1600 * 537 – Siege of Rome: King Vitiges attempts to assault the northern and eastern city walls, but is repulsed at the Praenestine Gate, known as the ''Vivarium'', by the defenders under the Byzantine generals Bessas an ...
July 18 Events Pre-1600 * 477 BC – Battle of the Cremera as part of the Roman–Etruscan Wars. Veii ambushes and defeats the Roman army. * 387 BC – Roman- Gaulish Wars: Battle of the Allia: A Roman army is defeated by raiding Gauls, l ...
– WWI: The Spring Offensive by the German Army along the Western Front fails to make a breakthrough, despite large losses on each side, including nearly 20,000 British Army dead on the first day,
Operation Michael Operation Michael was a major German military offensive during the First World War that began the German Spring Offensive on 21 March 1918. It was launched from the Hindenburg Line, in the vicinity of Saint-Quentin, France. Its goal was t ...
, on the Somme. *
March 21 Events Pre-1600 * 537 – Siege of Rome: King Vitiges attempts to assault the northern and eastern city walls, but is repulsed at the Praenestine Gate, known as the ''Vivarium'', by the defenders under the Byzantine generals Bessas an ...
– WWI: The First Transjordan attack on Amman by units of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force begins, with the passage of the Jordan River. *
March 23 Events Pre-1600 *1400 – The Trần dynasty of Vietnam is deposed, after one hundred and seventy-five years of rule, by Hồ Quý Ly, a court official. *1540 – Waltham Abbey is surrendered to King Henry VIII of England; the last rel ...
** WWI: The giant German cannon, the ' Paris Gun' (''Kaiser Wilhelm Geschütz''), begins to shell Paris from away. ** In London at the
Wood Green Wood Green is a suburban district in the borough of London Borough of Haringey, Haringey in London, England. Its postal district is N22, with parts in N8 or N15. The London Plan identifies it as one of the metropolitan centres in Greater Lond ...
Empire, Chung Ling Soo (William E. Robinson, U.S.-born magician) dies during his trick, where he is supposed to " catch" two separate bullets (but one of them perforates his lung). He dies the following morning in a hospital. * March 25 ** The
Belarusian People's Republic The Belarusian People's Republic (BNR; be, Беларуская Народная Рэспубліка, Bielaruskaja Narodnaja Respublika, ), or Belarusian Democratic Republic, was a state proclaimed by the Council of the Belarusian Democratic R ...
declares independence. ** Dr.
Karl Muck Karl Muck (October 22, 1859 – March 3, 1940) was a German-born conductor of Classical music. He based his activities principally in Europe and mostly in opera. His American career comprised two stints at the Boston Symphony Orchestra (BSO). M ...
, music director of the Boston Symphony Orchestra, is arrested under the Alien Enemies Act, and imprisoned for the duration of WWI. *
March 26 Events Pre-1600 * 590 – Emperor Maurice proclaims his son Theodosius as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire. *1021 – On the feast of Eid al-Adha, the death of the Fatimid caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, kept secret for six weeks, ...
– Dr.
Marie Stopes Marie Charlotte Carmichael Stopes (15 October 1880 – 2 October 1958) was a British author, palaeobotanist and campaigner for eugenics and women's rights. She made significant contributions to plant palaeontology and coal classification, ...
publishes her influential book ''
Married Love ''Married Love or Love in Marriage'' is a book by British academic Marie Stopes. It was one of the first books openly to discuss birth control. The book begins by stating that "More than ever to-day are happy homes needed. It is my hope that thi ...
'' in the U.K. *
March 27 Events Pre-1600 *1309 – Pope Clement V imposes excommunication and interdiction on Venice, and a general prohibition of all commercial intercourse with Venice, which had seized on Ferrara, a papal fiefdom. * 1329 – Pope John XXII ...
– WWI: The
First Battle of Amman The First Battle of Amman was fought from 27 to 31 March 1918 during the First Transjordan attack on Amman of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of the First World War. The 60th (London) Division and the Anzac Mounted Division attacked the Otto ...
is launched by units of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force, during the First Transjordan attack on Amman; it ends with their withdrawal on 31 March, back to the Jordan Valley. *
March 30 Events Pre-1600 * 598 – Balkan Campaign: The Avars lift the siege at the Byzantine stronghold of Tomis. Their leader Bayan I retreats north of the Danube River after the Avaro- Slavic hordes are decimated by the plague. *1282 &ndash ...
March Days The March Days or March Events () was a period of inter-ethnic strife and clashes which led to the death of about 12,000 Azerbaijani: "The results of the March events were immediate and total for the Musavat. Several hundreds of its members wer ...
:
Bolshevik The Bolsheviks (russian: Большевики́, from большинство́ ''bol'shinstvó'', 'majority'),; derived from ''bol'shinstvó'' (большинство́), "majority", literally meaning "one of the majority". also known in English ...
and
Armenian Revolutionary Federation The Armenian Revolutionary Federation ( hy, Հայ Յեղափոխական Դաշնակցութիւն, ՀՅԴ ( classical spelling), abbr. ARF or ARF-D) also known as Dashnaktsutyun (collectively referred to as Dashnaks for short), is an Armenian ...
forces suppress a Muslim revolt in Baku,
Azerbaijan Azerbaijan (, ; az, Azərbaycan ), officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, , also sometimes officially called the Azerbaijan Republic is a transcontinental country located at the boundary of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. It is a part of t ...
, resulting in up to 30,000 deaths.


April

*
April 1 Events Pre-1600 * 33 – According to one historian's account, Jesus Christ's Last Supper is held. * 527 – Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne. *1081 – Alexios I Ko ...
– The Royal Flying Corps and the Royal Naval Air Service in Britain are merged to form the
Royal Air Force The Royal Air Force (RAF) is the United Kingdom's air and space force. It was formed towards the end of the First World War on 1 April 1918, becoming the first independent air force in the world, by regrouping the Royal Flying Corps (RFC) an ...
, the first autonomous Air Force in the world. * April 5Sālote succeeds as Queen of
Tonga Tonga (, ; ), officially the Kingdom of Tonga ( to, Puleʻanga Fakatuʻi ʻo Tonga), is a Polynesian country and archipelago. The country has 171 islands – of which 45 are inhabited. Its total surface area is about , scattered over in ...
; she will remain on the throne until her death in 1965. *
April 6 Events Pre–1600 *46 BC – Julius Caesar defeats Caecilius Metellus Scipio and Marcus Porcius Cato (Cato the Younger) at the Battle of Thapsus. * 402 – Stilicho defeats the Visigoths under Alaric in the Battle of Pollentia. *13 ...
Finnish Civil War The Finnish Civil War; . Other designations: Brethren War, Citizen War, Class War, Freedom War, Red Rebellion and Revolution, . According to 1,005 interviews done by the newspaper ''Aamulehti'', the most popular names were as follows: Civil W ...
: The
battle of Tampere The Battle of Tampere was a 1918 Finnish Civil War battle, fought in Tampere, Finland from 15 March to 6 April between the Whites and the Reds. It is the most famous and the heaviest of all the Finnish Civil War battles. Today it is particular ...
ends. * April 8Operations against the Marri and Khetran tribes in
Balochistan Balochistan ( ; bal, بلۏچستان; also romanised as Baluchistan and Baluchestan) is a historical region in Western and South Asia, located in the Iranian plateau's far southeast and bordering the Indian Plate and the Arabian Sea coastline. ...
end with surrender to the British authorities. *
April 9 Events Pre-1600 * 193 – The distinguished soldier Septimius Severus is proclaimed emperor by the army in Illyricum. * 475 – Byzantine Emperor Basiliscus issues a circular letter (''Enkyklikon'') to the bishops of his empire, su ...
Union of Bessarabia with Romania The union of Bessarabia with Romania was proclaimed on by Sfatul Țării, the legislative body of the Moldavian Democratic Republic. This state had the same borders of the region of Bessarabia, which was annexed by the Russian Empire following ...
: Bessarabia votes to become part of the
Kingdom of Romania The Kingdom of Romania ( ro, Regatul României) was a constitutional monarchy that existed in Romania from 13 March ( O.S.) / 25 March 1881 with the crowning of prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen as King Carol I (thus beginning the Romanian ...
. * April 21 – WWI:
Manfred von Richthofen Manfred Albrecht Freiherr von Richthofen (; 2 May 1892 – 21 April 1918), known in English as Baron von Richthofen or the Red Baron, was a fighter pilot with the German Air Force during World War I. He is considered the ace-of-aces of ...
, "The Red Baron", the war's most successful fighter pilot, dies in combat at Morlancourt Ridge near the Somme River. *
April 22 Events Pre-1600 * 1500 – Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral lands in Brazil. * 1519 – Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés establishes a settlement at Veracruz, Mexico. *1529 – Treaty of Zaragoza divides the eastern h ...
Armenia Armenia (), , group=pron officially the Republic of Armenia,, is a landlocked country in the Armenian Highlands of Western Asia.The UNbr>classification of world regions places Armenia in Western Asia; the CIA World Factbook , , and ' ...
,
Azerbaijan Azerbaijan (, ; az, Azərbaycan ), officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, , also sometimes officially called the Azerbaijan Republic is a transcontinental country located at the boundary of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. It is a part of t ...
, and
Georgia Georgia most commonly refers to: * Georgia (country), a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia * Georgia (U.S. state), a state in the Southeast United States Georgia may also refer to: Places Historical states and entities * Related to the ...
declare their independence from Russia as the
Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic The Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic (TDFR; (), (). 22 April – 28 May 1918) was a short-lived state in the Caucasus that included most of the territory of the present-day Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia, as well as pa ...
. * April 23 – WWI: **
Conscription Crisis of 1918 The Conscription Crisis of 1918 stemmed from a move by the British government to impose conscription (military draft) in Ireland in April 1918 during the First World War. Vigorous opposition was led by trade unions, Irish nationalist parties an ...
in Ireland: A general strike is held here against conscription. **
Zeebrugge Raid The Zeebrugge Raid ( nl, Aanval op de haven van Zeebrugge; ) on 23 April 1918, was an attempt by the Royal Navy to block the Belgian port of Bruges-Zeebrugge. The British intended to sink obsolete ships in the canal entrance, to prevent Germ ...
: The British Royal Navy attempts to seal off the German
U-boat U-boats were naval submarines operated by Germany, particularly in the First and Second World Wars. Although at times they were efficient fleet weapons against enemy naval warships, they were most effectively used in an economic warfare ro ...
base here. **
First Ostend Raid The First Ostend Raid (part of Operation ZO) was the first of two attacks by the Royal Navy on the German-held port of Ostend during the late spring of 1918 during the First World War. Ostend was attacked in conjunction with the neighbouring h ...
: The British Royal Navy unsuccessfully attempts to seal off the German U-boat base here. *
April 28 Events Pre-1600 * 224 – The Battle of Hormozdgan is fought. Ardashir I defeats and kills Artabanus V effectively ending the Parthian Empire. * 357 – Emperor Constantius II enters Rome for the first time to celebrate his victory ...
– WWI:
Gavrilo Princip Gavrilo Princip ( sr-Cyrl, Гаврило Принцип, ; 25 July 189428 April 1918) was a Bosnian Serb student who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. Pr ...
, assassin of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, dies in Terezin,
Austria-Hungary Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire,, the Dual Monarchy, or Austria, was a constitutional monarchy and great power in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. It was formed with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of ...
, after three years in prison. *
April 30 Events Pre-1600 *311 – The Diocletianic Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire ends. *1315 – Enguerrand de Marigny is hanged at the instigation of Charles, Count of Valois. *1492 – Spain gives Christopher Columbus hi ...
– WWI: The Second Transjordan attack on Shunet Nimrin and Es Salt, launched by units of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force, ends on 4 May, with their withdrawal back to the Jordan Valley.


May

*
May 1 Events Pre-1600 * 305 – Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman emperor. * 880 – The Nea Ekklesia is inaugurated in Constantinople, setting the model for all later cross-in-square Orthodox churches. *1169 – N ...
– WWI: German troops enter
Don Host Oblast The Province (Oblast) of the Don Cossack Host (, ''Oblast’ Voyska Donskogo'') of Imperial Russia was the official name of the territory of Don Cossacks, coinciding approximately with the present-day Rostov Oblast of Russia. Its site of admini ...
; they capture Rostov-on-Don on May 8. *
May 2 Events Pre-1600 * 1194 – King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter. *1230 – William de Braose is hanged by Prince Llywelyn the Great. * 1536 – Anne Boleyn, Queen of England, is arrested and imprison ...
General Motors acquires the Chevrolet Motor Company of
Delaware Delaware ( ) is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, bordering Maryland to its south and west; Pennsylvania to its north; and New Jersey and the Atlantic Ocean to its east. The state takes its name from the adjacent Del ...
. *
May 7 Events Pre-1600 * 351 – The Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus breaks out after his arrival at Antioch. * 558 – In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses, twenty years after its construction. Justinian I imm ...
– WWI: The British capture Kirkuk. *
May 9 Events Pre-1600 * 328 – Athanasius is elected Patriarch of Alexandria. *1009 – Lombard Revolt: Lombard forces led by Melus revolt in Bari against the Byzantine Catepanate of Italy. *1386 – England and Portugal formally rati ...
– WWI –
Second Ostend Raid The Second Ostend Raid (officially known as Operation VS) was the later of two failed attempts made during the spring of 1918 by the United Kingdom's Royal Navy to block the channels leading to the Belgian port of Ostend as a part of its confl ...
: The British Royal Navy unsuccessfully attempts, for a second time, to seal off the German U-boat base here. * May 11 – The
Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus The Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus (MRNC; also known as the United Republics of the North Caucasus, Mountain Republic or the Republic of the Mountaineers) was a country in the North Caucasus formed by the unification of Circassians ...
is officially established. *
May 14 Events Pre-1600 *1027 – Robert II of France names his son Henry I as junior King of the Franks. * 1097 – The Siege of Nicaea begins during the First Crusade. *1264 – Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured and force ...
– The Three Minute Pause, initiated by the daily firing of the
Noon Gun The Noon Gun has been a historic time signal in Cape Town, South Africa since 1806. It consists of a pair of black powder Dutch naval guns, fired alternatingly with one serving as a backup. The guns are situated on Signal Hill, close to the ...
on Signal Hill, is instituted by
Cape Town Cape Town ( af, Kaapstad; , xh, iKapa) is one of South Africa's three capital cities, serving as the seat of the Parliament of South Africa. It is the legislative capital of the country, the oldest city in the country, and the second largest ...
Mayor Sir Harry Hands. It will inspire the introduction of the
two-minute silence In the United Kingdom and other countries within the Commonwealth, a two-minute silence is observed as part of Remembrance Day to remember those who lost their lives in conflict. Held each year at 11:00 am on 11 November, the silence coinc ...
in
November 1919 The following events occurred in November 1919: November 1, 1919 (Saturday) * The California State Senate unanimously voted in favor of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and the California State Assembly approved it ...
. *
May 15 Events Pre-1600 * 221 – Liu Bei, Chinese warlord, proclaims himself emperor of Shu Han, the successor of the Han dynasty. * 392 – Emperor Valentinian II is assassinated while advancing into Gaul against the Frankish usurper Arbog ...
** The
Finnish Civil War The Finnish Civil War; . Other designations: Brethren War, Citizen War, Class War, Freedom War, Red Rebellion and Revolution, . According to 1,005 interviews done by the newspaper ''Aamulehti'', the most popular names were as follows: Civil W ...
ends. ** The
United States Post Office Department The United States Post Office Department (USPOD; also known as the Post Office or U.S. Mail) was the predecessor of the United States Postal Service, in the form of a Cabinet department, officially from 1872 to 1971. It was headed by the postma ...
begins the world's third regular
airmail Airmail (or air mail) is a mail transport service branded and sold on the basis of at least one leg of its journey being by air. Airmail items typically arrive more quickly than surface mail, and usually cost more to send. Airmail may be t ...
service, between
New York City New York, often called New York City or NYC, is the most populous city in the United States. With a 2020 population of 8,804,190 distributed over , New York City is also the most densely populated major city in the Un ...
,
Philadelphia Philadelphia, often called Philly, is the List of municipalities in Pennsylvania#Municipalities, largest city in the Commonwealth (U.S. state), Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, the List of United States cities by population, sixth-largest city i ...
and
Washington, D.C. ) , image_skyline = , image_caption = Clockwise from top left: the Washington Monument and Lincoln Memorial on the National Mall, United States Capitol, Logan Circle, Jefferson Memorial, White House, Adams Morgan, ...
* May 16 – The
Sedition Act of 1918 The Sedition Act of 1918 () was an Act of the United States Congress that extended the Espionage Act of 1917 to cover a broader range of offenses, notably speech and the expression of opinion that cast the government or the war effort in a ne ...
is approved by the U.S. Congress. *
May 20 Events Pre-1600 * 325 – The First Council of Nicaea is formally opened, starting the first ecumenical council of the Christian Church. * 491 – Empress Ariadne marries Anastasius I. The widowed '' Augusta'' is able to choose her ...
– The small town of Codell, Kansas is hit for the third year in a row, on the same date, by a
tornado A tornado is a violently rotating column of air that is in contact with both the surface of the Earth and a cumulonimbus cloud or, in rare cases, the base of a cumulus cloud. It is often referred to as a twister, whirlwind or cyclone, altho ...
. *
May 21 Events Pre-1600 * 293 – Roman Emperors Diocletian and Maximian appoint Galerius as ''Caesar'' to Diocletian, beginning the period of four rulers known as the Tetrarchy. * 878 – Syracuse, Sicily, is captured by the Muslim Aghlabi ...
– The United States Army Aviation Section is separated from the Signal Corps, and divided into the
Division of Military Aeronautics The Division of Military Aeronautics was the name of the aviation organization of the United States Army for a four-day period during World War I. It was created by a reorganization by the War Department of the Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps ...
and the Bureau of
Aircraft An aircraft is a vehicle that is able to fly by gaining support from the air. It counters the force of gravity by using either static lift or by using the dynamic lift of an airfoil, or in a few cases the downward thrust from jet engine ...
Production. * May 24 – Women in Canada, excluding residents of
Quebec Quebec ( ; )According to the Canadian government, ''Québec'' (with the acute accent) is the official name in Canadian French and ''Quebec'' (without the accent) is the province's official name in Canadian English is one of the thirtee ...
, are granted the right to vote in federal elections. *
May 26 Events Pre-1600 * 17 – Germanicus celebrates a triumph in Rome for his victories over the Cherusci, Chatti, and other German tribes west of the Elbe. * 451 – Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sasanian Empire tak ...
– The
Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic The Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic (TDFR; (), (). 22 April – 28 May 1918) was a short-lived state in the Caucasus that included most of the territory of the present-day Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia, as well as pa ...
is abolished; Georgia declares its independence as the
Democratic Republic of Georgia The Democratic Republic of Georgia (DRG; ka, საქართველოს დემოკრატიული რესპუბლიკა ') was the first modern establishment of a republic of Georgia, which existed from May 1918 to F ...
. * May 27 – WWI: The
Third Battle of the Aisne The Third Battle of the Aisne (french: 3e Bataille de l'Aisne) was a battle of the German spring offensive during World War I that focused on capturing the Chemin des Dames Ridge before the American Expeditionary Forces arrived completely in ...
commences. *
May 28 Events Pre-1600 *585 BC – A solar eclipse occurs, as predicted by the Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling Cyaxares in the Battle of the Eclipse, leading to a truce. This is one of the cardinal dates from ...
Armenia Armenia (), , group=pron officially the Republic of Armenia,, is a landlocked country in the Armenian Highlands of Western Asia.The UNbr>classification of world regions places Armenia in Western Asia; the CIA World Factbook , , and ' ...
and
Azerbaijan Azerbaijan (, ; az, Azərbaycan ), officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, , also sometimes officially called the Azerbaijan Republic is a transcontinental country located at the boundary of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. It is a part of t ...
declare their independence as the First Republic of Armenia and the
Azerbaijan Democratic Republic The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic), or simply as Azerbaijan in Paris Peace Conference, 1919–1920,''Bulletin d'Information de l'Azerbaidjan'', No. I, September 1, 1919, pp. 6–7''125 H.C.Debs.'', 58., February 24, 1920, p. 1467. Caucasian A ...
respectively. *
May 29 Events Pre-1600 * 363 – The Roman emperor Julian defeats the Sasanian army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the Sasanian capital, but is unable to take the city. * 1108 – Battle of Uclés: Almoravid troops under ...
– WWI: The week-long
Battle of Sardarabad The Battle of Sardarabad ( hy, Սարդարապատի ճակատամարտ, translit=Sardarapati chakatamart; tr, Serdarabad Muharebesi) was a battle of the Caucasus campaign of World War I that took place near Sardarabad, Armenia, from 21 to ...
concludes with defending Armenian forces victorious over the Ottomans. *
May 29 Events Pre-1600 * 363 – The Roman emperor Julian defeats the Sasanian army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the Sasanian capital, but is unable to take the city. * 1108 – Battle of Uclés: Almoravid troops under ...
30 – WWI: Battle of Skra di Legen – The Greek
National Defence Army Corps The Army of National Defence ( el, Στρατός Εθνικής Αμύνης) was the military force of the Provisional Government of National Defence, a pro- Allied government led by Eleftherios Venizelos in Thessaloniki in 1916–17, against the ...
defeats the Bulgarians.


