Events
January
* January 5 – First Balkan War: Battle of Lemnos – Greek admiral Pavlos Kountouriotis forces the Turkish fleet to retreat to its base within theFebruary
* February 1 – New York City's Grand Central Terminal, having been rebuilt, reopens as the world's largest railroad station. * February 3 – The 16th Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified, authorizing the Federal government to impose and collect income taxes on all sources of income, not just some. * February 5 – Claudio Monteverdi's last opera ''March
*April
* April – Bernhard Kellermann's novel '' Der Tunnel'' is published. * April 5 – The United States Soccer Federation is formed. * April 8 – The Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is passed, dictating the direct election of senators. * April 10 – Albrecht Grocery Shop, predecessor of the AldiMay
* May – The Muscat rebellion begins in the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman in Tanuf, a village just north of the city ofJune
* June 1 – The Greek–Serbian Treaty of Alliance is signed, paving the way for the Second Balkan War. *July
* July 10 ** Romania declares war on Bulgaria. ** Death Valley, California hits 134 °F (~56.7 °C), the all-time highest temperature recorded on Earth (although its validity has been challenged, and in 2020 a temperature of was recorded at the same location, which would make it the world's highest ''verified'' air temperature, subject to confirmation). * July 13 – The 1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak during the Second Balkan War starts. * July 27 – The town of San Javier, Uruguay is founded by Russian settlers. * July 29 Agreement reached at the Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1913, Anglo-Ottoman Convention which defined the limits of Ottoman jurisdiction in the area of the Persian Gulf with respect to Kuwait, Qatar and Bahrain.August
* August 2 – The first known ascent of Mount Olympus in Greece is made by Swiss mountaineers Daniel Baud-Bovy and Frédéric Boissonnas guided by Christos Kakkalos. * August 4 – Republic of China (1912–1949), Republic of China: The province of Chungking (Chongqing) declares independence; Republican forces crush the rebellion in a couple of weeks. * August 10 – Second Balkan War: The Treaty of Bucharest (1913), Treaty of Bucharest is signed, ending the war. Macedonia (region), Macedonia is divided, and Northern Epirus is assigned to Provisional Government of Albania, Albania. * August 13 – Harry Brearley invents stainless steel in Sheffield. * August 20 – After his airplane fails at an altitude of , aviator Adolphe Pégoud becomes the first person to bail out from an airplane and land safely. * August 23 – The Little Mermaid (statue), The Little Mermaid statue is finished in Copenhagen, Denmark. * August 26 – Dublin Lock-out in Ireland: Members of James Larkin's Irish Transport and General Workers' Union employed by the Dublin United Transport Company, Dublin United Tramways Company begin strike action in defiance of the dismissal of trade union members by its chairman. * August 31 – Dublin Lock-out: "Bloody Sunday": The dispute escalates when the Dublin Metropolitan Police kill one demonstrator and injure 400, in dispersing a demonstration.September
* September 7–September 8, 8 – The Fourth Congress of the International Psychoanalytical Association (the last occasion on which Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud will meet) takes place in Munich. * September 9 ** In Germany, BASF starts the world's first plant for the production of fertilizer based on the Haber process, Haber-Bosch process, feeding in modern times about a third of the world's population. ** Imperial Russian Army pilot Pyotr Nesterov becomes the first person to Aerobatic maneuver, loop an airplane, flying a Nieuport IV monoplane over Syretzk Aerodrome near Kiev, Russia. ** Helgoland Island air disaster: The first fatalities aboard a German airship occur, when the Imperial German Navy Zeppelin dirigible ''LZ 14'' (naval designation ''L 1'') is forced down into the North Sea off Heligoland during a thunderstorm, killing 16 of the 22 men on board. * September 10 – Jean Sibelius's tone poem ''Luonnotar (Sibelius), Luonnotar'' is premiered in Gloucester Cathedral, England, with soprano Aino Ackté. * September 13 – The Bell of Chersonesos is returned by France to Russia after having been seized during the Crimean War. * September 17 – In Chicago, the Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith is founded, with Sigmund Livingston as its first president. * September 23 – French aviator Roland Garros (aviator), Roland Garros crosses the Mediterranean in an airplane flying from Fréjus, France to Bizerte, Tunisia. * September 29 – Second Balkan War: The Treaty of Constantinople (1913), Treaty of Constantinople is signed in Istanbul, between the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Bulgaria.October