June

*
June June is the sixth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars and is the second of four months to have a length of 30 days, and the third of five months to have a length of less than 31 days. June contains the summer solstice in ...
August August is the eighth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars, and the fifth of seven months to have a length of 31 days. Its zodiac sign is Leo and was originally named ''Sextilis'' in Latin because it was the 6th month in ...
– The "
Spanish flu The 1918–1920 influenza pandemic, commonly known by the misnomer Spanish flu or as the Great Influenza epidemic, was an exceptionally deadly global influenza pandemic caused by the H1N1 influenza A virus. The earliest documented case wa ...
" becomes pandemic. Over 30 million people die in the following 6 months. *
June 1 Events Pre-1600 *1215 – Zhongdu (now Beijing), then under the control of the Jurchen ruler Emperor Xuanzong of Jin, is captured by the Mongols under Genghis Khan, ending the Battle of Zhongdu. * 1252 – Alfonso X is proclaimed k ...
– WWI: The
Battle of Belleau Wood The Battle of Belleau Wood (1–26 June 1918) occurred during the German spring offensive in World War I, near the Marne River in France. The battle was fought between the U.S. 2nd (under the command of Major General Omar Bundy) and 3rd Divisi ...
begins. *
June 4 Events Pre-1600 *1411 – King Charles VI granted a monopoly for the ripening of Roquefort cheese to the people of Roquefort-sur-Soulzon as they had been doing for centuries. * 1561 – The steeple of St Paul's, the medieval cathedr ...
– RMS ''Kenilworth Castle'', one of the
Union-Castle Line The Union-Castle Line was a British shipping line that operated a fleet of passenger liners and cargo ships between Europe and Africa from 1900 to 1977. It was formed from the merger of the Union Line and Castle Shipping Line. It merged with ...
steamships, collides with her escort destroyer HMS ''Rival'' while trying to avoid her other escort, the cruiser HMS ''Kent''. * June 5 – The '' Afrikaner Broederbond'', a confidential cultural organisation, is founded in
Johannesburg Johannesburg ( , , ; Zulu and xh, eGoli ), colloquially known as Jozi, Joburg, or "The City of Gold", is the largest city in South Africa, classified as a megacity, and is one of the 100 largest urban areas in the world. According to Dem ...
. *
June 8 Events Pre-1600 * 218 – Battle of Antioch: With the support of the Syrian legions, Elagabalus defeats the forces of emperor Macrinus. * 452 – Attila leads a Hun army in the invasion of Italy, devastating the northern province ...
V603 Aquilae, the brightest nova observed since Kepler's of
1604 Events January–June * January 1 – '' The Masque of Indian and China Knights'' is performed by courtiers of James VI and I at Hampton Court. * January 14 – The Hampton Court Conference is held between James I of England ...
, is discovered. *
June 10 Events Pre-1600 * 671 – Emperor Tenji of Japan introduces a water clock ( clepsydra) called ''Rokoku''. The instrument, which measures time and indicates hours, is placed in the capital of Ōtsu. *1190 – Third Crusade: Frederick I ...
– WWI: The Austro-Hungarian
dreadnought The dreadnought (alternatively spelled dreadnaught) was the predominant type of battleship in the early 20th century. The first of the kind, the Royal Navy's , had such an impact when launched in 1906 that similar battleships built after her ...
battleship SMS ''Szent István'' is sunk by two Italian MAS motor
torpedo boat A torpedo boat is a relatively small and fast naval ship designed to carry torpedoes into battle. The first designs were steam-powered craft dedicated to ramming enemy ships with explosive spar torpedoes. Later evolutions launched variants of ...
s off the Dalmatian coast. *
June 12 Events Pre-1600 * 910 – Battle of Augsburg: The Hungarians defeat the East Frankish army under King Louis the Child, using the famous feigned retreat tactic of the nomadic warriors. * 1240 – At the instigation of Louis IX of Fr ...
** Grand Duke Michael of Russia is murdered, thereby becoming the first of the Romanovs to be killed by the Bolsheviks. ** WWI: The first airplane bombing raid by an American unit in France is carried out. *
June 16 Events Pre-1600 * 363 – Emperor Julian marches back up the Tigris and burns his fleet of supply ships. During the withdrawal, Roman forces suffer several attacks from the Persians. * 632 – Yazdegerd III ascends the throne as king ...
– The Declaration to the Seven, a
British British may refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * British people, nationals or natives of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories, and Crown Dependencies. ** Britishness, the British identity and common culture * British English, ...
government response to a memorandum issued anonymously by seven Syrian notables, is published. *
June 22 Events Pre-1600 * 217 BC – Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV Philopator of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom. * 168 BC – Battle of Pydna: Romans under Lucius Aemilius Paullus defeat Macedonian King Perseus ...
– Suspects in the
Chicago (''City in a Garden''); I Will , image_map = , map_caption = Interactive Map of Chicago , coordinates = , coordinates_footnotes = , subdivision_type = Country , subdivision_name ...
Restaurant Poisonings are arrested, and more than 100 waiters are taken into custody for poisoning restaurant customers with a lethal powder called Mickey Finn. *
June 29 Events Pre-1600 * 226 – Cao Rui succeeds his father as emperor of the Kingdom of Wei. *1149 – Raymond of Poitiers is defeated and killed at the Battle of Inab by Nur ad-Din Zangi. * 1194 – Sverre is crowned King of Norway, ...
Bronx International Exposition of Science, Arts and Industries opens in New York; Brazil is the only international exhibitor and the exposition closes at the end of the season.


July

*
July 3 Events Pre-1600 * 324 – Battle of Adrianople: Constantine I defeats Licinius, who flees to Byzantium. * 987 – Hugh Capet is crowned King of France, the first of the Capetian dynasty that would rule France until the French Revolut ...
Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War or Allied Powers intervention in the Russian Civil War consisted of a series of multi-national military expeditions which began in 1918. The Allies first had the goal of helping the Czechoslovak Leg ...
: The
Siberian Intervention The Siberian intervention or Siberian expedition of 1918–1922 was the dispatch of troops of the Entente powers to the Russian Maritime Provinces as part of a larger effort by the western powers, Japan, and China to support White Russian f ...
is launched by the Allies, to extract the
Czechoslovak Legion The Czechoslovak Legion (Czech language, Czech: ''Československé legie''; Slovak language, Slovak: ''Československé légie'') were volunteer armed forces composed predominantly of Czechs and Slovaks fighting on the side of the Allies of World ...
from the
Russian Civil War {{Infobox military conflict , conflict = Russian Civil War , partof = the Russian Revolution and the aftermath of World War I , image = , caption = Clockwise from top left: {{flatlist, *Soldiers ...
. *
July 4 Events Pre-1600 *362 BC – Battle of Mantinea: The Thebans, led by Epaminondas, defeated the Spartans. * 414 – Emperor Theodosius II, age 13, yields power to his older sister Aelia Pulcheria, who reigned as regent and proclaime ...
Mehmed VI succeeds as
Sultan of the Ottoman Empire The sultans of the Ottoman Empire ( tr, Osmanlı padişahları), who were all members of the Ottoman dynasty (House of Osman), ruled over the transcontinental empire from its perceived inception in 1299 to Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, it ...
on the death of his half-brother
Mehmed V Mehmed V Reşâd ( ota, محمد خامس, Meḥmed-i ḫâmis; tr, V. Mehmed or ; 2 November 1844 – 3 July 1918) reigned as the 35th and penultimate Ottoman Sultan (). He was the son of Sultan Abdulmejid I. He succeeded his half-brother ...
(Reşâd, who has reigned since
1909 Events January–February * January 4 – Explorer Aeneas Mackintosh of the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition escaped death by fleeing across ice floes. * January 7 – Colombia recognizes the independence of Panama. * Jan ...
), himself reigning until the Sultanate is abolished in
1922 Events January * January 7 – Dáil Éireann, the parliament of the Irish Republic, ratifies the Anglo-Irish Treaty by 64–57 votes. * January 10 – Arthur Griffith is elected President of Dáil Éireann, the day after Éamon de Valera ...
. * July 12 – The
Imperial Japanese Navy The Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN; Kyūjitai: Shinjitai: ' 'Navy of the Greater Japanese Empire', or ''Nippon Kaigun'', 'Japanese Navy') was the navy of the Empire of Japan from 1868 to 1945, when it was dissolved following Japan's surrend ...
battleship '' Kawachi'' blows up off
Tokuyama, Yamaguchi was a city located in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan. On April 21, 2003, Tokuyama, along with the city of Shinnan'yō, the town of Kumage (from Kumage District), and the town of Kano (from Tsuno District), was merged to create the city of Sh ...
, western
Honshu , historically called , is the largest and most populous island of Japan. It is located south of Hokkaidō across the Tsugaru Strait, north of Shikoku across the Inland Sea, and northeast of Kyūshū across the Kanmon Straits. The island se ...
, Japan, killing at least 621. *
July 13 Events Pre-1600 * 1174 – William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173–74, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to Henry II of England. * 1249 – Coronation of Alexander III as King of Scots. *1260 – The Livon ...
– The National Czechoslovak Committee is established. *
July 14 Events Pre-1600 * 982 – King Otto II and his Frankish army are defeated by the Muslim army of al-Qasim at Cape Colonna, Southern Italy. * 1223 – Louis VIII becomes King of France upon the death of his father, Philip II. * 142 ...
– The film '' The Glorious Adventure'' is released in the United States, featuring Mammy Lou, who becomes one of the oldest people ever to star in a film, at a claimed age of 114. *
July 15 Events Pre-1600 *484 BC – Dedication of the Temple of Castor and Pollux in ancient Rome * 70 – First Jewish–Roman War: Titus and his armies breach the walls of Jerusalem. ( 17th of Tammuz in the Hebrew calendar). * 756 – ...
– WWI:
Second Battle of the Marne The Second Battle of the Marne (french: Seconde Bataille de la Marne) (15 July – 18 July 1918) was the last major German offensive on the Western Front during the First World War. The attack failed when an Allied counterattack, supported by s ...
: The battle begins near the River Marne, with a German attack. *
July 17 Events Pre-1600 * 180 – Twelve inhabitants of Scillium (near Kasserine, modern-day Tunisia) in North Africa are executed for being Christians. This is the earliest record of Christianity in that part of the world. *1048 – Damasu ...
** WWI: (famed for rescuing survivors of the ) is torpedoed and sunk off the east coast of Ireland, by
Imperial German Navy The Imperial German Navy or the Imperial Navy () was the navy of the German Empire, which existed between 1871 and 1919. It grew out of the small Prussian Navy (from 1867 the North German Federal Navy), which was mainly for coast defence. Kaise ...
submarine '' U-55''; 218 of the 223 on board are rescued. ** Execution of the Romanov family: By order of the
Bolshevik Party " Hymn of the Bolshevik Party" , headquarters = 4 Staraya Square, Moscow , general_secretary = Vladimir Lenin (first)Mikhail Gorbachev (last) , founded = , banned = , founder = Vladimir Lenin , newspaper ...
, and carried out by the Cheka, former emperor Nicholas II, his wife Alexandra Feodorovna, their children, Olga,
Tatiana Tatiana (or Tatianna, also romanized as Tatyana, Tatjana, Tatijana, etc.) is a female name of Sabine-Roman origin that became widespread in Eastern Europe. Variations * be, Тацця́на, Tatsiana * bg, Татяна, Tatyana * germ ...
,
Maria Maria may refer to: People * Mary, mother of Jesus * Maria (given name), a popular given name in many languages Place names Extraterrestrial * 170 Maria, a Main belt S-type asteroid discovered in 1877 * Lunar maria (plural of ''mare''), large, ...
,
Anastasia Anastasia (from el, Ἀναστασία, translit=Anastasía) is a feminine given name of Greek origin, derived from the Greek word (), meaning "resurrection". It is a popular name in Eastern Europe, particularly in Russia, where it was the most ...
, Alexei and retainers are shot at the
Ipatiev House Ipatiev House (russian: Дом Ипатьева) was a merchant's house in Yekaterinburg (later renamed Sverdlovsk in 1924, renamed back to Yekaterinburg in 1991) where the former Emperor Nicholas II of Russia (1868–1918, reigned 1894–1917), h ...
, in Ekaterinburg, Russia. *
July 21 Events Pre-1600 * 356 BC – The Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World, is destroyed by arson. * 230 – Pope Pontian succeeds Urban I as the eighteenth pope. After being exiled to Sardinia, he became t ...
– WWI:
Attack on Orleans The Attack on Orleans was a naval and air action during World War I on 21 July 1918 when a German submarine fired on a small convoy of barges led by a tugboat off Orleans, Massachusetts, on the eastern coast of the Cape Cod peninsula. Several ...
– Imperial German submarine '' SM U-156'' surfaces and fires on a small convoy of barges and defending flying boats off the
Cape Cod Cape Cod is a peninsula extending into the Atlantic Ocean from the southeastern corner of mainland Massachusetts, in the northeastern United States. Its historic, maritime character and ample beaches attract heavy tourism during the summer mont ...
town of Orleans, Massachusetts.


August

* August 2
North Russia Intervention The North Russia intervention, also known as the Northern Russian expedition, the Archangel campaign, and the Murman deployment, was part of the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War after the October Revolution. The intervention brought ...
: British anti-Bolshevik forces occupy
Arkhangelsk Arkhangelsk (, ; rus, Арха́нгельск, p=ɐrˈxanɡʲɪlʲsk), also known in English as Archangel and Archangelsk, is a city and the administrative center of Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia. It lies on both banks of the Northern Dvina near ...
. *
August 3 Events Pre-1600 * 8 – Roman Empire general Tiberius defeats the Dalmatae on the river Bosna. * 435 – Deposed Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople Nestorius, considered the originator of Nestorianism, is exiled by Roman Emper ...
– WWI: Australian hospital ship is torpedoed and sunk in the
English Channel The English Channel, "The Sleeve"; nrf, la Maunche, "The Sleeve" (Cotentinais) or ( Jèrriais), (Guernésiais), "The Channel"; br, Mor Breizh, "Sea of Brittany"; cy, Môr Udd, "Lord's Sea"; kw, Mor Bretannek, "British Sea"; nl, Het Kana ...
on passage from
Le Havre Le Havre (, ; nrf, Lé Hâvre ) is a port city in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy region of northern France. It is situated on the right bank of the estuary of the river Seine on the Channel southwest of the Pays de Caux, very ...
to
Southampton Southampton () is a port city in the ceremonial county of Hampshire in southern England. It is located approximately south-west of London and west of Portsmouth. The city forms part of the South Hampshire built-up area, which also covers Po ...
by German submarine with the loss of 123 of the 801 people on board. *
August 8 Events Pre-1600 * 685 BC – Spring and Autumn period: Battle of Qianshi: Upon the death of the previous Duke of Qi, Gongsun Wuzhi, Duke Zhuang of Lu sends an army into the Duchy of Qi to install the exiled Qi prince Gongzi Jiu as the ...
– WWI: Battle of Amiens – British, Canadian and Australian troops begin a string of almost continuous victories, the ' Hundred Days Offensive', with an 8-mile push through the German front lines, taking 12,000 prisoners. German General
Erich Ludendorff Erich Friedrich Wilhelm Ludendorff (9 April 1865 – 20 December 1937) was a German general, politician and military theorist. He achieved fame during World War I for his central role in the German victories at Liège and Tannenberg in 1914 ...
later calls this the "black day of the German Army". *
August 10 Events Pre-1600 * 654 – Pope Eugene I elected to succeed Martinus I. * 955 – Battle of Lechfeld: Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor Otto I (23 November 912 – 7 May 973), traditionally known as Otto the Great (german: Otto der Gro ...
Russian Revolution: The British commander in Archangel is told to help the White Russians. * August 16 – The Battle of Lake Baikal is fought by the
Czechoslovak legion The Czechoslovak Legion (Czech language, Czech: ''Československé legie''; Slovak language, Slovak: ''Československé légie'') were volunteer armed forces composed predominantly of Czechs and Slovaks fighting on the side of the Allies of World ...
, against the
Red Army The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army ( Russian: Рабо́че-крестья́нская Кра́сная армия),) often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and, afte ...
. * August 21 – WWI: The Second Battle of the Somme begins. *
August 23 Events Pre-1600 *30 BC – After the successful invasion of Egypt, Octavian executes Marcus Antonius Antyllus, the eldest son of Mark Antony, and Caesarion, the last king of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt and only child of Julius Cae ...
– The
Bessarabian Peasants' Party The Bessarabian Peasants' Party ( ro, Partidul Țărănesc din Basarabia, PȚB or PȚ-Bas; also ''Partidul Țărănesc Basarabean'', ''Partidul Țărănist Basarabean'') or Moldavian National Democratic Party (''Partidul Național-Democrat Moldove ...
is created. *
August 27 Events Pre-1600 * 410 – The sacking of Rome by the Visigoths ends after three days. * 1172 – Henry the Young King and Margaret of France are crowned junior king and queen of England. *1232 – Shikken Hojo Yasutoki of the K ...
Battle of Ambos Nogales: U.S. Army forces skirmish against Mexican Carrancistas and their German advisors at Nogales, Arizona, in the only battle of WWI fought on United States soil. *
August 30 Events Pre-1600 * 70 – Titus ends the siege of Jerusalem after destroying Herod's Temple. * 1282 – Peter III of Aragon lands at Trapani to intervene in the War of the Sicilian Vespers. *1363 – The five-week Battle of Lake ...
** 20,000 London policemen strike for increased pay and union recognition. ** In response to the
October Revolution The October Revolution,. officially known as the Great October Socialist Revolution. in the Soviet Union, also known as the Bolshevik Revolution, was a revolution in Russia led by the Bolshevik Party of Vladimir Lenin that was a key mome ...
in Russia,
Vladimir Lenin Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov. ( 1870 – 21 January 1924), better known as Vladimir Lenin,. was a Russian revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He served as the first and founding head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 1 ...
is shot and wounded by
Fanny Kaplan Fanny Efimovna Kaplan (russian: Фа́нни Ефи́мовна Капла́н, links=no; real name Feiga Haimovna Roytblat, ; February 10, 1890 – September 3, 1918) was a Ukrainian Jewish woman, Socialist-Revolutionary, and early Soviet dissi ...
in Moscow, but survives. **
Moisei Uritsky Moisei Solomonovich Uritsky ( ua, Мойсей Соломонович Урицький; russian: Моисей Соломонович Урицкий; – 30 August 1918) was a Bolshevik revolutionary leader in Russia. After the October Revol ...
, the Petrograd head of the Cheka, is assassinated.


September

*
September September is the ninth month of the year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars, the third of four months to have a length of 30 days, and the fourth of five months to have a length of fewer than 31 days. September in the Northern H ...
– WWI: British armies and their Arab allies roll into Syria. *
September 3 Events Pre-1600 *36 BC – In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompey, son of Pompey, thus ending Pompeian resistance to the Second Triumvirate. * 301 – San Marino, one of the ...
– The
Bolshevik The Bolsheviks (russian: Большевики́, from большинство́ ''bol'shinstvó'', 'majority'),; derived from ''bol'shinstvó'' (большинство́), "majority", literally meaning "one of the majority". also known in English ...
government of Russia publishes the first official announcement of the Red Terror, a period of repression against political opponents, as an "Appeal to the Working Class" in the newspaper ''
Izvestia ''Izvestia'' ( rus, Известия, p=ɪzˈvʲesʲtʲɪjə, "The News") is a daily broadsheet newspaper in Russia. Founded in 1917, it was a newspaper of record in the Soviet Union until the Soviet Union's dissolution in 1991, and describes i ...
''. *
September 4 Events Pre-1600 * 476 – Romulus Augustulus is deposed when Odoacer proclaims himself "King of Italy", thus ending the Western Roman Empire. * 626 – Li Shimin, posthumously known as Emperor Taizong of Tang, assumes the throne ove ...
– WWI:
Battle of Mont Saint-Quentin The Battle of Mont Saint-Quentin was a battle on the Western Front during World War I. As part of the Allied Hundred Days Offensive on the Western Front in the late summer of 1918, the Australian Corps crossed the Somme River on the night of 31 ...
concludes with the
Australian Corps The Australian Corps was a World War I army corps that contained all five Australian infantry divisions serving on the Western Front. It was the largest corps fielded by the British Empire in France. At its peak the Australian Corps numbered 10 ...
breaking the German line. *
September 5 Events Pre-1600 * 917 – Liu Yan declares himself emperor, establishing the Southern Han state in southern China, at his capital of Panyu. *1367 – Swa Saw Ke becomes king of Ava *1590 – Alexander Farnese's army forces Henry ...
Russian Civil War {{Infobox military conflict , conflict = Russian Civil War , partof = the Russian Revolution and the aftermath of World War I , image = , caption = Clockwise from top left: {{flatlist, *Soldiers ...
: The
Kazan Operation Kazan Operation was the Red Army's offensive (5–10 September 1918) against the Czechoslovak Legion The Czechoslovak Legion (Czech language, Czech: ''Československé legie''; Slovak language, Slovak: ''Československé légie'') were v ...
begins. The event continues for 5 days, and solidifies the Red Army's power in Russia over the White Army. *
September 12 Events Pre-1600 *490 BC – Battle of Marathon: The conventionally accepted date for the Battle of Marathon. The Athenians and their Plataean allies defeat the first Persian invasion force of Greece. * 372 – Sixteen Kingdoms: Jin ...
– WWI:
Battle of Havrincourt The Battle of Havrincourt was a World War I battle fought on 12 September 1918, involving the British Third Army (under the command of General Sir Julian Byng) against German troops, including those of the 3rd and 10th Corps, in the town of Havrin ...
– British take a German salient. *
September 12 Events Pre-1600 *490 BC – Battle of Marathon: The conventionally accepted date for the Battle of Marathon. The Athenians and their Plataean allies defeat the first Persian invasion force of Greece. * 372 – Sixteen Kingdoms: Jin ...
15 – WWI:
Battle of Saint-Mihiel The Battle of Saint-Mihiel was a major World War I battle fought from 12–15 September 1918, involving the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) and 110,000 French troops under the command of General John J. Pershing of the United States against ...
– Americans take a German salient. *
September 14 Events Pre-1600 *AD 81 – Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus. * 629 – Emperor Heraclius enters Constantinople in triumph after his victory over the Persian Empire. * 786 – "Night ...
– WWI: The Balkan front offensive by the Serbian Army begins. *
September 15 Events Pre-1600 * 994 – Major Fatimid victory over the Byzantine Empire at the Battle of the Orontes. *1440 – Gilles de Rais, one of the earliest known serial killers, is taken into custody upon an accusation brought against him by ...
18 – WWI: Battle of Dobro Pole in the Vardar Offensive of the Balkans Campaign: The
Allied Army of the Orient upright=1.1, Allied collaboration: an Italian captain, a Russian lieutenant, a Serb colonel, a French lieutenant, and a Greek gendarme The Allied Army of the Orient (AAO) (french: Armées alliées en Orient) was the name of the unified command over ...
defeats
Bulgaria Bulgaria (; bg, България, Bǎlgariya), officially the Republic of Bulgaria,, ) is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the eastern flank of the Balkans, and is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and North Macedo ...
n defenders. *
September 18 Events Pre-1600 * 96 – Domitian, who has been conducting a reign of terror for the past three years, is assassinated as a result of a plot by his wife Domitia and two Praetorian prefects. * 96 – Nerva is proclaimed Roman emperor a ...
– WWI:
Battle of Épehy The Battle of Épehy was a battle of the First World War fought on 18 September 1918, involving the British Fourth Army under the command of General Henry Rawlinson against German outpost positions in front of the Hindenburg Line. The village ...
– British approach the
Hindenburg Line The Hindenburg Line (German: , Siegfried Position) was a German defensive position built during the winter of 1916–1917 on the Western Front during the First World War. The line ran from Arras to Laffaux, near Soissons on the Aisne. In 1916 ...
along the St Quentin Canal. *
September 19 Events Pre-1600 * 85 – Nerva, suspected of complicity of the death of Domitian, is declared emperor by Senate. The Senate then annuls laws passed by Domitian and orders his statues to be destroyed. * 634 – Siege of Damascus: Th ...
– WWI: ** The
British Army The British Army is the principal land warfare force of the United Kingdom, a part of the British Armed Forces along with the Royal Navy and the Royal Air Force. , the British Army comprises 79,380 regular full-time personnel, 4,090 Gurk ...
's
Egyptian Expeditionary Force The Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) was a British Empire military formation, formed on 10 March 1916 under the command of General Archibald Murray from the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force and the Force in Egypt (1914–15), at the beginning ...
launches the Battle of Megiddo, incorporating the
Battle of Sharon The Battle of Sharon fought between 19 and 25 September 1918, began the set piece Battle of Megiddo (1918), Battle of Megiddo half a day before the Battle of Nablus (1918), Battle of Nablus, in which large formations engaged and responded to mov ...
, and the Battle of Nablus, an attack in the
Judaean Mountains The Judaean Mountains, or Judaean Hills ( he, הרי יהודה, translit=Harei Yehuda) or the Hebron Mountains ( ar, تلال الخليل, translit=Tilal al-Khalīl, links=, lit=Hebron Mountains), is a mountain range in Palestine and Israel wh ...
. This day are fought the Battle of Tulkarm, and the
Battle of Arara The Battle of Arara took place on 19 September 1918 during the Battle of Sharon, which along with the Battle of Nablus formed the set piece Battle of Megiddo fought between 19 and 25 September in the last months of the Sinai and Palestine Camp ...
, which break the Ottoman front line stretching from the Mediterranean coast to the Judaean Mountains, while the
Battle of Tabsor The Battle of Tabsor was fought on 19–20 September 1918 beginning the Battle of Sharon, which along with the Battle of Nablus (1918), Battle of Nablus formed the set piece Battle of Megiddo (1918), Battle of Megiddo fought between 19 and 25 S ...
extends into
September 20 Events Pre-1600 *1058 – Agnes of Poitou and Andrew I of Hungary meet to negotiate about the border territory of Burgenland. *1066 – At the Battle of Fulford, Harald Hardrada defeats earls Morcar and Edwin. *1187 – Saladin b ...
. ** The
Third Transjordan attack The Third Transjordan attack by Chaytor's Force, part of the British Empire's Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF), took place between 21 and 25 September 1918, against the Ottoman Empire's Fourth Army and other Yildirim Army Group units. These ...
in the Jordan Valley begins. *
September 20 Events Pre-1600 *1058 – Agnes of Poitou and Andrew I of Hungary meet to negotiate about the border territory of Burgenland. *1066 – At the Battle of Fulford, Harald Hardrada defeats earls Morcar and Edwin. *1187 – Saladin b ...
– WWI: The British Army's Desert Mounted Corps launches the **
Battle of Nazareth The Battle of Nazareth began on 20 September 1918, during the Battle of Sharon, which together with the Battle of Nablus formed the set piece Battle of Megiddo fought during the last months of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of the First Wo ...
by 5th Cavalry Division (British Indian Army); ** Capture of Afulah and Beisan by the
4th Cavalry Division (British Indian Army) The 1st Mounted Division was a cavalry division that served as part of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force in Palestine in World War I. It was formed in April 1918 when the Yeomanry Mounted Division was merged with elements of the 1st Indian Ca ...
; ** Capture of Jenin by the
Australian Mounted Division The Australian Mounted Division originally formed as the Imperial Mounted Division in January 1917, was a mounted infantry, light horse and yeomanry division. The division was formed in Egypt, and along with the Anzac Mounted Division formed p ...
, almost encircling the
Yildirim Army Group The Yildirim Army Group or Thunderbolt Army Group of the Ottoman Empire ( Turkish: ''Yıldırım Ordular Grubu'') or Army Group F (German: ''Heeresgruppe F'') was an Army Group of the Ottoman Army during World War I. While being an Ottoman unit, ...
still in the Judaean Mountains. *
September 25 Events Pre-1600 * 275 – For the last time, the Roman Senate chooses an emperor; they elect 75-year-old Marcus Claudius Tacitus. * 762 – Led by Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya, the Hasanid branch of the Alids begins the Alid Revolt ag ...
– WWI: ** The Battle of Megiddo ends with the Battle of Haifa, Battle of Samakh, and Capture of Tiberias. ** The
Third Transjordan attack The Third Transjordan attack by Chaytor's Force, part of the British Empire's Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF), took place between 21 and 25 September 1918, against the Ottoman Empire's Fourth Army and other Yildirim Army Group units. These ...
ends with ANZAC Mounted Division victory at the
Second Battle of Amman The Second Battle of Amman was fought on 25 September 1918 during the Third Transjordan attack as part of the Battle of Nablus which together with the main Battle of Sharon form the major set piece offensive known as the Battle of Megiddo of ...
, with the subsequent capture at Ziza of the Ottoman II Corps, and more than 10,000 Ottoman and German prisoners. *
September 26 Events Pre-1600 *46 BC – Julius Caesar dedicates a temple to Venus Genetrix, fulfilling a vow he made at the Battle of Pharsalus. * 715 – Ragenfrid defeats Theudoald at the Battle of Compiègne. *1087 – William II is crown ...
– WWI: ** The Meuse-Argonne Offensive begins, the largest and bloodiest operation of the war for the
American Expeditionary Forces The American Expeditionary Forces (A. E. F.) was a formation of the United States Army on the Western Front of World War I. The A. E. F. was established on July 5, 1917, in France under the command of General John J. Pershing. It fought along ...
. ** The
Capture of Damascus The Capture of Damascus occurred on 1 October 1918 after the capture of Haifa and the victory at the Battle of Samakh which opened the way for the pursuit north from the Sea of Galilee and the Third Transjordan attack which opened the way to D ...
begins, with the Charge at Irbid by the 4th Cavalry Division. *
September 27 Events Pre-1600 *1066 – William the Conqueror and his army set sail from the mouth of the Somme river, beginning the Norman conquest of England. * 1331 – The Battle of Płowce is fought, between the Kingdom of Poland and the Teuton ...
– WWI: ** The
Battle of the Canal du Nord The Battle of Canal du Nord was part of the Hundred Days Offensive of the First World War by the Allies against German positions on the Western Front. The battle took place in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France, along an incomplete portion of ...
, launched by British and Empire forces, continues the advance towards the Hindenburg Line. ** The Battle of Jisr Benat Yakub, launched by the Australian Mounted Division, continues the advance towards Damascus. *
September 29 Events Pre-1600 *61 BC – Pompey the Great celebrates his third triumph for victories over the pirates and the end of the Mithridatic Wars on his 45th birthday. * 1011 – Danes capture Canterbury after a siege, taking Ælfheah, ...
– WWI: ** Battle of St Quentin Canal begins; Allied forces advance towards the
Hindenburg Line The Hindenburg Line (German: , Siegfried Position) was a German defensive position built during the winter of 1916–1917 on the Western Front during the First World War. The line ran from Arras to Laffaux, near Soissons on the Aisne. In 1916 ...
. **
Bulgaria Bulgaria (; bg, България, Bǎlgariya), officially the Republic of Bulgaria,, ) is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the eastern flank of the Balkans, and is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and North Macedo ...
requests an armistice. *
September 30 Events Pre-1600 * 489 – The Ostrogoths under Theoderic the Great defeat the forces of Odoacer for the second time. * 737 – The Turgesh drive back an Umayyad invasion of Khuttal, follow them south of the Oxus, and capture their b ...
– WWI: ** The Charge at Kaukab is begun by units of the Australian Mounted Division. ** The Charge at Kiswe is begun by 4th Cavalry Division, continuing the Desert Mounted Corps' advance to Damascus.