* October 1 – Mexican Revolution:November
* November 5 – King Otto, King of Bavaria, Otto of Bavaria is deposed by his cousin, Prince Regent Ludwig, who assumes the title Ludwig III of Bavaria, Ludwig III. * November 6 – Mohandas Gandhi is arrested, while leading a march of Indian miners in South Africa. * November 7–November 11, 11 – The Great Lakes Storm of 1913 claims 19 ships, and more than 250 lives.December
* December 1 ** The Ford Motor Company introduces the first moving assembly line, reducing chassis assembly time from hours in October to 2 hours, 40 minutes. Although Henry Ford, Ford is not the first to use an assembly line, his successful adoption of one sparks an era of mass production. ** Crete, having obtained self rule from Ottoman Empire, Turkey after the First Balkan War, is annexed by Kingdom of Greece (Glücksburg), Greece. **Buenos Aires Underground, the first in South America, opens. * December 12 – Vincenzo Peruggia tries to sell the ''Mona Lisa'' in Florence, and is arrested. * December 19 – The Raker Act is signed by President Woodrow Wilson, allowing the City of San Francisco to dam Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park. * December 23 – The Federal Reserve System is created as the central banking system of the United States, by Woodrow Wilson's signature of the Federal Reserve Act. * December 30 – Kingdom of Italy, Italy returns the ''Mona Lisa'' to French Third Republic, France.Date unknown
* The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community is established in Bengal Presidency, Bengal Province (modern-day Bangladesh). * French physicist Georges Sagnac shows that light propagates at a speed independent of the speed of its source. * The Camel (cigarette), Camel cigarettes are introduced by R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, R. J. Reynolds in the United States (the first packaged cigarettes). * Prada is established as a leather goods dealer in Milan, by Mario Prada and his brother. * Astra AB, Astra, as predecessor of AstraZeneca, a healthcare and pharmaceutical brand worldwide, founded in Södertälje, Sweden. * The value of International trade, world trade reaches roughly $38 billion.Births
January–February
* January 1 – Shih Kien, Shek Kin, Hong Kong actor (d. 2009) * January 2 – Anna Lee, English-American actress (d. 2004) * January 4 – Malietoa Tanumafili II, Samoan head of state (d. 2007) * January 6 ** Edward Gierek, Polish politician (d. 2001) ** Loretta Young, American actress (d. 2000) * January 7 – Victor H. Krulak, United States Marine Corps general (d. 2008) * January 9 ** Eric Berry (actor), Eric Berry, British actor (d. 1993) ** Richard Nixon, 37th President of the United States (d. 1994) * January 10 ** Gustáv Husák, Slovak politician (d. 1991) ** Mehmet Shehu, 23rd Prime Minister of Albania (d. 1981) * January 11 ** Karl Stegger, Danish actor (d. 1980) ** Jean Murrell Capers, American judge (d. 2017) * January 15 ** Eugène Brands, Dutch painter (d. 2002) ** Lloyd Bridges, American actor (d. 1998) ** Alexander Marinesko, Soviet naval officer (d. 1963) * January 17 – Everett Parker, American civil rights activist (d. 2015) * January 18 – George Unwin, British World War II fighter ace (d. 2006) * January 22 ** Henry Bauchau, Belgian novelist, poet and psychoanalyst (d. 2012) ** William Conway (cardinal), William Conway, Irish cardinal (d. 1977) ** Carl F. H. Henry, American theologian and publisher (d. 2003) * January 23 ** Jean-Michel Atlan, French painter (d. 1960) ** Wally Parks, American founder of the NHRA (d. 2007) * January 25 ** Huang Hua, Foreign Minister of China (d. 2010) ** Witold Lutosławski, Polish composer (d. 1994) * January 29 ** Victor Mature, American actor (d. 1999) ** Peter von Zahn, German journalist, writer (d. 2001) * February 2 – Poul Reichhardt, Danish actor (d. 1985) * February 4 **Frank