October

*
October 1 Events Pre-1600 * 331 BC – Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela. * 366 – Pope Damasus I is consecrated. * 959 – Edgar the Peaceful becomes king of all England, in succession to Eadw ...
– WWI: The Desert Mounted Corps captures Damascus. * October 2 – WWI: The Charge at Khan Ayash is begun north of Damascus, by the
3rd Light Horse Brigade The 3rd Light Horse Brigade was a mounted infantry brigade of the Australian Imperial Force (AIF), which served in the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I. The brigade was initially formed as a part-time militia formation in the early 1900s i ...
. *
October 3 Events Pre-1600 * 2457 BC – Gaecheonjeol, Hwanung (환웅) purportedly descended from heaven. South Korea's National Foundation Day. * 52 BC – Gallic Wars: Vercingetorix, leader of the Gauls, surrenders to the Romans under Juliu ...
** Kaiser
Wilhelm II of Germany , house = Hohenzollern , father = Frederick III, German Emperor , mother = Victoria, Princess Royal , religion = Lutheranism (Prussian United) , signature = Wilhelm II, German Emperor Signature-.svg Wilhelm II (Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor ...
appoints Max von Baden Chancellor of Germany. ** King
Ferdinand I of Bulgaria , image = Zar Ferdinand Bulgarien.jpg , caption = Ferdinand in 1912 , reign = 5 October 1908 – , coronation = , succession = Tsar of Bulgaria , predecessor = Himself as Prince , successor = Boris III , rei ...
abdicates in the wake of the Bulgarian military collapse in WWI. He is succeeded by his son,
Boris III Boris III ( bg, Борѝс III ; Boris Treti; 28 August 1943), originally Boris Klemens Robert Maria Pius Ludwig Stanislaus Xaver (Boris Clement Robert Mary Pius Louis Stanislaus Xavier) , was the Tsar of the Kingdom of Bulgaria from 1918 until h ...
. ** WWI: The
Pursuit to Haritan The Pursuit to Haritan occurred between 29 September and 26 October 1918 when the XXI Corps and Desert Mounted Corps of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) pursued the retreating remnants of the Yildirim Army Group advanced north from Damascu ...
by the Desert Mounted Corps begins. *
October 4 Events Pre-1600 *AD 23 – Rebels sack the Chinese capital Chang'an during a peasant rebellion. *1209 – Otto IV is crowned Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire by Pope Innocent III. *1302 – The Byzantine–Venetian War comes t ...
**
Wilhelm II of Germany , house = Hohenzollern , father = Frederick III, German Emperor , mother = Victoria, Princess Royal , religion = Lutheranism (Prussian United) , signature = Wilhelm II, German Emperor Signature-.svg Wilhelm II (Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor ...
forms a new, liberal government to sue for peace. ** The T. A. Gillespie Company Shell Loading Plant explosion in New Jersey kills 100+, and destroys enough ammunition to supply the Western Front for 6 months. * October 7 – The Regency Council (Poland) declares Polish independence from the German Empire, and demands that Germany cede the Polish provinces of Poznań, Upper Silesia and Polish Corridor, Polish Pomerania. * October 8–October 10, 10 – WWI: Battle of Cambrai (1918), Second Battle of Cambrai: British and Canadian troops take Cambrai from the Germans and the First and Third British Armies break through the Hindenburg Line. * October 8 – WWI: In the Forest of Argonne in France, U.S. Corporal Alvin C. York almost single-handedly kills 25 German soldiers and captures 132. * October 9 – Landgrave Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse is elected Kingdom of Finland (1918), King of Finland. * October 11 – The magnitude (Mw) 7.1 1918 San Fermín earthquake, San Fermín earthquake shakes Puerto Rico with a maximum Mercalli intensity scale, Mercalli intensity of IX (''Violent''), killing 76–116 people. A destructive tsunami contributes to the damage and loss of life. * October 12 – 1918 Cloquet Fire, Cloquet Fire: The city of Cloquet, Minnesota, and nearby areas are destroyed in a fire, killing 453. * October 18 – The Czechoslovak declaration of independence, Washington Declaration proclaims the independent First Czechoslovak Republic, Czechoslovak Republic. * October 24 – WWI: The Battle of Vittorio Veneto opens. * October 25 ** WWI: Battle of Aleppo (1918), Aleppo is captured, by Faisal I of Iraq, Prince Feisal's Sheifial Forces. ** The steamer ''SS Princess Sophia, Princess Sophia'' sinks on Vanderbilt Reef near Juneau, Alaska; 353 people die, in the greatest maritime disaster in the Pacific Northwest. * October 26 – WWI – Charge at Haritan: Units of the Desert Mounted Corps battle with Ottoman forces for the last time in WWI. * October 28 ** Czechoslovakia declares its independence from
Austria-Hungary Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire,, the Dual Monarchy, or Austria, was a constitutional monarchy and great power in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. It was formed with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of ...
. ** A new Polish government is declared in Western Galicia (Eastern Europe). * October 29 ** The Wilhelmshaven mutiny of the German High Seas Fleet breaks out. ** The State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs declares its independence from Austria-Hungary. * October 30 ** The Martin Declaration is published, including Slovakia in the formation of the Czecho-Slovak state. ** The Armistice of Mudros ends conflict between the Ottoman Empire and the Allies of World War I, and grants independence to the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen. * October 31 – The Kingdom of Hungary, Hungarian government terminates the personal union with Austria, officially dissolving the Austro-Hungarian Empire.


November

* November 1 ** The Polish–Ukrainian War is inaugurated, by the proclamation of the West Ukrainian People's Republic in Galicia (Eastern Europe), Galicia, with a capital at Lviv, Lwów. ** Serbian forces recapture Belgrade. ** Malbone Street Wreck: The worst rapid transit accident in world history occurs under the intersection of Malbone Street and Flatbush Avenue, in Brooklyn, New York City, with at least 93 dead. * November 3 ** WWI: Austria-Hungary enters an armistice with the Allies of WWI, Allies, at the Villa Giusti in Padua. ** Poland declares its independence from Russia. ** German Revolution of 1918–1919, German Revolution: In Kiel, sailors in the German fleet Kiel mutiny, mutiny, and throughout northern
Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...
soldiers and workers begin to establish revolutionary councils, on the Russian Soviet (council), soviet model. * November 4 – WWI: The Armistice of Villa Giusti ends warfare between Italy and Austria-Hungary, on the Italian Front. * November 6 – A new Polish government is proclaimed in Lublin. * November 7 – King Ludwig III of Bavaria, Ludwig of Bavaria flees his country. * November 8 – The German army withdraws its support of the Kaiser. The German Armistice delegation arrives at the Forest of Compiègne in France. * November 9 ** Kaiser
Wilhelm II of Germany , house = Hohenzollern , father = Frederick III, German Emperor , mother = Victoria, Princess Royal , religion = Lutheranism (Prussian United) , signature = Wilhelm II, German Emperor Signature-.svg Wilhelm II (Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor ...
abdicates and chooses to live in exile in the Netherlands. ** The Proclamation of the republic in Germany, German Republic is proclaimed by Philipp Scheidemann in Berlin, on the Reichstag building, Reichstag balcony. ** Provisional National Council Minister-President Kurt Eisner declares Bavaria to be a republic. ** British Pre-dreadnought battleship, battleship is sunk by a German submarine off Cape Trafalgar, Trafalgar, with the loss of around fifty lives (the last major naval engagement of WWI). * November 11 ** End of World War I, WWI: Armistice of 11 November 1918 – Germany signs an armistice agreement with the Allies, between 5:12 AM and 5:20 AM, in the "Compiègne Wagon", Marshal Ferdinand Foch, Foch's railroad car, in the Forest of Compiègne in France. It becomes official on the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month. At 10:59 U.S. soldier Henry Gunther becomes (probably) the last killed in action. ** Poland regains independence, after 123 years of Partitions of Poland, partitions. Józef Piłsudski is appointed Commander-in-Chief. ** Emperor Charles I of Austria gives up his absolute power, but does not abdicate. ** Loppem Coup: Start of a series of political meetings between Albert I of Belgium, King Albert I and Belgian liberals and socialists. ** Red Week (Netherlands), Red Week: Pieter Jelles Troelstra gives a speech calling for socialist revolution in the Netherlands. * November 12 – Republic of German-Austria, Austria becomes a republic. * November 13 ** The Allied Occupation of Constantinople begins. ** Frederick II, Grand Duke of Baden, relinquishes all governing duties. * November 14 ** Czechoslovakia becomes a republic. ** The Second Polish Republic is proclaimed with Józef Piłsudski as head of state. ** The provisional government of Baden proclaims the "Free People's Republic of Baden" (''Freie Volksrepublik Baden''). ** Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse, is forced from his throne, leading to the establishment of the People's State of Hesse. ** Frederick Francis IV, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin abdicates his throne, leading to the establishment of the Free State of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. ** Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, announces he is ceasing to rule Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, leading to the establishment of the Free State of Coburg. ** German East African troops are informed of the November 11 armistice. * November 16 – The Hungarian Democratic Republic is declared, marking Hungary's independence from Austria. * November 18 – Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic, Latvia declares its independence from Russia. * November 20 –
U-boat U-boats were naval submarines operated by Germany, particularly in the First and Second World Wars. Although at times they were efficient fleet weapons against enemy naval warships, they were most effectively used in an economic warfare ro ...
s start to rendezvous off Harwich, to begin the surrender of the High Seas Fleet to the British Royal Navy; in the following week the German warships are escorted to internment in Scapa Flow. * November 21 – Lwów pogrom (1918), Lwów pogrom: Second Polish Republic, Polish troops, volunteers and freed criminals massacre at least 320 Ukrainian Christians and History of the Jews in Poland, Jews in Lviv, Lwów, Galicia (Eastern Europe), Galicia. * November 22 ** The Spartacist League founds the German Communist Party. ** The Monarchy of Belgium, Belgian royal family returns to Brussels after the war, King Albert I of Belgium, Albert I having commanded the Allies of World War I, Allied army group in the September–October Battle of Courtrai (1918), Courtrai offensive, which liberated his country. ** Frederick II, Grand Duke of Baden, abdicates; the Grand Duchy of Baden gives way to the Republic of Baden. * November 23 – British military government of Palestine (region), Palestine begins. * November 25 – General Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck, German commander in German East Africa, signs a ceasefire at Mbala, Zambia, Abercorn in Northern Rhodesia. * November 26 – The Podgorica Assembly ('Great National Assembly of the Serb People in Montenegro') votes for a "union of the people" between the kingdoms of Kingdom of Montenegro, Montenegro and Kingdom of Serbia, Serbia and for deposition of the exiled King Nicholas I of Montenegro. * November 28 – Estonian War of Independence: The
Red Army The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army ( Russian: Рабо́че-крестья́нская Кра́сная армия),) often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and, afte ...
invades Estonia, starting the war. The Commune of the Working People of Estonia is established as a Soviet puppet state in Narva on the next day. * November 29 – Kingdom of Serbia, Serbia annexes Kingdom of Montenegro, Montenegro, suspending the latter's existence as a sovereign state for nearly the entirety of the following 88 years. * November 30 – Ernest Ansermet conducts the first concert by the ''Orchestre de la Suisse Romande''.


December

* December 1 ** By the Danish–Icelandic Act of Union, Kingdom of Iceland, Iceland regains independence, but remains in personal union with the King of Denmark, who also becomes the King of Iceland. ** New voting laws in Sweden makes votes no longer dependent on taxable assets, each adult having one vote. ** The Union of Transylvania with Romania, Union of Alba Iulia is proclaimed: Following the
March 27 Events Pre-1600 *1309 – Pope Clement V imposes excommunication and interdiction on Venice, and a general prohibition of all commercial intercourse with Venice, which had seized on Ferrara, a papal fiefdom. * 1329 – Pope John XXII ...
incorporation of Bessarabia and Bucovina, Transylvania unites with the
Kingdom of Romania The Kingdom of Romania ( ro, Regatul României) was a constitutional monarchy that existed in Romania from 13 March ( O.S.) / 25 March 1881 with the crowning of prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen as King Carol I (thus beginning the Romanian ...
. ** The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (which later becomes the Kingdom of Yugoslavia) is proclaimed, in particular ending Serbia's existence as a sovereign state for the next 87 years (it would not regain its sovereignty until 2006). * December 4 – President Woodrow Wilson departs by ship to the Paris Peace Conference, 1919, Paris Peace Conference, becoming the first United States President to travel to Europe while holding office. * December 5 – Estonian War of Independence: The British light cruiser strikes a naval mine, mine and sinks near Saaremaa in the Baltic Sea, killing 11 sailors. * December 6: A 1918 Vancouver Island earthquake, magnitude (Mw) 7.2 earthquake shakes British Columbia. * December 14 ** Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse renounces the Finnish throne. ** Portuguese President Sidónio Pais is assassinated. ** Giacomo Puccini's comic opera ''Gianni Schicchi'' premiered at the Metropolitan Opera in
New York City New York, often called New York City or NYC, is the most populous city in the United States. With a 2020 population of 8,804,190 distributed over , New York City is also the most densely populated major city in the Un ...
. * December 16 – Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas declares the formation of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic (1918–19), Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic, a puppet state created by the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Russian SFSR to justify the Lithuanian–Soviet War. * December 17 – Darwin Rebellion in Australia: Disaffected workers march on Government House, Darwin, demanding the resignation of the Administrator of the Northern Territory, John A. Gilruth. * December 20 – Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk returns to the Czechoslovak Republic. * December 21 – Estonian War of Independence: The
Red Army The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army ( Russian: Рабо́че-крестья́нская Кра́сная армия),) often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and, afte ...
captures Tartu, Estonia. * December 25 – ''Der Stahlhelm, Bund der Frontsoldaten'', is formed in Germany as a German nationalism, nationalist veterans' organization. * December 27 – Greater Poland Uprising (1918–19): Poles in Greater Poland (the former Grand Duchy of Posen) rise up against the Germans, ignited by a patriotic speech made in Poznań by pianist and politician Ignacy Jan Paderewski. * December 28 – Sinn Féin enjoys a landslide victory in Irish seats in the 1918 Irish general election, Irish general election (part of the 1918 United Kingdom general election), following the counting of votes, winning 73 of the 105 seats in Ireland. In accordance with their Sinn Féin Manifesto 1918, manifesto, Sinn Féin members will not take their seats in the Palace of Westminster but will form the First Dáil in Dublin. Countess Constance Markievicz, while detained in Holloway Prison (London), becomes the first woman elected to (but does not take her seat in) the British House of Commons of the United Kingdom, House of Commons. * December 31 – A British-brokered ceasefire ends the two weeks of fighting in the Georgian–Armenian War.


Date unknown

* The Native American Church is formally founded in Oklahoma. * The Association Against the Prohibition Amendment is founded to promote repeal of Prohibition in the United States. * United Business Media is founded in London, as United Newspapers Ltd. * Around 1,000 pilot whales are Cetacean stranding, stranded in the Chatham Islands.