P. Keller, American Film editing, film editor (d. 1977) **Rosa Parks, American civil rights activist (d. 2005) **Richard Seaman, British motor racing driver (d. 1939) * February 6 – Mary Leakey, British anthropologist (d. 1996) * February 8 ** Betty Field, American actress (d. 1973) ** Norman H. Boke, American plant anatomist (d. 1996) * February 10 ** Douglas Slocombe, British cinematographer (d. 2016) ** Bill White (rugby union born 1913), Bill White, Australian rugby union player (d. 1969) * February 14 ** Mel Allen, American sports reporter (d. 1996) ** Woody Hayes, American college football coach (d. 1987) ** Jimmy Hoffa, American labor leader (disappeared 1975) * February 19 – Frank Tashlin, American animation director (d. 1972) * February 20 – Tommy Henrich, American baseball player (d. 2009) * February 23 – P. C. Sorcar, Indian stage magician (d. 1971) * February 25 ** Jim Backus, American actor (d. 1989) ** Gert Fröbe, German actor ''(Goldfinger)'' (d. 1988) * February 26 – George Barker (poet), George Barker, British poet (d. 1991) * February 27 ** T. B. Ilangaratne, Sri Lankan author, dramatist, actor and politician (d. 1992) ** Paul Ricœur, French philosopher (d. 2005) ** Kazimierz Sabbat, leader of Polish government-in-exile (d. 1989) ** Irwin Shaw, American writer (d. 1984)March–April
* March 1 – R. S. R. Fitter, British writer (d. 2005) * March 2 – Godfried Bomans, Dutch writer (d. 1971) * March 4 – John Garfield, American actor (d.May–June
* May 1 ** Roy Matsumoto, American army officer (d. 2014) ** Louis Nye, American comedian, actor (d. 2005) ** Walter Susskind, Czech conductor (d. 1980) * May 4 – Hisaya Morishige, Japanese actor (d. 2009) * May 5 – Fred J. Doocy, American politician, banker (d. 2017) * May 6 – Stewart Granger, Anglo-American actor (d. 1993) * May 8 ** Bob Clampett, American director (''Looney Tunes'') (d. 1984) ** Saima Harmaja, Finnish poet (d. 1937) ** Sid James, South African-born British actor, comedian (d. 1976) ** Charles Scorsese, American actor, father of Martin Scorsese (d. 1993) * May 11 – Robert Jungk, Austrian journalist (d. 1994) * May 13 ** Liu Xuyi, Chinese historian (d. 2018) ** William Tolbert, President of Liberia (d. 1980) * May 16 ** Gheorghe Apostol, Romanian communist politician (d. 2010) ** Woody Herman, American musician, band leader (d. 1987) ** Paul R. Norby, American naval officer (d. 2015) * May 19 – Neelam Sanjiva Reddy, Indian politician, 6th President of India (d. 1996) * May 20 ** Teodoro Fernández, Peruvian soccer player (d. 1996) ** William Redington Hewlett, William Hewlett, American businessman (d. 2001) * May 22 – Benedict Garmisa, American politician (d. 1985) * May 24 ** Peter Ellenshaw, American matte designer (d. 2007) ** James Flint (RAF officer), James Flint, British Royal Air Force officer, businessman (d. 2013) ** Haldor Topsøe (1913–2013), Haldpr Topsøe, Danish engineer (d. 2013) * May 25 – Benjamin Melniker, American producer (d. 2018) * May 26 ** Peter Cushing, English actor (d. 1994) ** Pierre Daninos, French writer, humorist (d. 2005) ** Josef Manger, German weightlifter (d. 1991) *July
* July 1 ** Lee Guttero, American basketball player (d. 2004) ** Noel Miller, Australian cricketer (d. 2007) ** Frederick Malkus, American politician (d. 1999) ** André Tollet, French upholsterer, trade unionist and communist (d. 2001) ** Frank Barrett (baseball), Frank Barrett, American relief pitcher (d. 1998) ** Mario Acerbi, Italian football player (d. 2010) ** Joana Raspall i Juanola, Spanish writer and librarian (d. 2013) ** Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumaramangalam, Indian Army Chief (d. 2000) * July 3 – Dorothy Kilgallen, American newspaper columnist (d. 1965) * July 4 – Barbara Weeks (film actress), Barbara Weeks, American actress (d. 2003) * July 5 ** Elwood Cooke, American tennis player (d. 2004) ** Smiley Lewis, American New Orleans rhythm and blues singer, guitarist (d. 1966) * July 6 – Vance Trimble, American Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist, author (d. 2021) * July 7 ** Pinetop Perkins, American blues musician (d. 2011) ** Lu Ann Meredith, American actress (d. 1998) * July 8 – Alejandra Soler, Spanish politician and schoolteacher (d. 2017) * July 9 ** Ted Grant, South African Trotskyist (d. 2006) ** William M. Zachacki, (d. 1969) * July 10 ** Elizabeth Inglis, English actress (d. 2007) ** Joan Marsh, American actress (d. 2000) * July 11 – Kofi Abrefa Busia, Ghanese nationalist leader, 2nd Prime Minister of Ghana (d. 1978) * July 12 ** Sultan Hamid II (d. 1978) ** Edith Nash, American educator, poet (d. 2003) ** Rufus Rogers, New Zealand doctor, politician (d. 2009) ** Willis Lamb, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2008) * July 13 ** Kay Linaker, American actress (d. 2008) ** Mærsk Mc-Kinney Møller, Danish shipping magnate (d. 2012) * July 14 ** Gerald Ford, 38th President of the United States (d. 2006) ** René Llense, French football goalkeeper (d. 2014) ** Princess Urraca of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, (d. 1999) * July 15 ** Gene Wettstone, American gymnastics coach (d. 2013) ** Hammond Innes, English author (d. 1998) ** Abraham Sutzkever, Yiddish language poet, memoirist (d. 2010) * July 16 ** Mirza Babayev, Azerbaijani movie actor, singer (d. 2003) ** Herman Gundlach, American football offensive lineman (d. 2005) ** Antoine Raab, German footballer (d. 2006) ** Carmen Acevedo Vega, Ecuadorian poet, writer, and journalist (d. 2006) * July 17 ** Roger Garaudy, French Holocaust denier (d. 2012) ** Bertrand Goldberg, American architect (d. 1997) * July 18 ** N. Krishnaswami Reddy, Indian lawyer (d. 2002) ** Du Runsheng, Chinese military officer, politician, and economist (d. 2015) ** Red Skelton, American comedian (d. 1997) * July 19 ** Fred Agnich, American politician (d. 2004) ** Manouchehr Sotodeh, Iranian geographer (d. 2016) * July 20 ** Irma Córdoba, Argentine actress (d. 2008) ** Guillermo Leaden, Argentine bishop (d. 2014) * July 22 ** Esteban Reyes, Mexican tennis player (d. 2014) ** Gorni Kramer, Italian bandleader, songwriter (d. 1995) ** Licia Albanese, Italian-born soprano (d. 2014) * July 23 ** Coral Browne, Australian actress (d. 1991) ** Michael Foot, British politician (d. 2010) * July 24 – Robert Emhardt, American actor (d. 1994) * July 26 – Kan Yuet-keung, Hong Kong banker, politician and lawyer (d. 2012) * July 28 – Hedley Kett, British naval officer (d. 2014) * July 29 – Erich Priebke, German war criminal, leader of the 1944 Ardeatine massacre (d. 2013) * July 30 – Lou Darvas, American artist, cartoonist (d. 1987)August
* August 8 – Robert Stafford, Governor of Vermont, U.S Representative and U.S. Senator (d. 2006) * August 9 – Tadeusz Kotz, Polish World War II fighter ace (d. 2008) * August 10 ** Noah Beery Jr., American actor (d. 1994) ** Wolfgang Paul, German physicist (d. 1993) * August 13 ** Fred Davis (snooker player), Fred Davis, English snooker, billiards player (d. 1998) ** Makarios III, Archbishop and first President of Cyprus (d. 1977) * August 16 ** Menachem Begin, 6th Prime Minister of Israel, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1992) ** Helen F. Holt, American politician (d. 2015) * August 17 ** W. Mark Felt, American FBI Associate Director, ''Deep Throat'' Watergate informant (d. 2008) ** Rudy York, American baseball player (d. 1970) * August 18 – Nils Löfgren, Swedish chemist (d. 1967) * August 20 – Roger Wolcott Sperry, American neurobiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1994) * August 22 – James W. Downing, American naval officer and author (d. 2018) * August 26 – Boris Pahor, Slovenian writer (d. 2022) * August 27 – Nina Schenk Gräfin von Stauffenberg, German wife of freedom fighter Claus Schenk von Stauffenberg (d. 2006) * August 28 ** Robertson Davies, Canadian novelist (d. 1995) ** Richard Tucker (tenor), Richard Tucker, American tenor (d. 1975) * August 29 ** Jackie Mitchell, Baseball Pitcher (d. 1987) ** Jan Ekier, Polish pianist, composer (d. 2014) * August 30 – Richard Stone, British economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1991) * August 31 ** Helen Levitt, American photographer (d. 2009) ** Bernard Lovell, British radio astronomer (d. 2012) ** Michael Gover, English actor (d. 1987)September–October