Births


January

* January 1 ** Nat Jaffe, American swing jazz pianist (d. 1945) ** Patrick Anthony Porteous, Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross (d. 2000) * January 2 – Gudrun Zapf-von Hesse, German typographer, calligrapher and book-binder (d. 2019) * January 9 – Alma Ziegler, American female professional baseball player (d. 2005) * January 10 – Arthur Chung, 1st President of Guyana (d. 2008) * January 11 – Kassim Al-Rimawi, Prime Minister of Jordan (d. 1982) * January 12 – Mike Laffin, Canadian politician, dentist (d. 2019) * January 14 – Dimitri Tsafendas, South African criminal (d. 1999) * January 15 ** João Figueiredo, 30th President of Brazil (d. 1999) ** Ira B. Harkey Jr., American newspaper editor (d. 2006) ** Gamal Abdel Nasser, 2nd President of Egypt (d. 1970) ** Deryck Stapleton, British Royal Air Force officer (d. 2018) * January 16 ** Nel Benschop, Dutch poet (d. 2005) ** Allan Ekelund, Swedish film producer (d. 2009) ** Stirling Silliphant, American writer, producer (d. 1996) * January 17 ** Kamal Amrohi, Indian director, screenwriter (d. 1993) ** George M. Leader, American politician (d. 2013) *
January 19 Events Pre-1600 * 379 – Emperor Gratian elevates Flavius Theodosius at Sirmium to ''Augustus'', and gives him authority over all the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire. * 649 – Conquest of Kucha: The forces of Kucha surrend ...
** Peter Hobbs (actor), Peter Hobbs, American actor (d. 2011) ** John H. Johnson, African-American publisher, founder of ''Ebony (magazine), Ebony'' (d. 2005) * January 20 ** Juan García Esquivel, Mexican bandleader (d. 2002) ** Nevin S. Scrimshaw, American food scientist (d. 2013) * January 21 ** Chicháy, Filipino actress (d. 1993) ** Richard Winters, U.S. Army officer (d. 2011) * January 22 – Elmer Lach, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2015) * January 23 – Gertrude B. Elion, American scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1999) * January 24 – Oral Roberts, American neo-Pentecostal televangelist (d. 2009) * January 25 – Ernie Harwell, American baseball sportscaster (d. 2010) * January 26 ** Nicolae Ceaușescu, Romanian communist politician and leader (d. 1989) ** Philip José Farmer, American writer (d. 2009) ** Vito Scotti, American character actor (d. 1996) * January 27 ** Skitch Henderson, English-born musician, bandleader (d. 2005) ** Elmore James, American musician (d. 1963) * January 29 ** Luis Aguilar (actor), Luis Aguilar, Mexican actor, and singer (d. 1997) ** John Forsythe, American actor (''Dynasty'') (d. 2010) * January 30 – Bazilije Pandžić, Croatian historian, archivist and orientalist (d. 2019) *
January 31 Events Pre-1600 * 314 – Pope Sylvester I is consecrated, as successor to the late Pope Miltiades. *1208 – The Battle of Lena takes place between King Sverker II of Sweden and his rival, Prince Eric, whose victory puts him on the ...
– Millie Dunn Veasey, African-American civil rights activist (d. 2018)


February

* February 1 ** Carlos Fayt, Argentine lawyer, politician and academic (d. 2016) ** Dame Muriel Spark, Scottish author (d. 2006) * February 2 – Hella Haasse, Dutch writer (d. 2011) * February 3 ** Joey Bishop, American entertainer, member of the "Rat Pack" (d. 2007) ** Martin Greenberg (poet), Martin Greenberg, American poet and translator (d. 2021) ** Helen Stephens, American runner (d. 1994) * February 4 ** Clive Bossom, British politician (d. 2017) ** Ida Lupino, Anglo-American actress, screenwriter, director and producer (d. 1995) * February 6 – Lothar-Günther Buchheim, German author (d. 2007) * February 7 – Markey Robinson, Irish painter (d. 1999) * February 8 ** Fred Blassie, American professional wrestler, novelty singer (''Pencil Neck Geek'') (d. 2003) ** Walter Newton Read, American lawyer, second chairman of the New Jersey Casino Control Commission (d. 2001) * February 12 – Julian Schwinger, American physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1994) * February 14 – William L. Snyder, American film producer (d. 1998) * February 15 ** Allan Arbus, American actor (''M*A*S*H (TV series), M*A*S*H'') (d. 2013) ** Smilja Avramov, Serbian academic, authority and educator in international law (d. 2018) ** William T. Young, American businessman (d. 2004) *
February 16 Events Pre-1600 *1249 – Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khagan of the Mongol Empire. *1270 – Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeats the Livonian Order in the Battle of Kar ...
– Patty Andrews, American singer (The Andrews Sisters) (d. 2013) * February 17 – William Bronk, American poet (d. 1999) * February 19 – Fay McKenzie, American silent film actress (d. 2019) *
February 21 Events Pre-1600 *452 or 453 – Severianus, Bishop of Scythopolis, is martyred in Palestine. * 1245 – Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland, is granted resignation after confessing to torture and forgery. *1440 – The Pru ...
– Robert E. Thacker, American aviator and test pilot (d. 2020) * February 22 ** Charlie Finley, American owner of the Oakland A's (1960–80) (d. 1996) ** Don Pardo, American television announcer (''Saturday Night Live'') (d. 2014) ** Robert Pershing Wadlow, American tallest man record-holder (d. 1940) * February 25 ** Barney Ewell, American athlete (d. 1996) ** Miguel Gallastegui, Spanish pelotari (d. 2019) ** Bobby Riggs, American tennis player (d. 1995) * February 26 ** Herbert Blaize, 6th Prime Minister of Grenada (d. 1989) ** Lloyd Geering, New Zealand theologian ** Theodore Sturgeon, American writer (d. 1985) * February 28 – Alfred Burke, English actor (d. 2011)


March

*
March 1 Events Pre-1600 *509 BC – Publius Valerius Publicola celebrates the first triumph of the Roman Republic after his victory over the deposed king Lucius Tarquinius Superbus at the Battle of Silva Arsia. * 293 – Emperor Diocletian ...
** Franz Becker, German footballer (d. 1965) ** Roger Delgado, British actor (d. 1973) ** João Goulart, 24th President of Brazil (d. 1976) ** James N. Morgan, American economist (d. 2018) * March 2 – Martin Flannery, British politician (d. 2006) *
March 3 Events Pre-1600 * 473 – Gundobad (nephew of Ricimer) nominates Glycerius as emperor of the Western Roman Empire. * 724 – Empress Genshō abdicates the throne in favor of her nephew Shōmu who becomes emperor of Japan. * 1575 & ...
** Arthur Kornberg, American biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2007) ** Fritz Thiedemann, German equestrian (d. 2000) * March 4 – Margaret Osborne duPont, American female tennis player (d. 2012) * March 5 ** Shlomo Lorincz, member of Israeli Knesset for Agudat Yisrael (d. 2009) ** James Tobin, American economist, Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, Nobel Memorial Prize laureate (d. 2002) * March 9 ** George Lincoln Rockwell, American Nazi leader (d. 1967) ** Mickey Spillane, American writer (d. 2006) * March 10 – Günther Rall, German ace fighter pilot (d. 2009) * March 11 – Jack Coe, American evangelist (d. 1956) * March 12 – Elaine de Kooning, American artist (d. 1989) * March 13 – Eddie Pellagrini, American baseball player, coach (d. 2006) * March 14 – John McCallum (actor), John McCallum, Australian actor (d. 2010) *
March 15 Events Pre-1600 *474 BC – Roman consul Aulus Manlius Vulso celebrates an ovation for concluding the war against Veii and securing a forty years' truce. * 44 BC – The assassination of Julius Caesar takes place. * 493 – Odo ...
– William McIntyre (judge), William McIntyre, Canadian Puisne Justice (d. 2009) * March 16 – Frederick Reines, American physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1998) * March 17 – Viviane Gauthier, Haitian dancer (d. 2017) * March 18 – Bob Broeg, American sports writer (d. 2005) * March 20 – Jack Barry (game show host), Jack Barry, American television game show host, producer (d. 1984) * March 22 – Cheddi Jagan, 4th President of Guyana (d. 1997) *
March 23 Events Pre-1600 *1400 – The Trần dynasty of Vietnam is deposed, after one hundred and seventy-five years of rule, by Hồ Quý Ly, a court official. *1540 – Waltham Abbey is surrendered to King Henry VIII of England; the last rel ...
** Kazu Naoki, Japanese soccer player (d. 1940s) ** Stick McGhee, American jump blues singer, guitarist, and songwriter (d. 1961) ** Émile Derlin Zinsou, President of Benin (d. 2016) * March 25 – Howard Cosell, American attorney, lecturer, and sports journalist (d. 1995) *
March 26 Events Pre-1600 * 590 – Emperor Maurice proclaims his son Theodosius as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire. *1021 – On the feast of Eid al-Adha, the death of the Fatimid caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, kept secret for six weeks, ...
– Lloyd McCuiston, American politician (d. 2021) * March 28 – Gonzalo Facio Segreda, Costa Rican lawyer, politician, and diplomat (d. 2018) * March 29 ** Pearl Bailey, African-American singer, actress (d. 1990) ** Shirley Jameson, American female baseball player (d. 1993) ** Sam Walton, founder of Wal-Mart (d. 1992)


April

*
April 1 Events Pre-1600 * 33 – According to one historian's account, Jesus Christ's Last Supper is held. * 527 – Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne. *1081 – Alexios I Ko ...
– Milt Earnhart, American politician (d. 2020) *
April 6 Events Pre–1600 *46 BC – Julius Caesar defeats Caecilius Metellus Scipio and Marcus Porcius Cato (Cato the Younger) at the Battle of Thapsus. * 402 – Stilicho defeats the Visigoths under Alaric in the Battle of Pollentia. *13 ...
** Alfredo Ovando Candía, 48th President of Bolivia (d. 1982) ** George Corones, Australian Masters swimmer (d. 2020) * April 7 – Bobby Doerr, American baseball player (d. 2017) * April 8 ** Betty Ford, First Lady of the United States (d. 2011) ** Charles P. Roland, American historian (d. 2022) *
April 9 Events Pre-1600 * 193 – The distinguished soldier Septimius Severus is proclaimed emperor by the army in Illyricum. * 475 – Byzantine Emperor Basiliscus issues a circular letter (''Enkyklikon'') to the bishops of his empire, su ...
– Jørn Utzon, Danish architect (d. 2008) * April 10 – H. S. Doreswamy, Indian activist, journalist (d. 2021) * April 11 – Jean-Claude Servan-Schreiber, French journalist, politician (d. 2018) * April 14 – Mary Healy (entertainer), Mary Healy, American actress, variety entertainer and singer (d. 2015) * April 15 – Edmund Jones, American politician (d. 2019) * April 16 ** Spike Milligan, Irish comedian (d. 2002) ** Murray Westgate, Canadian actor (d. 2018) * April 17 ** William Holden, American actor (d. 1981) ** Frank Popper, French historian (d. 2020) ** Anne Shirley (actress), Anne Shirley, American actress (d. 1993) * April 18 ** Gabriel Axel, Danish film director (d. 2014) ** Shinobu Hashimoto, Japanese screenwriter (d. 2018) ** Clifton Hillegass, American author, founder of ''CliffsNotes'' (d. 2001) ** Claudio Teehankee, Filipino lawyer (d. 1989) * April 20 **Edward L. Beach Jr., American naval officer, author (d. 2002) **Kai Siegbahn, Swedish physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2007) *
April 22 Events Pre-1600 * 1500 – Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral lands in Brazil. * 1519 – Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés establishes a settlement at Veracruz, Mexico. *1529 – Treaty of Zaragoza divides the eastern h ...
** William Jay Smith, American poet (d. 2015) ** Mickey Vernon, American baseball player (d. 2008) * April 24 – Lou Dorfsman, American graphic designer (d. 2008) * April 26 – Fanny Blankers-Koen, Dutch athlete (d. 2004) * April 27 – John Rice (umpire), John Rice, American baseball umpire (d. 2011) *
April 28 Events Pre-1600 * 224 – The Battle of Hormozdgan is fought. Ardashir I defeats and kills Artabanus V effectively ending the Parthian Empire. * 357 – Emperor Constantius II enters Rome for the first time to celebrate his victory ...
** Mildred Persinger, American feminist (d. 2018) ** Karl-Eduard von Schnitzler, East German journalist, host of the television show ''Der schwarze Kanal'' (d. 2001) ** Rodger Wilton Young, United States Army soldier, remembered in the song "The Ballad of Rodger Young" (d. 1943) * April 29 ** George Allen (American football coach), George Allen, American football coach (d. 1990) ** Nils Östensson, Swedish Olympic cross-country skier (d. 1949)


May

*
May 1 Events Pre-1600 * 305 – Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman emperor. * 880 – The Nea Ekklesia is inaugurated in Constantinople, setting the model for all later cross-in-square Orthodox churches. *1169 – N ...
** Jack Paar, American television show host (''The Tonight Show'') (d. 2004) ** Li Yaowen, Chinese politician, general and diplomat (d. 2018) * May 3 – Richard Dudman, American reporter, editorial writer (''St. Louis Post-Dispatch'') (d. 2017) * May 4 ** Kakuei Tanaka, 40th Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1993) ** Ana Enriqueta Terán, Venezuelan poet (d. 2017) * May 5 – Egidio Galea, Maltese Roman Catholic priest (d. 2005) * May 6 ** Henrietta Boggs, Costa Rican-American author, journalist and activist (d. 2020) ** Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, 1st President of the United Arab Emirates (d. 2004) *
May 9 Events Pre-1600 * 328 – Athanasius is elected Patriarch of Alexandria. *1009 – Lombard Revolt: Lombard forces led by Melus revolt in Bari against the Byzantine Catepanate of Italy. *1386 – England and Portugal formally rati ...
** Russell M. Carneal, American politician, judge (d. 1998) ** Orville Freeman, American politician (d. 2003) ** Mike Wallace, American journalist (d. 2012) * May 10 ** T. Berry Brazelton, American pediatrician (d. 2018) ** George Welch (pilot), George Welch, American aviator (d. 1954) * May 11 – Richard Feynman, American physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1988) * May 12 – Julius Rosenberg, American-born Soviet spy (d. 1953) *
May 15 Events Pre-1600 * 221 – Liu Bei, Chinese warlord, proclaims himself emperor of Shu Han, the successor of the Han dynasty. * 392 – Emperor Valentinian II is assassinated while advancing into Gaul against the Frankish usurper Arbog ...
** Eddy Arnold, American country music singer (d. 2008) ** Joseph Wiseman, Canadian actor (d. 2009) * May 16 – Wilf Mannion, English footballer (d. 2000) * May 17 – Birgit Nilsson, Swedish soprano (d. 2005) * May 18 ** Claudia Bryar, American actress (d. 2011) ** Joe and Beth Krush, Joe Krush, American illustrator (d. 2022) * May 19 – Abraham Pais, Dutch-born American physicist (d. 2000) *
May 20 Events Pre-1600 * 325 – The First Council of Nicaea is formally opened, starting the first ecumenical council of the Christian Church. * 491 – Empress Ariadne marries Anastasius I. The widowed '' Augusta'' is able to choose her ...
– Edward B. Lewis, American geneticist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2004) * May 23 ** Frank Mancuso, American major league baseball player, politician (d. 2007) ** Naomi Replansky, American poet * May 27 – Yasuhiro Nakasone, 45th Prime Minister of Japan (d. 2019) *
May 28 Events Pre-1600 *585 BC – A solar eclipse occurs, as predicted by the Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling Cyaxares in the Battle of the Eclipse, leading to a truce. This is one of the cardinal dates from ...
** Norbert Franck, Luxembourgian swimmer (d. 2006) ** Johnny Wayne, Canadian comedian (d. 1990) * May 30 ** Károly Doncsecz, Slovenian potter (d. 2002) ** Martin Lundström, Swedish Olympic cross-country skier (d. 2016) * May 31 – Margaret Todd (golfer), Margaret Todd, Canadian female golfer (d. 2019)


June

* June 2 – Kathryn Tucker Windham, American writer, storyteller (d. 2011) *
June 4 Events Pre-1600 *1411 – King Charles VI granted a monopoly for the ripening of Roquefort cheese to the people of Roquefort-sur-Soulzon as they had been doing for centuries. * 1561 – The steeple of St Paul's, the medieval cathedr ...
**Ray Steiner Cline, American government official (d. 1996) **Johnny Klein, American drummer (d. 1997) * June 6 ** Kenneth Connor, English comedy stage, radio, film and television actor (d. 1993) ** Edwin G. Krebs, American biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2009) *
June 8 Events Pre-1600 * 218 – Battle of Antioch: With the support of the Syrian legions, Elagabalus defeats the forces of emperor Macrinus. * 452 – Attila leads a Hun army in the invasion of Italy, devastating the northern province ...
– Robert Preston (actor), Robert Preston, American actor (''The Music Man'') (d. 1987) * June 9 – John Hospers, American philosopher (d. 2011) *
June 10 Events Pre-1600 * 671 – Emperor Tenji of Japan introduces a water clock ( clepsydra) called ''Rokoku''. The instrument, which measures time and indicates hours, is placed in the capital of Ōtsu. *1190 – Third Crusade: Frederick I ...
** Wood Moy, American actor (d. 2017) ** Patachou, French singer (d. 2015) * June 11 – Hugo Scheltema, Dutch diplomat (d. 1996) *
June 12 Events Pre-1600 * 910 – Battle of Augsburg: The Hungarians defeat the East Frankish army under King Louis the Child, using the famous feigned retreat tactic of the nomadic warriors. * 1240 – At the instigation of Louis IX of Fr ...
– Jerry A. Moore Jr., American politician (d. 2017) * June 15 – François Tombalbaye, 1st President of Chad (d. 1975) * June 17 ** Derek Barber, Baron Barber of Tewkesbury, British life peer (d. 2017) ** Ajahn Chah Subaddho, Buddhist teacher (d. 1992) ** Raúl Padilla (alias ''El Chato''), Mexican actor (d. 1994) * June 18 ** Jerome Karle, American chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2013) ** Franco Modigliani, Italian-born economist, Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, Nobel Memorial Prize laureate (d. 2003) ** Angel Martín Taboas, Puerto Rican-American politician ** Elisabeth Waldo, American violinist, composer * June 21 ** Allan Lindberg, Swedish pole vaulter (d. 2004) ** Dee Molenaar, American mountaineer, author and artist (d. 2020) ** Adriana Sivieri, Argentine-born Italian film actress ** Tibor Szele, Hungarian mathematician (d. 1955) ** Josephine Webb, American engineer *
June 22 Events Pre-1600 * 217 BC – Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV Philopator of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom. * 168 BC – Battle of Pydna: Romans under Lucius Aemilius Paullus defeat Macedonian King Perseus ...
** Cicely Saunders, English Anglican nurse, social worker, physician and writer (d. 2005) ** Yeoh Ghim Seng, Singaporean politician, acting President of Singapore (d. 1993) * June 23 – Paul Ashbee, British archaeologist (d. 2009) * June 24 ** Myroslav Ivan Lubachivsky, Ukrainian Catholic bishop (d. 2000) ** Yong Nyuk Lin, Singaporean politician (d. 2012) * June 25 ** Lady Cynthia Postan, English horticulturist (d. 2017) ** Sid Tepper, American songwriter (d. 2015) * June 26 ** Ellen Liiger, Estonian actress (d. 1987) ** Raleigh Rhodes, American combat fighter pilot (d. 2007) ** Leo Rosner, Polish-born Austrian Jewish musician (d. 2008) * June 27 ** Willy Breinholst, Danish humorist, writer (d. 2009) ** Adolph Kiefer, American former competition swimmer (d. 2017) * June 28 – Marshall Brown (basketball, born 1918), Marshall Brown, American professional basketball player (d. 2008) *
June 29 Events Pre-1600 * 226 – Cao Rui succeeds his father as emperor of the Kingdom of Wei. *1149 – Raymond of Poitiers is defeated and killed at the Battle of Inab by Nur ad-Din Zangi. * 1194 – Sverre is crowned King of Norway, ...
** Gene La Rocque, U.S. admiral (d. 2016) ** Heini Lohrer, Swiss ice hockey player (d. 2011) * June 30 – Jackie Roberts, Welsh footballer (d. 2001)