* September 1 – Ludwig Merwart, Austrian painter, graphic artist (d. 1979) * September 2 ** Alex Lovy, American animator (d. 1992) ** Israel Gelfand, Russian mathematician (d. 2009) ** Bill Shankly, Scottish football manager (d. 1981) * September 3 – Alan Ladd, American actor (d. 1964) * September 4 ** Mickey Cohen, American gangster (d. 1976) ** Boone Guyton, American test pilot (d. 1996) ** Stanford Moore, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1982) ** Kenzō Tange, Japanese architect (d. 2005) * September 6 – Julie Gibson, American singer and actress (d. 2019) * September 10 ** Lincoln Gordon, American diplomat (d. 2009) ** Zephania Mothopeng, South African politician, activist (d. 1990) * September 11 ** Bear Bryant, Paul "Bear" Bryant, American football coach (d. 1983) ** Eugenia Rawls, American actress (d. 2000) * September 12 ** Jesse Owens, African-American athlete (d. 1980) ** Eiji Toyoda, Japanese industrialist (d. 2013) * September 13 ** Roy Engel, American actor (d. 1980) ** Trần Đại Nghĩa, North Vietnamese army general (d. 1997) * September 14 ** Jacobo Árbenz, President of Guatemala (d. 1971) ** Annalisa Ericson, Swedish actress (d. 2011) * September 15 – John N. Mitchell, United States Attorney General, convicted Watergate criminal (d. 1988) * September 17 ** Robert Lembke, German television presenter, game show host (d. 1989) ** Ata Kandó, Hungarian-born Dutch photographer (d. 2017) * September 19 – Frances Farmer, American actress (d. 1970) * September 22 – Lillian Chestney, American painter (d. 2000) * September 23 – Carl-Henning Pedersen, Danish artist, member of the CoBrA movement (d. 2007) * September 24 ** Wilson Rawls, American author (d. 1984) ** Herb Jeffries, American actor, popular music and jazz singer (d. 2014) * September 25 ** Charles Helou, 9th President of Lebanon (d. 2001) ** Terence Patrick O'Sullivan, British civil engineer (d. 1970) * September 27 – Alexandru Drăghici, Romanian communist activist and politician (d. 1993) * September 28 – Warja Honegger-Lavater, Swiss artist, illustrator (d. 2007) * September 29 ** Trevor Howard, English actor (d. 1988) ** Stanley Kramer, American film producer, director, and writer (d. 2001) ** Silvio Piola, Italian footballer (d. 1996) * September 30 ** Bill Walsh (producer), Bill Walsh, American movie producer, writer (d. 1975) ** Cecilia Caballero Blanco, First Lady of Colombia (d. 2019) * October 2 – Roma Mitchell, Australian lawyer, Governor of South Australia (d. 2000) * October 4 – Martial Célestin, 1st Prime Minister of Haiti (d. 2011) * October 10 ** Alice Chetwynd Ley, British romance writer (d. 2004) ** Claude Simon, French writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2005) * October 11 – Joe Simon, American comic book artist, writer (d. 2011) * October 18 – Evelyn Venable, American actress (d. 1993) * October 19 – Vinicius de Moraes, Brazilian poet, lyricist, and diplomat (d. 1980) * October 20 ** Barney Phillips, American actor (d. 1982) ** Cecilia Miranda de Carvalho, Brazilian singer (d. 2011) * October 22 ** Boots Mallory, American actress, dancer, and model (d. 1958) ** Robert Capa, Hungarian-born American photojournalist (d. 1954) ** Tamara Desni, German-born British actress (d. 2008) ** Hans-Peter Tschudi, 2-time President of Switzerland (d. 2002) * October 24 ** Ron Barassi Sr., Australian rules footballer (d. 1941) ** Tito Gobbi, Italian operatic baritone (d. 1984) * October 27 ** Joe Medicine Crow, American tribal historian and anthropologist (d. 2016) ** Otto Wichterle, Czech inventor of the modern contact lens (d. 1998) * October 28 – Don Lusk, American animator (d. 2018)November
* November 2 – Burt Lancaster, American actor, best known for his role in ''Elmer Gantry (film), Elmer Gantry'' (d. 1994) * November 3 ** Marika Rökk, Egyptian-born Austrian singer, dancer and actress (d. 2004) ** Antony Mitradas, Indian film director (d. 2017) * November 5 – Vivien Leigh, British actress, best known for her role in ''Gone with the Wind (film), Gone With The Wind'' (d. 1967) * November 6 – Aisha Abd al-Rahman, Egyptian writer (d. 1998) * November 7 ** Albert Camus, French writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1960) ** Elizabeth Bradford Holbrook, Canadian sculptor (d. 2009) ** Tahira Tahirova, Azerbaijani politician (d. 1991) * November 8 – Max Desfor, American photographer (d. 2018) * November 10 ** Álvaro Cunhal, Portuguese politician (d. 2005) ** Sun Yun-suan, Chinese engineer, politician (d. 2006) * November 11 – Rosemary Inyama, educator, politician, businesswoman and community developer (d. unknown) * November 13 ** Landrum Bolling, American political scientist and academic administrator (d. 2018) ** Lon Nol, 2-Time Prime Minister of Cambodia (d. 1985) ** Alexander Scourby, American actor (d. 1985) * November 15 – Arthur Haulot, Belgian journalist (d. 2005) * November 16 – Ellen Albertini Dow, American actress (d. 2015) * November 18 – Endre Rozsda, Hungarian-French painter (d. 1999) * November 21 ** John Boulting, English film director (d. 1985) ** Roy Boulting, English film director, producer (d. 2001) * November 22 ** Charles Berlitz, American author (d. 2003) ** Benjamin Britten, English composer (d. 1976) ** Gardnar Mulloy, American tennis player and coach (d. 2016) ** Cecilia Muñoz-Palma, first female Philippine Supreme Court Justice (d. 2006) ** Jacqueline Vaudecrane, French figure skater (d. 2018) * November 23 – William Krehm, Canadian author, journalist and political activist (d. 2019) * November 24 – Geraldine Fitzgerald, Irish-American actress (d. 2005) * November 25 – Lewis Thomas, American physician, essayist (d. 1993)December
* December 1 – Mary Martin, American actress (d. 1990) * December 2 – Jerry Sohl, American scriptwriter (d. 2002) * December 6 ** Nikolai Amosov, Ukrainian heart surgeon, inventor, best-selling author, and exercise enthusiast (d. 2002) ** Eleanor Holm, American swimmer (d. 2004) * December 9 – Cynthia Chalk, American photographer (d. 2018) * December 10 – Morton Gould, American composer (d. 1996) * December 11 – Jean Marais, French actor (d. 1998) * December 13 – Arnold Brown (General of The Salvation Army), Arnold Brown, Salvation Army general (d. 2002) * December 15 – Muriel Rukeyser, American poet (d. 1980) * December 16 – George Ignatieff, Canadian diplomat, recipient of the 1984 Pearson Medal of Peace (d. 1989) * December 18 ** Lynn Bari, American actress (d. 1989) ** Alfred Bester, American author (d. 1987) ** Willy Brandt, Chancellor of Germany, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1992) * December 21 – Arnold Friberg, American artist (d. 2010) * December 23 – Frank Pierpoint Appleby, Canadian politician (d. 2015) * December 25 ** Candy Candido, American voice actor (d. 1999) ** Tony Martin (American singer), Tony Martin, American singer and actor (d. 2012) ** Henri Nannen, German journalist, mass media owner (d. 1996) * December 26 – Frank Swift, English footballer (d. 1958) * December 28 **Lou Jacobi, Canadian-American actor (d. 2009) **Charles Maxwell (actor), Charles Maxwell, American actor (d. 1993) * December 29 – Pierre Werner, Prime Minister of Luxembourg (d. 2002) * December 30 – Elyne Mitchell, Australian author (d. 2002)Date unknown
* Halil-Salim Jabara, Israeli Arab politician (d. 1999) * Bahjat Talhouni, 4-time Prime Minister of Jordan (d. 1994)Deaths
January
* January 2 ** Hermann Kinkelin, Swiss mathematician and politician (b. 1832) ** Léon Teisserenc de Bort, French meteorologist (b. 1855) * January 3 – Jeff Davis (Arkansas governor), Jeff Davis, American politician, 20th Governor of Arkansas (b. 1862) * January 4 – Alfred von Schlieffen, German field marshal (b. 1833) * January 6 – Gyula Juhász (sculptor), Gyula Juhász, Hungarian sculptor (b. 1876) *January 8 - Xavier Mertz, Swiss explorer, mountaineer and skier (b. 1882) * January 16 ** Tom Dolan (baseball), Tom Dolan, American baseball pitcher (b. 1855) ** Thaddeus S. C. Lowe, American aeronaut, scientist and inventor (b. 1832) * January 18 – George Alexander Gibson, Scottish physician (b. 1854) * January 20 ** José Guadalupe Posada, Mexican political printmaker and engraver (b. 1852) ** Karl Wittgenstein, Austrian steel tycoon (b. 1847) * January 21 – Aluísio Azevedo, Brazilian novelist (b. 1857) * January 27 – Archduke Rainer Ferdinand of Austria (b. 1832) * January 28 ** Julius Heinrich Franz, German astronomer (b. 1847) ** Segismundo Moret, Spanish politician and writer, 3-time Prime Minister of Spain (b. 1833)February
* February 2 – Gustaf de Laval, Swedish engineer and inventor (b. 1845) * February 4 – Gordon Sprigg, Sir Gordon Sprigg, British Prime Minister of the Cape Colony (b. 1830) * February 5 ** Johan Ehrnrooth, 5th Prime Minister of Bulgaria (b. 1833) ** Lio Gangeri, Italian sculptor (b. 1845) * February 8 – Morten Eskesen, Danish author (b. 1826) * February 9 ** Manuel Enrique Araujo, 23rd President of El Salvador (assassinated) (b. 1865) ** Bernardo Reyes, Mexican general and politician (b. 1850) * February 15 – Florence Barker (actress), Florence Barker, American actress (b. 1891) * February 17 – Edward Stanley Gibbons, English philatelist, founder of Stanley Gibbons Ltd (b. 1840) * February 20 – Robert von Lieben, Austrian physicist (b. 1878) * February 22 ** Ferdinand de Saussure, Swiss linguist and semiotician (b. 1857) ** Empress Dowager Longyu, Chinese empress (b. 1868) **March