July

* July 1 ** Ahmed Deedat, South African writer, public speaker (d. 2005) ** Pedro Yap, Filipino lawyer (d. 2003) ** Ralph Young (singer), Ralph Young, American singer, actor (d. 2008) * July 2 ** Athos Bulcão, Brazilian painter, sculptor (d. 2008) ** Indumati Bhattacharya, Indian politician (d. 1990) *
July 3 Events Pre-1600 * 324 – Battle of Adrianople: Constantine I defeats Licinius, who flees to Byzantium. * 987 – Hugh Capet is crowned King of France, the first of the Capetian dynasty that would rule France until the French Revolut ...
** Shirley Adelson Siegel, American activist and lawyer (d. 2020) ** Johnny Palmer, American golfer (d. 2006) ** Benjamin C. Thompson, American architect (d. 2002) ** Lorenzo Robledo, Spanish actor (d. 2006) *
July 4 Events Pre-1600 *362 BC – Battle of Mantinea: The Thebans, led by Epaminondas, defeated the Spartans. * 414 – Emperor Theodosius II, age 13, yields power to his older sister Aelia Pulcheria, who reigned as regent and proclaime ...
** King Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV of Tonga (d. 2006) ** Alec Bedser, English cricketer (d. 2010) ** Eric Bedser, English cricketer (d. 2006) ** Eppie Lederer, Ann Landers, American advice columnist (d. 2002) ** Joe Fortunato (coach), Joe Fortunato, American football, basketball, and baseball coach (d. 2004) ** Pauline Phillips, American advice columnist, popularly known as Abigail Van Buren (d. 2013) * July 5 ** Brian James (actor), Brian James, Australian actor (d. 2009) ** Zakaria Mohieddin, Egyptian general, politician (d. 2012) ** Nikos Papatakis, Greek Ethiopian-born naturalised French filmmaker (d. 2010) ** George Rochberg, American composer (d. 2005) ** Miguel Ángel Sanz Bocos, Spanish fighter pilot (d. 2018) * July 6 ** Sebastian Cabot (actor), Sebastian Cabot, English actor (d. 1977) ** J. Dewey Daane, American economist (d. 2017) ** Herm Fuetsch, American professional basketball player (d. 2010) ** Francisco Moncion, Dominican-American dancer, charter member of New York City Ballet (d. 1995) * July 7 ** Jing Shuping, Chinese businessman (d. 2009) ** Bob Vanatta, American head basketball coach (d. 2016) * July 8 ** Paul B. Fay, American businessman, soldier, and diplomat, 12th United States Secretary of the Navy (d. 2009) ** Edward B. Giller, U.S. major general (d. 2017) ** Julia Pirie, British spy working for MI5 (d. 2008) ** Oluf Reed-Olsen, Norwegian resistance member, pilot (d. 2002) ** Craig Stevens (actor), Craig Stevens, American actor (d. 2000) * July 9 – Jarl Wahlström, Salvation Army general (d. 1999) * July 10 ** Frank L. Lambert, American professor emeritus of chemistry at Occidental College (d. 2018) ** Chuck Stevens, American major baseball (d. 2018) * July 11 – Venetia Burney, English woman known for being the first person to suggest the name Pluto for the planet in 1930 (d. 2009) * July 12 ** Mary Glen-Haig, British Olympic fencer (d. 2014) ** Doris Grumbach, American novelist, memoirist, biographer, literary critic, and essayist (d. 2022) ** Vivian Mason, American actress (d. 2009) ** Paul Stenn, American football offensive tackle (d. 2003) ** Alice Van-Springsteen, American stuntwoman, jockey (d. 2008) *
July 13 Events Pre-1600 * 1174 – William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173–74, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to Henry II of England. * 1249 – Coronation of Alexander III as King of Scots. *1260 – The Livon ...
** Alberto Ascari, Italian race car driver (d. 1955) ** Ted Oldfield, English footballer (d. 2006) *
July 14 Events Pre-1600 * 982 – King Otto II and his Frankish army are defeated by the Muslim army of al-Qasim at Cape Colonna, Southern Italy. * 1223 – Louis VIII becomes King of France upon the death of his father, Philip II. * 142 ...
** T. M. Aluko, Nigerian writer (d. 2010) ** Ingmar Bergman, Swedish film director (d. 2007) ** Jay Wright Forrester, American computer engineer, systems scientist (d. 2016) *
July 15 Events Pre-1600 *484 BC – Dedication of the Temple of Castor and Pollux in ancient Rome * 70 – First Jewish–Roman War: Titus and his armies breach the walls of Jerusalem. ( 17th of Tammuz in the Hebrew calendar). * 756 – ...
** Paddy Bassett, New Zealand scientist (d. 2019) ** Bertram Brockhouse, Canadian physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2003) ** Aubrey Buxton, Baron Buxton of Alsa, British soldier, politician, television executive and writer (d. 2009) ** Arthur Dimmock, English writer, journalist and historian (d. 2007) ** Brenda Milner, Canadian neuropsychologist * July 16 ** Denis Edward Arnold, English soldier (d. 2015) ** Bayani Casimiro, Filipino dancer and actor (d. 1989) ** Pituka de Foronda, Spanish actress (d. 1999) ** John Frost (SAAF officer), John Everitt Frost Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom), DFC medal bar, & Bar, World War II South African Air Force, SAAF fighter aviator, pilot (Missing in action, MIA 16 June 1942) ** Samuel Victor Perry, British biochemist (d. 2009) ** Leonard T. Schroeder, American colonel (d. 2009) ** Jim Vickers-Willis, Australian journalist (d. 2008) *
July 17 Events Pre-1600 * 180 – Twelve inhabitants of Scillium (near Kasserine, modern-day Tunisia) in North Africa are executed for being Christians. This is the earliest record of Christianity in that part of the world. *1048 – Damasu ...
** Carlos Manuel Arana Osorio, President of Guatemala (d. 2003) ** Chandler Robbins, American ornithologist (d. 2017) *
July 18 Events Pre-1600 * 477 BC – Battle of the Cremera as part of the Roman–Etruscan Wars. Veii ambushes and defeats the Roman army. * 387 BC – Roman- Gaulish Wars: Battle of the Allia: A Roman army is defeated by raiding Gauls, l ...
** Lia Dorana, Dutch comedian, actress (d. 2010) ** James Duesenberry, American economist (d. 2009) ** Warren Hair, American professional basketball player (d. 2006) ** Nelson Mandela, 1st President of South Africa and recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 2013) * July 20 ** Auður Laxness, Icelandic writer, craftsperson (d. 2012) ** Edward S. Little, American diplomat (d. 2004) ** Eric Longworth, British actor (d. 2008) ** Cindy Walker, American songwriter, country singer (d. 2006) *
July 21 Events Pre-1600 * 356 BC – The Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World, is destroyed by arson. * 230 – Pope Pontian succeeds Urban I as the eighteenth pope. After being exiled to Sardinia, he became t ...
– Elsa Kobberstad, Norwegian schoolteacher, politician (d. 2007) * July 22 ** Stanley Lebergott, American government economist (d. 2009) ** Lila Zali, Georgian-born American prima ballerina (d. 2003) * July 23 ** Abraham Bueno de Mesquita, Dutch comedian, actor (d. 2005) ** Carl T. Langford, American politician (d. 2011) ** Pee Wee Reese, American baseball player (d. 1999) * July 24 ** Antonio Candido, Brazilian literary critic, sociologist (d. 2017) ** Irving London, American hematologist and geneticist (d. 2018) ** Ruggiero Ricci, Italian-born violinist (d. 2012) * July 25 ** Jane Frank, American artist (d. 1986) ** Alexander McKee (author), Alexander McKee, British journalist, military historian and diver, discoverer of the ''Mary Rose'' (d. 1992) * July 27 – Leonard Rose, American cellist (d. 1984) * July 28 – Penaia Ganilau, 1st President of Fiji (d. 1993) * July 29 ** Frank Miller (singer), Frank Miller, American singer (d. 2015) ** Edwin O'Connor, American novelist, Pulitzer Prize for Fiction winner (d. 1968) * July 30 ** John L. Cason, American actor (d. 1961) ** Jimmy Robinson (actor), Jimmy Robinson, American actor (d. 1967) * July 31 ** Vicente Almeida d'Eça, Portuguese colonial administrator (d. 2018) ** Paul D. Boyer, American chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2018) ** Hank Jones, American pianist (d. 2010)


August

* August 1 ** Artur Brauner, German film producer and entrepreneur (d. 2019) ** Zhou Xuan, Chinese singer, actress (d. 1957) * August 2 – Dada Vaswani, Indian spiritual leader (d. 2018) *
August 3 Events Pre-1600 * 8 – Roman Empire general Tiberius defeats the Dalmatae on the river Bosna. * 435 – Deposed Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople Nestorius, considered the originator of Nestorianism, is exiled by Roman Emper ...
** Sidney Gottlieb, American Central Intelligence Agency official (d. 1999) ** Cheng Kaijia, Chinese nuclear physicist and engineer (d. 2018) * August 4 – Noel Willman, Irish actor (d. 1988) * August 5 ** Kondapalli Koteswaramma, Indian communist leader, feminist, revolutionary and writer (d. 2018) ** Betty Oliphant, co-founder of National Ballet of Canada (d. 2004) * August 6 – Charles Coulston Gillispie, American historian (d. 2015) * August 11 – Thomas A. Bird, British WWII army officer, architect (d. 2017) * August 12 – Roy C. Bennett, American songwriter (d. 2015) * August 13 ** Noor Hassanali, 2nd President of Trinidad and Tobago (d. 2006) ** Tao Porchon-Lynch, American yoga master and author (d. 2020) ** Frederick Sanger, English biochemist, two time Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2013) * August 19 – Shankar Dayal Sharma, 9th President of India (d. 1999) * August 20 – Crystal Bennett, British archaeologist, pioneering researcher on Jordan (d. 1987) * August 21 – Bruria Kaufman, American-born Israeli physicist (d. 2010) * August 22 ** Said Mohamed Djohar, President of the Comoros (d. 2006) ** Martin Pope, American physical chemist (d. 2022) *
August 23 Events Pre-1600 *30 BC – After the successful invasion of Egypt, Octavian executes Marcus Antonius Antyllus, the eldest son of Mark Antony, and Caesarion, the last king of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt and only child of Julius Cae ...
– Bernard Fisher (scientist), Bernard Fisher, American surgeon (d. 2019) * August 25 – Leonard Bernstein, American composer, conductor (d. 1990) * August 26 ** Hutton Gibson, American religion writer, father of actor Mel Gibson (d. 2020) ** Katherine Johnson, African-American physicist, space scientist and mathematician (d. 2020) ** Maria Isaura Pereira de Queiróz, Brazilian sociologist (d. 2018) *
August 27 Events Pre-1600 * 410 – The sacking of Rome by the Visigoths ends after three days. * 1172 – Henry the Young King and Margaret of France are crowned junior king and queen of England. *1232 – Shikken Hojo Yasutoki of the K ...
** Simeon Booker, American journalist (d. 2017) ** Chang Yun Chung, Chinese-born billionaire shipping magnate (d. 2020) ** Jelle Zijlstra, Dutch politician, Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 1966 to 1967 (d. 2001) * August 28 – Alejandro Agustín Lanusse, 37th President of Argentina (d. 1996) * August 29 ** Clemens C. J. Roothaan, Dutch physicist (d. 2019) ** Brian Stonehouse, English painter, WWII spy (d. 1998) *
August 30 Events Pre-1600 * 70 – Titus ends the siege of Jerusalem after destroying Herod's Temple. * 1282 – Peter III of Aragon lands at Trapani to intervene in the War of the Sicilian Vespers. *1363 – The five-week Battle of Lake ...
– Ted Williams, American baseball player (d. 2002) * August 31 ** Griffin Bell, American politician (d. 2009) ** Alan Jay Lerner, American lyricist, librettist (d. 1986) ** Kenny Washington (American football), Kenny Washington, African-American football player (d. 1971)


September

* September 1 ** James D. Martin, American politician (d. 2017) ** Phyllis Wallbank, English educationalist (d. 2020) *
September 3 Events Pre-1600 *36 BC – In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompey, son of Pompey, thus ending Pompeian resistance to the Second Triumvirate. * 301 – San Marino, one of the ...
– Helen Wagner, American soap opera actress (d. 2010) *
September 4 Events Pre-1600 * 476 – Romulus Augustulus is deposed when Odoacer proclaims himself "King of Italy", thus ending the Western Roman Empire. * 626 – Li Shimin, posthumously known as Emperor Taizong of Tang, assumes the throne ove ...
** John Carrick (Australian politician), John Carrick, Australian politician (d. 2018) ** Paul Harvey, American radio broadcaster (d. 2009) ** Gerald Wilson, American jazz trumpeter (d. 2014) *
September 5 Events Pre-1600 * 917 – Liu Yan declares himself emperor, establishing the Southern Han state in southern China, at his capital of Panyu. *1367 – Swa Saw Ke becomes king of Ava *1590 – Alexander Farnese's army forces Henry ...
- Fred McCarthy (cartoonist), Fred McCarthy, American cartoonist (d. 2009) * September 6 ** Hugh Gillis, American politician (d. 2013) ** Ludwig Hörmann, German cyclist (d. 2001) * September 8 – Derek Barton, British chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1998) * September 9 – Oscar Luigi Scalfaro, 9th President of Italy (d. 2012) * September 13 ** Ray Charles (musician, born 1918), Ray Charles, American musician, singer and songwriter (d. 2015) ** Rosemary Kennedy, sister of John F. Kennedy (d. 2005) ** Eric McClintock, Australian businessman, public servant (d. 2018) *
September 14 Events Pre-1600 *AD 81 – Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus. * 629 – Emperor Heraclius enters Constantinople in triumph after his victory over the Persian Empire. * 786 – "Night ...
– James George (diplomat), James George, Canadian diplomat (d. 2020) *
September 15 Events Pre-1600 * 994 – Major Fatimid victory over the Byzantine Empire at the Battle of the Orontes. *1440 – Gilles de Rais, one of the earliest known serial killers, is taken into custody upon an accusation brought against him by ...
– Nipsey Russell, American comedian, poet, and dancer (d. 2005) * September 16 – Ismail Mohamed Ali, Malaysian politician (d. 1998) * September 17 – Chaim Herzog, 6th President of Israel 1983–1993 (d. 1997) *
September 19 Events Pre-1600 * 85 – Nerva, suspected of complicity of the death of Domitian, is declared emperor by Senate. The Senate then annuls laws passed by Domitian and orders his statues to be destroyed. * 634 – Siege of Damascus: Th ...
– Joseph Zeller, American politician (d. 2018) * September 21 – John Gofman, American Manhattan Project scientist, advocate (d. 2007) * September 22 – Henryk Szeryng, Polish-born violinist (d. 1988) * September 24 – Emerante Morse, Haitian singer, dancer and folklorist (d. 2018) *
September 26 Events Pre-1600 *46 BC – Julius Caesar dedicates a temple to Venus Genetrix, fulfilling a vow he made at the Battle of Pharsalus. * 715 – Ragenfrid defeats Theudoald at the Battle of Compiègne. *1087 – William II is crown ...
** Peng Chang-kuei, Taiwanese chef (d. 2016) ** Harry Yee, American bartender ** John Zacherle, American television and radio host, singer, and voice actor (d. 2016) *
September 27 Events Pre-1600 *1066 – William the Conqueror and his army set sail from the mouth of the Somme river, beginning the Norman conquest of England. * 1331 – The Battle of Płowce is fought, between the Kingdom of Poland and the Teuton ...
** Sotero Laurel, Filipino politician and educator (d. 2009) ** Martin Ryle, English radio astronomer, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics (d. 1984) * September 28 ** Ángel Labruna, Argentine soccer player, manager (d. 1983) ** Ida Schuster, Scottish actress (d. 2020) ** Arnold Stang, American comic actor (d. 2009) *
September 30 Events Pre-1600 * 489 – The Ostrogoths under Theoderic the Great defeat the forces of Odoacer for the second time. * 737 – The Turgesh drive back an Umayyad invasion of Khuttal, follow them south of the Oxus, and capture their b ...
** Giovanni Canestri, Italian cardinal (d. 2015) ** Aldo Parisot, Brazilian-American cellist and educator (d. 2018)