* March 7 – E. Pauline Johnson, Canadian writer (b. 1861) * March 10 – Harriet Tubman, American abolitionist, humanitarian and spy (b. c. 1822) * March 11 – John Shaw Billings, American military, medical leader (b. 1838) * March 12 – Francisco Pereira Passos, Brazilian engineer politician, Mayor of Rio de Janeiro (b. 1836) * March 13 – Felix Hidalgo, Filipino artist (b. 1855) * March 14 – Auguste Desgodins, French missionary (b. 1826) *April
* April 7 – Carl von Lemcke, German mathematician (b. 1867) * April 8 – Gyula Kőnig, Hungarian mathematician (b. 1849) * April 15 – Kareemullah Shah, Indian Sufi scholar and saint * April 18 – Lester Frank Ward, American botanist, paleontologist and sociologist (b. 1841) * April 19 ** Paul Janson, Belgian politician (b. 1840) ** Hugo Winckler, German archaeologist and historian who uncovered the capital of the Hittite Empire (Hattusa) (b. 1863) * April 20 – Vilhelm Bissen, Danish sculptor (b. 1836) *May
* May 1 – John Barclay Armstrong, Texas Ranger, U.S. Marshal (b. 1850) * May 2 ** Tancrède Auguste, Haitian general, 20th President of Haiti (b. 1856) ** Metropolitan Baselios Paulose I, Indian bishop (b. 1836) * May 6 – Elena Guro, Russian painter and writer (b. 1877) * May 8 – Louis Adolphus Duhring, American physician (b. 1845) * May 16 – Louis Perrier, member of the Swiss Federal Council (b. 1849) * May 19 – Gabriel Loppé, French painter and photographer (b. 1825) * May 25 – Alfred Redl, Austrian military intelligence officer, double agent (honorable suicide) (b. 1864) * May 27 – Catherine Amanda Coburn, American journalist, newspaper editor (b. 1834) * May 28 – John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury, British politician and scientist (b. 1839)June
* June 2 – Alfred Austin, English Poet Laureate (b. 1835) * June 5 – Chris von der Ahe, German-born American brewer, baseball owner (b. 1851) * June 8 –July
* July 1 – Emanuel M. Abrahams, American politician (b. 1866) * July 3 – Horatio Nelson Young, American Civil War naval hero (b. 1845) * July 5 – Prince Arisugawa Takehito (b. 1862) * July 7 – Edward Burd Grubb Jr., American Union Army officer, diplomat and politician (b. 1841) * July 10 ** Mikoláš Aleš, Austro-Hungarian painter (b. 1835) ** John Valentine Ellis, Canadian journalist (b. 1835) * July 11 – Charles Lavigne, Ceylonese Roman Catholic and Syro Malabar Catholic bishop and Servant of God (b. 1840) * July 13 – Edward Burd Grubb Jr., American Civil War Union Brevet Brigadier General (b. 1841) * July 16 – Sigismund Bachrich, Hungarian composer (b. 1841) * July 17 – Esther Saville Allen, American author (b. 1837) * July 19 – Clímaco Calderón, Colombian lawyer, politician and 15th President of Colombia (b. 1852) * July 20 – Vsevolod Rudnev, Russian admiral (b. 1855) * July 22 – Adhémar Esmein, French jurist (b. 1848) ** Eduardo López Rivas, Venezuelan editor and journalist (b. 1850) * July 29 – Tobias Asser, Dutch jurist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1838) * July 30 ** Lady Alicia Blackwood, English painter (b. 1818) ** Warren F. Daniell, American politician, U.S. Representative from New Hampshire (b. 1826) ** Itō Sachio, Japanese poet and novelist (b. 1864)August
* August 3 ** Josephine Cochrane, American inventor of the first commercially successful dishwasher (b. 1839) ** Joseph Graybill, American actress (b. 1887) * August 4 – Étienne Laspeyres, German economist (b. 1834) * August 7 – Samuel Franklin Cody, American-born British aviation pioneer (b. 1867) * August 9 – Wilhelm Albermann, German sculptor (b. 1835) * August 10 – Jules Desbrochers des Loges, French entomologist (b. 1836) * August 11 ** Vasily Avseenko, Russian journalist and writer (b. 1842) ** Natalie Zahle, Danish educator and women's rights activist (b. 1827) * August 13 – August Bebel, German Social Democratic politician (b. 1840) * August 20 – Émile Ollivier, 24th Prime Minister of France (b. 1825) * August 22 – Oscar de Négrier, French general (b. 1839) * August 28 – Fyodor Kamensky, Russian sculptor (b. 1836) * August 29 – Lars Havstad, Norwegian activist (b. 1851)September
* September 1 – Patriarch and Metropolitan Lukijan Bogdanović (b. 1867) *September 2 - Bill Miner, American bandito and stagecoach robber (b. 1847) * September 4 – Henry Billings Brown, American Associate Justice of the Supreme Court (b. 1836) * September 9 – Paul de Smet de Naeyer, 16th Prime Minister of Belgium (b. 1843) * September 13 – Arandzar, Armenian poet and writer (b. 1877) * September 16 – Julius Lewkowitsch, German engineer (b. 1857) * September 18 – Prince George Alexandrovich Yuryevsky (b. 1872) * September 20 – Ferdinand Blumentritt, Filipino author (b. 1853) * September 29 – Rudolf Diesel, German engine inventor (b. 1858) * September 30 ** Beatrice Bhadrayuvadi, Siamese princess (b. 1876) ** Antoni Klawiter, Polish Roman Catholic priest and venerable (b. 1836)October
* October 4 ** Josep Tapiró Baró, Spanish painter (b. 1836) ** Faisal bin Turki, Sultan of Muscat and Oman, Faisal bin Turki, Sultan of Oman (b. 1864) ** Eleanor Cripps Kennedy, Canadian businessman (b. 1825) * October 5 – Hans von Bartels, German painter (b. 1856) * October 7 – Ivan Banjavčić, Croatian politician and philanthropist (b. 1843) * October 10 **Adolphus Busch, German-American brewer, co-founder of Anheuser-Busch (b. 1839) ** Gregorio Maria Aguirre y Garcia, Spanish Roman Catholic cardinal (b. 1835) ** Katsura Tarō, 6th Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1848) * October 12 – Elisabeth Leisinger, German soprano (b 1864) * October 13 – Leonid Sobolev, 6th Prime Minister of Bulgaria (b. 1844) * October 16 – Ralph Rose, American Olympic athlete (b. 1885) * October 19 – Charles Tellier, French engineer, inventor of the chemical refrigerator (b. 1828) * October 20 – Viktor Kirpichov, Russian engineer and physicist (b. 1845) * October 21 – Theodor Kolde, German Protestant theologian (b. 1850) * October 23 – Edwin Klebs, Swiss-German pathologist, discoverer of Diphtheria bacterium (b. 1834) * October 29 – Darío de Regoyos, Spanish painter (b. 1857) * October 31 – William Evans-Gordon, Sir William Evans-Gordon, British diplomat and politician (b. 1857)November
* November 3 – Sava Grujić, Serbian diplomat, general and politician, 5-time Prime Minister of Serbia (b. 1840) * November 4 – Fredericus Anna Jentink, Dutch zoologist (b. 1844) * November 7 – Alfred Russel Wallace, Welsh biologist (b. 1823) * November 6 – Cho Ki-chon, North Korean poet (d. 1951) * November 8 – Ferdinand Abell, American businessman (b. 1835) * November 16 – George Barham, Sir George Barham, English businessman, founder of Express County Milk Supply Company (b. 1836) * November 21 – Francesco Acri, Italian philosopher (b. 1834) * November 22 – Tokugawa Yoshinobu, 15th and last ''shōgun'' of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan (b. 1837) * November 25 – Haviland Le Mesurier, Australian soldier (b. 1856) * November 28 – George B. Post, American architect (b. 1837)December
* December 1 ** Juho Lallukka, Finnish businessman (b. 1852) ** Juhan Liiv, Estonian poet and short story writer (b. 1864) * December 5 – Ferdinand Dugué, French playwright (b. 1816) * December 7 ** Luigi Oreglia di Santo Stefano, Italian Catholic churchman, last surviving cardinal of Pius IX (b. 1828) ** Aaron Montgomery Ward, American businessman, inventor of mail order (b. 1844) * December 8 – František Koláček, Austro-Hungarian physicist (b. 1851) * December 10 – Léon Letort, French aviator (b. 1889) * December 11 ** Abraham Hirsch (architect), Abraham Hirsch, French architect (b. 1828) ** Carl von In der Maur, Governor of Liechtenstein (b. 1852) ** Ioan Kalinderu, Romanian jurist (b. 1840) * December 12 – Menelik II, Emperor of Ethiopia (b. 1844) * December 13 – Birger Kildal, Norwegian businessman (b. 1849) * December 15 – Miguel Lebrija, Mexican aviator (b. 1887) * December 19 – Anthimus VII of Constantinople, Patriarch Anthimus VII of Constantinople (b. 1827) * December 25 – Alberto Aguilera, Spanish politician (b. 1842) * December 26 – Ambrose Bierce, American writer, journalist (disappeared on this date) (b. 1842) * December 27 – Infanta Antónia of Portugal (b. 1845) * December 30 – Giovanni Maria Boccardo, Italian Roman Catholic priest and saint (b. 1848)Nobel Prizes
* Nobel Prize in Physics, Physics – Heike Kamerlingh Onnes * Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Chemistry – Alfred Werner * Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Medicine – Charles Richet * Nobel Prize in Literature, Literature – Rabindranath Tagore * Nobel Peace Prize, Peace – Henri La FontaineReferences
Further reading
* Charles Emmerson. ''1913: In Search of the World Before the Great War'' (2013