October

*
October 4 Events Pre-1600 *AD 23 – Rebels sack the Chinese capital Chang'an during a peasant rebellion. *1209 – Otto IV is crowned Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire by Pope Innocent III. *1302 – The Byzantine–Venetian War comes t ...
– Kenichi Fukui, Japanese chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1998) * October 6 – Goh Keng Swee, former Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore (d. 2010) * October 8 – Jens Christian Skou, Danish chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2018) * October 9 ** E. Howard Hunt, American Watergate scandal, Watergate break-in coordinator (d. 2007) ** Bebo Valdés, Cuban pianist, bandleader, composer and arranger (d. 2013) * October 13 ** Jack MacGowran, Irish film actor (d. 1973) ** Robert Walker (actor, born 1918), Robert Walker, American actor (d. 1951) * October 14 – Thelma Coyne Long, Australian tennis player (d. 2015) * October 16 ** Louis Althusser, French philosopher (d. 1990) ** Géori Boué, French operatic singer (d. 2017) ** Henri Vernes, Belgian author (d. 2021) * October 17 – Rita Hayworth, American actress (d. 1987) * October 18 ** Konstantinos Mitsotakis, former Greek Prime Minister (d. 2017) ** Bobby Troup, American singer-songwriter and actor, known for his role in ''Emergency!'' (d. 1999) * October 19 – Robert S. Strauss, American politician, Democratic National Committee Chairman (d. 2014) * October 22 ** Fred Caligiuri, American baseball player (d. 2018) ** René de Obaldia, French playwright and poet (d. 2022) * October 23 – Augusta Dabney, American actress (d. 2008) * October 25 ** Francisco Griéguez, Spanish WWII soldier (d. 2018) ** Milton Selzer, American actor (d. 2006) * October 26 – Marc Hodler, Swiss lawyer (d. 2006) * October 27 ** Mihkel Mathiesen, Estonian statesman (d. 2003) ** Gérard Tremblay (bishop), Gérard Tremblay, Canadian Roman Catholic bishop (d. 2019) ** Teresa Wright, American actress (d. 2005) * October 29 – Diana Serra Cary, American actress (d. 2020) * October 31 – Ian Stevenson, American parapsychologist (d. 2007)


November

*November 1 – Ken Miles, British sports car racing engineer and driver (d. 1966) *November 2 – Raimon Panikkar, Spanish theologian (d. 2010) * November 3 ** Bob Feller, American baseball player (d. 2010) ** Ann Hutchinson Guest, American movement, dance researcher (d. 2022) ** Elizabeth P. Hoisington, American Brigadier General (d. 2007) ** Russell B. Long, United States Senator from Louisiana (d. 2003) ** Dean Riesner, American film, television screenwriter (d. 2002) * November 4 ** Art Carney, American actor, best known for his role in ''The Honeymooners'' (d. 2003) ** Cameron Mitchell (actor), Cameron Mitchell, American actor, best known for his role in ''The High Chaparral'' (d. 1994) * November 7 ** Paul Aussaresses, French general (d. 2013) ** Fred Cusick, American ice hockey broadcaster (d. 2009) ** Billy Graham, American evangelist, spiritual adviser to several U.S. Presidents (d. 2018) * November 8 ** Bob Schiller, American screenwriter (d. 2017) ** Teoh Seng Khoon, Malaysian badminton player (d. 2018) ** Hermann Zapf, German typeface designer (d. 2015) * November 9 ** Spiro Agnew, List of Vice Presidents of the United States, 39th Vice President of the United States (d. 1996) ** Su Beng, Taiwanese dissident and political activist (d. 2019) ** Thomas Ferebee, United States Air Force colonel (d. 2000) ** Choi Hong Hi, South Korean general, martial artist (d. 2002) * November 10 ** Ernst Otto Fischer, German chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2007) ** John Henry Moss, American baseball executive, politician (d. 2009) * November 11 – Louise Tobin, American singer (d. 2022) * November 14 – John Bromwich, Australian tennis player (d. 1999) * November 15 – Vittore Bocchetta, Italian sculptor, painter and academic (d. 2021) * November 18 – Nicolás Kingman Riofrío, Ecuadorian journalist, writer and politician (d. 2018) * November 21 – Dorothy Maguire, Dorothy Maguire Chapman, American professional baseball player (d. 1981) * November 26 – Patricio Aylwin, 32nd President of Chile (d. 2016) * November 27 – Borys Paton, Ukrainian scientist (d. 2020) * November 28 – Jack H. Harris, American film producer, distributor and actor (d. 2017) * November 29 – Madeleine L'Engle, American author (d. 2007) * November 30 – Efrem Zimbalist Jr., American actor (''The F.B.I. (TV series), The FBI'') (d. 2014)


December

* December 3 – Abdul Haris Nasution, Indonesian general (d. 2000) * December 6 ** Tauba Biterman, Polish Holocaust survivor (d. 2019) ** Nick Drahos, American football player (d. 2018) * December 7 ** Jórunn Viðar, Icelandic pianist, composer (d. 2017) ** Liu Yichang, Hong Kong writer and novelist (d. 2018) * December 8 – Gérard Souzay, French baritone (d. 2004) * December 10 ** Fergus Anckorn, British magician (d. 2018) ** Anatoly Tarasov, Russian ice-hockey player and coach (d. 1995) * December 11 ** John W. Reed, American legal scholar (d. 2018) ** Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Russian writer, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2008) * December 12 – Joe Williams (jazz singer), Joe Williams, American jazz singer (d. 1999) * December 13 – Rosalia Lombardo, known as ''The Sleeping Beauty'' (d. 1920) * December 14 – B. K. S. Iyengar, Indian yoga teacher (d. 2014) * December 15 – Jeff Chandler (actor), Jeff Chandler, American actor (d. 1961) * December 17 ** Dusty Anderson, American actress and model (d. 2007) ** Duchess Woizlawa Feodora of Mecklenburg, German royal (d. 2019) * December 18 – Joyce Reynolds (classicist), Joyce Reynolds, English classicist and academic (d. 2022) * December 19 – Georgina Cookson, British actress (d. 2011) * December 20 – Joseph Payne Brennan, American poet, author (d. 1990) * December 21 ** Francisco Miró Quesada Cantuarias, Peruvian philosopher (d. 2019) ** Fred Gloden, American football player (d. 2019) ** Donald Regan, American United States Secretary of the Treasury, Treasury Secretary, White House Chief of Staff (d. 2003) ** Kurt Waldheim, President of Austria, Secretary-General of the United Nations (d. 2007) * December 23 ** José Greco, Italian-born flamenco dancer (d. 2001) ** Kumar Pallana, Indian actor (d. 2013) ** Helmut Schmidt, Chancellor of Germany (Federal Republic), Chancellor of Germany (d. 2015) * December 24 – Dave Bartholomew, American musician, songwriter and music producer (d. 2019) * December 25 ** Bertie Mee, English football player, manager (d. 2001) ** Anwar Sadat, 3rd President of Egypt, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1981) * December 26 ** Butch Ballard, American jazz drummer (d. 2011) ** Georgios Rallis, Prime Minister of Greece (d. 2006) * December 29 – Leo J. Dulacki, American general (d. 2019) * December 30 – W. Eugene Smith, American photojournalist (d. 1978) *December 31 ** Al Lakeman, American Major League Baseball catcher (d. 1976) ** Kyra Petrovskaya Wayne, Russian-American author (d. 2018)


Date unknown

* Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad, 5th President of Bangladesh (d. 1996) * Abd an-Nabi Abd al-Qadir Mursal, Sudanese poet and politician (d. 1962) * Louis Wienholt, Australian public servant (d. 1973)


Deaths


January

* January 2 – Katharine A. O'Keeffe O'Mahoney, Irish-born American teacher and writer (b. 1855) * January 6 – Georg Cantor, German mathematician (b. 1845) * January 8 ** Johannes Pääsuke, Estonian photographer, filmmaker (b. 1892) ** Ellis H. Roberts, American politician (b. 1827) * January 9 ** Max Ritter von Müller, German World War I fighter ace (killed in action) (b. 1887) ** Charles-Émile Reynaud, French inventor (b. 1844) * January 10 – María Dolores Rodríguez Sopeña, Spanish Roman Catholic religious sister and blessed (b. 1848) * January 21 – Emil Jellinek, German automobile entrepreneur (b. 1853) * January 26 – Grand Duke Nicholas Konstantinovich of Russia (b. 1850) *
January 28 Events Pre-1600 * 98 – On the death of Nerva, Trajan is declared Roman emperor in Cologne, the seat of his government in lower Germany. * 814 – The death of Charlemagne, the first Holy Roman Emperor, brings about the accession ...
– John McCrae, Canadian soldier, surgeon and poet (b. 1872) *
January 31 Events Pre-1600 * 314 – Pope Sylvester I is consecrated, as successor to the late Pope Miltiades. *1208 – The Battle of Lena takes place between King Sverker II of Sweden and his rival, Prince Eric, whose victory puts him on the ...
– Ivan Puluj, Ukrainian physicist and inventor (b. 1845)


February

* February 1 – Princess Leonilla Bariatinskaya, Russian aristocrat (b. 1816) * February 2 – John L. Sullivan, American boxer, World Heavyweight Champion (b. 1858) * February 4 ** Akiyama Saneyuki, Japanese admiral (b. 1868) ** Jeannette Walworth, American journalist and novelist (b. 1835) * February 5 – Leonard Monteagle Barlow, British fighter pilot (accident) (b. 1898) * February 6 – Gustav Klimt, Austrian painter (b. 1862),
Spanish flu The 1918–1920 influenza pandemic, commonly known by the misnomer Spanish flu or as the Great Influenza epidemic, was an exceptionally deadly global influenza pandemic caused by the H1N1 influenza A virus. The earliest documented case wa ...
* February 8 – Louis Renault (jurist), Louis Renault, French jurist, educator and Nobel Peace Prize, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1843) * February 10 ** Sultan Abdul Hamid II of the Ottoman Empire (b. 1842) ** Ernesto Teodoro Moneta, Italian pacifist, Nobel Peace Prize, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1833) * February 11 – Alexey Kaledin, Russian general (suicide) (b. 1861) * February 14 – Cecil Spring Rice, Sir Cecil Spring Rice, British diplomat (b. 1859) * February 15 – Vernon Castle, American dancer (b. 1887) *
February 16 Events Pre-1600 *1249 – Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khagan of the Mongol Empire. *1270 – Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeats the Livonian Order in the Battle of Kar ...
– Károly Khuen-Héderváry, 2-time Prime Minister of Hungary (b. 1849) * February 23 ** Adolphus Frederick VI, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (b. 1882) **Thomas Brassey, 1st Earl Brassey, British politician and colonial administrator (b. 1836)


March

* March 2 – Prince Mirko of Montenegro (b. 1879) * March 9 – Frank Wedekind, German playwright (b. 1864) * March 10 ** Hans-Joachim Buddecke, German flying ace (killed in action) (b. 1890) **Jim McCormick (pitcher), Jim McCormick, Scottish-born American baseball player (b. 1856) * March 13 – César Cui, Lithuanian composer (b. 1835) * March 14 ** Lucretia Garfield, First Lady of the United States (b. 1832) ** Gennaro Rubino, Italian anarchist who unsuccessfully tried to assassinate King Leopold II of Belgium (b. 1859) *
March 15 Events Pre-1600 *474 BC – Roman consul Aulus Manlius Vulso celebrates an ovation for concluding the war against Veii and securing a forty years' truce. * 44 BC – The assassination of Julius Caesar takes place. * 493 – Odo ...
– Adolf Ritter von Tutschek, German fighter ace (killed in action) (b. 1891) *
March 23 Events Pre-1600 *1400 – The Trần dynasty of Vietnam is deposed, after one hundred and seventy-five years of rule, by Hồ Quý Ly, a court official. *1540 – Waltham Abbey is surrendered to King Henry VIII of England; the last rel ...
– T. P. Cameron Wilson, English poet, novelist (b. 1888) * March 25 ** Claude Debussy, French composer (b. 1862) ** Walter Tull, first Black infantry officer to serve in the British Army (b. 1888) *
March 27 Events Pre-1600 *1309 – Pope Clement V imposes excommunication and interdiction on Venice, and a general prohibition of all commercial intercourse with Venice, which had seized on Ferrara, a papal fiefdom. * 1329 – Pope John XXII ...
** Henry Adams, American historian (b. 1838) ** Martin Sheridan, American Olympic athlete (b. 1881),
Spanish flu The 1918–1920 influenza pandemic, commonly known by the misnomer Spanish flu or as the Great Influenza epidemic, was an exceptionally deadly global influenza pandemic caused by the H1N1 influenza A virus. The earliest documented case wa ...


April

*
April 1 Events Pre-1600 * 33 – According to one historian's account, Jesus Christ's Last Supper is held. * 527 – Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne. *1081 – Alexios I Ko ...
**Isaac Rosenberg, British war poet (killed in action) (b. 1890) **Paul von Rennenkampf, Russian general (executed) (b. 1854) * April 4 – Hermann Cohen, German philosopher (b. 1842) * April 5 – King George Tupou II of Tonga (b. 1874),
Spanish flu The 1918–1920 influenza pandemic, commonly known by the misnomer Spanish flu or as the Great Influenza epidemic, was an exceptionally deadly global influenza pandemic caused by the H1N1 influenza A virus. The earliest documented case wa ...
* April 11 – Otto Wagner, Austro-Hungarian architect, urban planner (b. 1841) * April 19 – William Hope Hodgson, English author (b. 1877) * April 20 ** Karl Ferdinand Braun, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1850) ** Paul Gautsch von Frankenthurn, Austrian statesman, Prime Minister (b. 1851) * April 21 ** Friedrich II, Duke of Anhalt (b. 1856) **
Manfred von Richthofen Manfred Albrecht Freiherr von Richthofen (; 2 May 1892 – 21 April 1918), known in English as Baron von Richthofen or the Red Baron, was a fighter pilot with the German Air Force during World War I. He is considered the ace-of-aces of ...
, German fighter pilot, top-scoring ace of World War I (killed in action) (b. 1892) * April 27 – Jacques Duchesne, French general (b. 1837) *
April 28 Events Pre-1600 * 224 – The Battle of Hormozdgan is fought. Ardashir I defeats and kills Artabanus V effectively ending the Parthian Empire. * 357 – Emperor Constantius II enters Rome for the first time to celebrate his victory ...
Gavrilo Princip Gavrilo Princip ( sr-Cyrl, Гаврило Принцип, ; 25 July 189428 April 1918) was a Bosnian Serb student who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. Pr ...
, Yugoslav assassin (b. 1894)


May

*
May 2 Events Pre-1600 * 1194 – King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter. *1230 – William de Braose is hanged by Prince Llywelyn the Great. * 1536 – Anne Boleyn, Queen of England, is arrested and imprison ...
** Ernie Parker, Australian tennis champion (killed in action) (b. 1883) ** Jüri Vilms, Estonian politician (b. 1889) *
May 14 Events Pre-1600 *1027 – Robert II of France names his son Henry I as junior King of the Franks. * 1097 – The Siege of Nicaea begins during the First Crusade. *1264 – Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured and force ...
– James Gordon Bennett Jr., American newspaper publisher (b. 1841) * May 17 – William Drew Robeson I, African-American minister, father of singer and actor Paul Robeson (b. 1844) * May 18 – Maria Magdalena Merten, German Roman Catholic religious professed and blessed (b. 1883) * May 19 ** Ferdinand Hodler, Swiss painter (b. 1853) ** Raoul Lufbery, Franco-American fighter pilot (killed in action) (b. 1885) * May 23 – Mariano Ponce, Filipino diplomat, politician and writer (b. 1863) * May 24 – József Kiss, Austro-Hungarian fighter pilot (killed in action) (b. 1896) * May 30 – Georgi Plekhanov, Russian revolutionary, philosopher (b. 1856)


June

*
June 1 Events Pre-1600 *1215 – Zhongdu (now Beijing), then under the control of the Jurchen ruler Emperor Xuanzong of Jin, is captured by the Mongols under Genghis Khan, ending the Battle of Zhongdu. * 1252 – Alfonso X is proclaimed k ...
– Roderic Dallas, Australian fighter pilot (killed in action) (b. 1891) * June 3 – Count Richard von Bienerth-Schmerling, Austrian noble, statesman and former Prime Minister (b. 1863) *
June 4 Events Pre-1600 *1411 – King Charles VI granted a monopoly for the ripening of Roquefort cheese to the people of Roquefort-sur-Soulzon as they had been doing for centuries. * 1561 – The steeple of St Paul's, the medieval cathedr ...
– Charles W. Fairbanks, List of Vice Presidents of the United States, 26th Vice President of the United States (b. 1852) *
June 10 Events Pre-1600 * 671 – Emperor Tenji of Japan introduces a water clock ( clepsydra) called ''Rokoku''. The instrument, which measures time and indicates hours, is placed in the capital of Ōtsu. *1190 – Third Crusade: Frederick I ...
– Arrigo Boito, Italian poet, composer (b. 1842) * June 13 – Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia, Grand Duke Michael Romanov (assassinated) (b. 1878) * June 15 – Frank Miles Day, American architect (b. 1861) *
June 16 Events Pre-1600 * 363 – Emperor Julian marches back up the Tigris and burns his fleet of supply ships. During the withdrawal, Roman forces suffer several attacks from the Persians. * 632 – Yazdegerd III ascends the throne as king ...
– Bazil Assan, Romanian engineer and explorer (b. 1860) * June 19 – Francesco Baracca, Italian fighter pilot (air crash) (b. 1888) * June 25 – Jake Beckley, American baseball player, MLB Hall of Famer (b. 1867) * June 26 – Kyrion II of Georgia, Georgian Eastern Orthodox Church, Orthodox religious leader, saint (b. 1855) * June 27 – Joséphin Péladan, French occultist (b. 1858)


July

*
July 3 Events Pre-1600 * 324 – Battle of Adrianople: Constantine I defeats Licinius, who flees to Byzantium. * 987 – Hugh Capet is crowned King of France, the first of the Capetian dynasty that would rule France until the French Revolut ...
– Sultan
Mehmed V Mehmed V Reşâd ( ota, محمد خامس, Meḥmed-i ḫâmis; tr, V. Mehmed or ; 2 November 1844 – 3 July 1918) reigned as the 35th and penultimate Ottoman Sultan (). He was the son of Sultan Abdulmejid I. He succeeded his half-brother ...
of the Ottoman Empire (b. 1844) * July 9 – James McCudden, British fighter pilot (air crash) (b. 1895) *
July 14 Events Pre-1600 * 982 – King Otto II and his Frankish army are defeated by the Muslim army of al-Qasim at Cape Colonna, Southern Italy. * 1223 – Louis VIII becomes King of France upon the death of his father, Philip II. * 142 ...
– Quentin Roosevelt, youngest son of United States President Theodore Roosevelt, fighter pilot (killed in action) (b. 1897) *
July 17 Events Pre-1600 * 180 – Twelve inhabitants of Scillium (near Kasserine, modern-day Tunisia) in North Africa are executed for being Christians. This is the earliest record of Christianity in that part of the world. *1048 – Damasu ...
– Executed members of the Romanov family: ** Former Emperor Nicholas II of Russia (b. 1868) ** Former Empress Alexandra of Hesse, Alexandra Feodorovna of Russia (b. 1872) ** Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia (b. 1895) ** Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia (b. 1897) ** Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia (b. 1899) ** Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia (b. 1901) ** Former Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia, Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich of Russia (b. 1904) *
July 18 Events Pre-1600 * 477 BC – Battle of the Cremera as part of the Roman–Etruscan Wars. Veii ambushes and defeats the Roman army. * 387 BC – Roman- Gaulish Wars: Battle of the Allia: A Roman army is defeated by raiding Gauls, l ...
** Prince Constantine Constantinovich of Russia (executed) (b. 1891) ** Prince Igor Constantinovich of Russia (executed) (b. 1894) ** Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich of Russia (executed) (b. 1869) ** Grand Duchess Elisabeth of Russia (Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine (1864–1918), Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine) (executed) (b. 1864) * July 20 – Francis Lupo, American soldier (b. 1895) * July 22 ** Manuel González Prada, Peruvian politician, author (b. 1844) ** Indra Lal Roy, Indian fighter pilot (killed in action) (b. 1898) ** Alexey Schastny, Russian naval officer (executed) (b. 1881) * July 26 ** Henry Macintosh, British Olympic athlete (killed in action) (b. 1892) ** Edward Mannock, British fighter pilot (killed in action) (b. 1887) * July 29 – Ernest William Christmas, Australian painter (b. 1863) * July 30 **Hermann von Eichhorn, German field marshal (assassinated) (b. 1848) **Joyce Kilmer, American journalist, poet (killed in action) (b. 1886) **Frank Linke-Crawford, Austro-Hungarian fighter pilot (killed in action) (b. 1893) * July 31 – George McElroy, British fighter pilot (killed in action) (b. 1893)


August

* August 1 ** John Riley Banister, American policeman, cowboy (b. 1854) ** Gabriel Guérin, French World War I fighter ace (air crash) (b. 1892) * August 5 – Peter Strasser, German naval officer, airship commander (killed in action) (b. 1876) * August 9 ** Marianne Cope, German-born American Roman Catholic nun and saint (b. 1838) ** František Plesnivý, Austro-Hungarian architect (b. 1845) *
August 10 Events Pre-1600 * 654 – Pope Eugene I elected to succeed Martinus I. * 955 – Battle of Lechfeld: Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor Otto I (23 November 912 – 7 May 973), traditionally known as Otto the Great (german: Otto der Gro ...
** Jean Brillant, Canadian soldier (b. 1890) ** Erich Löwenhardt, German World War I fighter ace (b. 1897) ** Aleksander Uurits, Estonian painter, graphic artist (b. 1888) * August 12 – Anna Held, French actress (b. 1872) * August 22 – Korbinian Brodmann, German neurologist (b. 1868) * August 24 – Louis Bennett Jr., American World War I flying ace (killed in action) (b. 1894) *
August 30 Events Pre-1600 * 70 – Titus ends the siege of Jerusalem after destroying Herod's Temple. * 1282 – Peter III of Aragon lands at Trapani to intervene in the War of the Sicilian Vespers. *1363 – The five-week Battle of Lake ...
– William Duncan (missionary), William Duncan, British missionary in Canada and the United States (b. 1832)


September

* Mudbir al-Far'un, Arab chieftain, leader of 1913 Euphrates rebellion * September 2 – John Forrest, Sir John Forrest, Australian explorer and politician, 1st Premier of Western Australia (b. 1847) *
September 5 Events Pre-1600 * 917 – Liu Yan declares himself emperor, establishing the Southern Han state in southern China, at his capital of Panyu. *1367 – Swa Saw Ke becomes king of Ava *1590 – Alexander Farnese's army forces Henry ...
– Nikolay Maklakov, Russian politician, former minister of the Interior (b. 1871) * September 6 – Elizabeth Yates (mayor), Elizabeth Yates, New Zealand politician (b. 1845) * September 8 ** Francis Mary of the Cross Jordan, German Roman Catholic priest and venerable (b. 1848) ** Mikael of Wollo, Ethiopian army commander and Ras of Wollo (b. 1850) *
September 12 Events Pre-1600 *490 BC – Battle of Marathon: The conventionally accepted date for the Battle of Marathon. The Athenians and their Plataean allies defeat the first Persian invasion force of Greece. * 372 – Sixteen Kingdoms: Jin ...
– George Reid (Australian politician), Sir George Reid, 4th Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1845) * September 13 – Eduard, Duke of Anhalt (b. 1861) * September 16 – Maurice Boyau, French World War I fighter ace (killed in action) (b. 1888) *
September 20 Events Pre-1600 *1058 – Agnes of Poitou and Andrew I of Hungary meet to negotiate about the border territory of Burgenland. *1066 – At the Battle of Fulford, Harald Hardrada defeats earls Morcar and Edwin. *1187 – Saladin b ...
– Prince Erik, Duke of Västmanland (b. 1889),
Spanish flu The 1918–1920 influenza pandemic, commonly known by the misnomer Spanish flu or as the Great Influenza epidemic, was an exceptionally deadly global influenza pandemic caused by the H1N1 influenza A virus. The earliest documented case wa ...
*
September 27 Events Pre-1600 *1066 – William the Conqueror and his army set sail from the mouth of the Somme river, beginning the Norman conquest of England. * 1331 – The Battle of Płowce is fought, between the Kingdom of Poland and the Teuton ...
– Fritz Rumey, German World War I fighter ace (killed in action) (b. 1891) * September 28 ** True Boardman, American actor (b. 1882),
Spanish flu The 1918–1920 influenza pandemic, commonly known by the misnomer Spanish flu or as the Great Influenza epidemic, was an exceptionally deadly global influenza pandemic caused by the H1N1 influenza A virus. The earliest documented case wa ...
** Georg Simmel, German sociologist, philosopher (b. 1858) ** Freddie Stowers, American soldier (killed in action) (b. 1896) *
September 29 Events Pre-1600 *61 BC – Pompey the Great celebrates his third triumph for victories over the pirates and the end of the Mithridatic Wars on his 45th birthday. * 1011 – Danes capture Canterbury after a siege, taking Ælfheah, ...
– Frank Luke, American fighter pilot (killed in action) (b. 1897)


October

*
October 4 Events Pre-1600 *AD 23 – Rebels sack the Chinese capital Chang'an during a peasant rebellion. *1209 – Otto IV is crowned Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire by Pope Innocent III. *1302 – The Byzantine–Venetian War comes t ...
– Nikolai Skrydlov, Russian admiral (b. 1844) * October 5 ** Roland Garros (aviator), Roland Garros, French fighter pilot (killed in action) (b. 1888) ** Robbie Ross, British writer (b. 1869) * October 6 – Arthur O'Hara Wood, Australian tennis champion and fighter pilot (killed in action) (b. 1890) * October 7 – Hubert Parry, Sir Hubert Parry, British composer (b. 1848),
Spanish flu The 1918–1920 influenza pandemic, commonly known by the misnomer Spanish flu or as the Great Influenza epidemic, was an exceptionally deadly global influenza pandemic caused by the H1N1 influenza A virus. The earliest documented case wa ...
* October 8 – Mikhail Alekseyev, Russian general (b. 1857) * October 9 – Raymond Duchamp-Villon, French sculptor (b. 1876) * October 11 – Wallace Lloyd Algie, Canadian soldier (b. 1891) * October 15 – Sai Baba of Shirdi, Indian guru, yogi and National saint of India (b. 1838) * October 16 – Felix Arndt, American pianist, composer (b. 1889),
Spanish flu The 1918–1920 influenza pandemic, commonly known by the misnomer Spanish flu or as the Great Influenza epidemic, was an exceptionally deadly global influenza pandemic caused by the H1N1 influenza A virus. The earliest documented case wa ...
* October 18 ** Radko Dimitriev, Bulgarian, Russian general (executed) (b. 1859) ** Uganda Martyrs, Jildo Irwa, Ugandan Roman Catholic martyr and saint (executed) (b. 1906) ** Uganda Martyrs, Daudo Okelo, Ugandan Roman Catholic martyr and saint (executed) (b. ca. 1900) ** Nikolai Ruzsky, Russian general (executed) (b. 1854) * October 19 ** Harold Lockwood, American actor (b. 1887),
Spanish flu The 1918–1920 influenza pandemic, commonly known by the misnomer Spanish flu or as the Great Influenza epidemic, was an exceptionally deadly global influenza pandemic caused by the H1N1 influenza A virus. The earliest documented case wa ...
** Prince Umberto, Count of Salemi (b. 1889),
Spanish flu The 1918–1920 influenza pandemic, commonly known by the misnomer Spanish flu or as the Great Influenza epidemic, was an exceptionally deadly global influenza pandemic caused by the H1N1 influenza A virus. The earliest documented case wa ...
* October 22 – Myrtle Gonzalez, American actress (b. 1891),
Spanish flu The 1918–1920 influenza pandemic, commonly known by the misnomer Spanish flu or as the Great Influenza epidemic, was an exceptionally deadly global influenza pandemic caused by the H1N1 influenza A virus. The earliest documented case wa ...
* October 24 ** César Ritz, Swiss hotelier (b. 1850) ** Daniel Burley Woolfall, English administrator, 2nd President of FIFA (b. 1852) * October 25 – Amadeo de Souza Cardoso, Portuguese painter (b. 1887),
Spanish flu The 1918–1920 influenza pandemic, commonly known by the misnomer Spanish flu or as the Great Influenza epidemic, was an exceptionally deadly global influenza pandemic caused by the H1N1 influenza A virus. The earliest documented case wa ...
* October 28 – Michel Coiffard, French World War I fighter ace (killed in action) (b. 1892) * October 29 – Rudolf Tobias, Estonian composer (b. 1873) * October 31 ** Egon Schiele, Austrian artist (b. 1890),
Spanish flu The 1918–1920 influenza pandemic, commonly known by the misnomer Spanish flu or as the Great Influenza epidemic, was an exceptionally deadly global influenza pandemic caused by the H1N1 influenza A virus. The earliest documented case wa ...
** István Tisza, 2-time List of Prime Ministers of Hungary, Prime Minister of Hungary (assassinated) (b. 1861)


November

* November 1 – Vladimir Vasilyevich Smirnov, Russian general (executed) (b. 1849) * November 2 – Hugh Cairns (VC), Hugh Cairns, Canadian soldier (b. 1896) * November 4 ** Wilfred Owen, British poet, soldier (killed in action) (b. 1893) ** Andrew Dickson White, American academic and diplomat, co-founder of Cornell University (b. 1832) * November 5 **Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers, British occultist (b. 1854),
Spanish flu The 1918–1920 influenza pandemic, commonly known by the misnomer Spanish flu or as the Great Influenza epidemic, was an exceptionally deadly global influenza pandemic caused by the H1N1 influenza A virus. The earliest documented case wa ...
**William Shea (actor), William Shea, British actor (b. 1856) * November 6 – Alan Arnett McLeod, Canadian soldier (b. 1899),
Spanish flu The 1918–1920 influenza pandemic, commonly known by the misnomer Spanish flu or as the Great Influenza epidemic, was an exceptionally deadly global influenza pandemic caused by the H1N1 influenza A virus. The earliest documented case wa ...
* November 9 ** Guillaume Apollinaire, French poet (b. 1880),
Spanish flu The 1918–1920 influenza pandemic, commonly known by the misnomer Spanish flu or as the Great Influenza epidemic, was an exceptionally deadly global influenza pandemic caused by the H1N1 influenza A virus. The earliest documented case wa ...
** Albert Ballin, German shipping magnate (b. 1857) ** Peter Lumsden, Sir Peter Lumsden, British general in the Indian Army (b. 1829) * November 11 ** Victor Adler, Austrian politician (b. 1852) ** George Lawrence Price, last Commonwealth soldier to die in WWI (b. 1892) * November 12 – Aleksei Evert, Russian general (executed) (b. 1857; may have died in 1926) * November 15 – Robert Anderson (Scotland Yard official), Sir Robert Anderson, British police officer (b. 1841),
Spanish flu The 1918–1920 influenza pandemic, commonly known by the misnomer Spanish flu or as the Great Influenza epidemic, was an exceptionally deadly global influenza pandemic caused by the H1N1 influenza A virus. The earliest documented case wa ...
* November 19 – Joseph F. Smith, 6th President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (b. 1838) * November 20 – John Bauer (illustrator), John Bauer, Swedish painter (b. 1882) * November 22 – Rose Cleveland, ''de facto'' First Lady of the United States (b. 1846),
Spanish flu The 1918–1920 influenza pandemic, commonly known by the misnomer Spanish flu or as the Great Influenza epidemic, was an exceptionally deadly global influenza pandemic caused by the H1N1 influenza A virus. The earliest documented case wa ...
* November 23 – Fritz von Below, German general (b. 1853) * November 30 – Karl Petrovich Jessen, Russian admiral (b. 1852)


December

* December 2 – Edmond Rostand, French writer (b. 1868),
Spanish flu The 1918–1920 influenza pandemic, commonly known by the misnomer Spanish flu or as the Great Influenza epidemic, was an exceptionally deadly global influenza pandemic caused by the H1N1 influenza A virus. The earliest documented case wa ...
* December 4 – Princess Teriivaetua of Tahiti (b. 1869),
Spanish flu The 1918–1920 influenza pandemic, commonly known by the misnomer Spanish flu or as the Great Influenza epidemic, was an exceptionally deadly global influenza pandemic caused by the H1N1 influenza A virus. The earliest documented case wa ...
* December 5 – Schalk Willem Burger, Boer military leader, lawyer, politician, statesman, and acting President of the South African Republic (1900-1902) (b. 1852) * December 9 – Samuel Swett Green, American library pioneer (b. 1837) * December 11 – Ivan Cankar, Slovenian writer (b. 1876),
Spanish flu The 1918–1920 influenza pandemic, commonly known by the misnomer Spanish flu or as the Great Influenza epidemic, was an exceptionally deadly global influenza pandemic caused by the H1N1 influenza A virus. The earliest documented case wa ...
* December 14 – Sidónio Pais, Portuguese politician, general, diplomat, 66th Prime Minister of Portugal and 4th President of Portugal (b. 1872), assassinated * December 16 – Frederic W. Tilton, American educator and 7th List of Phillips Academy Heads of School, Principal of Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts (b. 1839) * December 20 – Sultan Ali bin Hamud of Zanzibar (b. 1884) * December 21 – Prince Konrad of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst, Austrian statesman, former Prime Minister (b. 1863) * December 28 – Olavo Bilac, Brazilian poet (b. 1865)


Date unknown

* Spring – Vyacheslav Troyanov, Russian general (b. 1875) * Yakov Zhilinsky, Russian general (b. 1853)


Nobel Prizes

* Nobel Prize in Physics, Physics – Max Planck * Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Chemistry – Fritz Haber * Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Medicine – not awarded * Nobel Prize in Literature, Literature – not awarded * Nobel Peace Prize, Peace – not awarded


References


Further reading

* Chandra, Siddharth, Julia Christensen, and Shimon Likhtman. "Connectivity and seasonality: the 1918 influenza and COVID-19 pandemics in global perspective." ''Journal of Global History'' 15.3 (2020): 408–420. * Phillips, Howard. "’17,’18,’19: religion and science in three pandemics, 1817, 1918, and 2019." ''Journal of Global History'' 15.3 (2020): 434–443. * Williams, John. ''The Other Battleground The Home Fronts: Britain, France and Germany 1914-1918'' (1972) pp 243–92.


Primary sources and year books


''New International Year Book 1918'' (1919)
Comprehensive coverage of world and national affairs, 904 pp * {{DEFAULTSORT:1918 1918,