Events
January–March
*
January 1
January 1 or 1 January is the first day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 364 days remaining until the end of the year (365 in leap years). This day is also known as New Year's Day since the day marks the beginning of the ye ...
–
Queen Victoria is proclaimed ''
Empress of India'' by the ''
Royal Titles Act 1876'', introduced by
Benjamin Disraeli, the
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom .
*
January 8 –
Great Sioux War of 1876 –
Battle of Wolf Mountain:
Crazy Horse and his warriors fight their last battle with the
United States Cavalry in
Montana.
*
January 20 – The Conference of Constantinople ends, with
Ottoman Turkey rejecting proposals of internal reform and Balkan provisions.
*
January 29 – The
Satsuma Rebellion, a revolt of disaffected
samurai
were the hereditary military nobility and officer caste of medieval and early-modern Japan from the late 12th century until their abolition in 1876. They were the well-paid retainers of the '' daimyo'' (the great feudal landholders). They ...
in Japan, breaks out against the new imperial government; it lasts until September, when it is crushed by a professionally led army of draftees.
*
February 17 – Major General
Charles George Gordon of the
British Army is appointed
Governor-General of the Sudan.
*
March – ''
The Nineteenth Century'' magazine is founded in London.
*
March 2 –
Compromise of 1877: The
1876 United States presidential election is resolved with the selection of
Rutherford B. Hayes as the winner, even though
Samuel J. Tilden won the popular vote on
November 7,
1876.
*
March 4
Events Pre-1600
* AD 51 – Nero, later to become Roman emperor, is given the title '' princeps iuventutis'' (head of the youth).
* 306 – Martyrdom of Saint Adrian of Nicomedia.
* 852 – Croatian Knez Trpimir I issues a ...
**
Emile Berliner invents the
microphone.
**
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's ballet ''
Swan Lake'' debuts.
**
Rutherford B. Hayes is sworn in as the 19th President of the United States.
*
March 15
Events Pre-1600
* 474 BC – Roman consul Aulus Manlius Vulso celebrates an ovation for concluding the war against Veii and securing a forty years' truce.
* 44 BC – The assassination of Julius Caesar takes place.
* 493 &ndash ...
–
English cricket team in Australia and New Zealand in 1876–77
The 1876–77 tour of Australia and New Zealand was at the time considered to be another professional first-class cricket tour of the colonies, as similar tours had occurred previously, but retrospectively it became classified as the first Te ...
: The first
Test cricket match is held between England and Australia.
*
March 24 – For the only time in history,
The Boat Race between the Universities of
Cambridge and
Oxford is declared a "dead heat" (i.e., a draw).
April–June
*
April 1 – Following years of murders of
Sharecroppers
Sharecropping is a legal arrangement with regard to agricultural land in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crops produced on that land.
Sharecropping has a long history and there are a wide range ...
and US army personnel by the former slave owners, the
Reconstruction era of the United States ends when Union troops pull out of the
Southern United States. This leaves the former slaves at the mercy of their owners, which begins the
Gilded Age when large businesses start to
monopolize the American economy.
*
April 10
Events Pre-1600
* 428 – Nestorius becomes the Patriarch of Constantinople.
* 837 – Halley's Comet makes its closest approach to Earth at a distance equal to 0.0342 AU (5.1 million kilometres/3.2 million miles).
* 1407 ...
– The first
human cannonball act in the British Isles, and perhaps the world, is performed by 14-year-old
Rossa Matilda Richter
Rossa Matilda Richter (7 April 1860–8 December 1937), who used the stage name Zazel, was an English aerialist and actor who became known as the first human cannonball at the age of 17. She began performing at a very young age, practicing aeria ...
("Zazel") at the London
Royal Aquarium
The Royal Aquarium and Winter Garden was a place of amusement in Westminster, London. It opened in 1876, and the building was demolished in 1903. The attraction was located northwest of Westminster Abbey on Tothill Street. The building was desi ...
.
*
April 12
** The United Kingdom annexes the
South African Republic
The South African Republic ( nl, Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek, abbreviated ZAR; af, Suid-Afrikaanse Republiek), also known as the Transvaal Republic, was an independent Boer Republic in Southern Africa which existed from 1852 to 1902, when i ...
, violating the
Sand River Convention of
1852, causing a new
Xhosa War.
** The
University of Tokyo is officially established in
Japan
Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the n ...
.
*
April 24 –
Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878):
Russia
Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-ei ...
declares war on the
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University ...
.
*
May 5 –
Great Sioux War of 1876:
Sitting Bull leads his band of
Lakota into
Canada
Canada is a country in North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering over , making it the world's second-largest country by to ...
, to avoid harassment by the United States Army under Colonel
Nelson Miles.
*
May 6 – Realizing that his people are weakened by cold and hunger, Chief
Crazy Horse of the
Oglala Sioux
The Oglala (pronounced , meaning "to scatter one's own" in Lakota language) are one of the seven subtribes of the Lakota people who, along with the Dakota, make up the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ (Seven Council Fires). A majority of the Oglala live o ...
surrenders to United States troops in Nebraska.
*
May 8–
11 – At Gilmore's Gardens in New York City, the first
Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show is held.
*
May 9
Events Pre-1600
* 328 – Athanasius is elected Patriarch of Alexandria.
* 1009 – Lombard Revolt: Lombard forces led by Melus revolt in Bari against the Byzantine Catepanate of Italy.
*1386 – England and Portugal formally r ...
–
Iquique Earthquake and
tsunami: An earthquake of at least magnitude 8.5
Ms occurs on the west coast of South America, killing 2,541 around the
Pacific Rim.
*
May 16 – The
16 May 1877 crisis occurs in France.
*
May 21 (May 9
O.S.) – By a speech in the
Parliament of Romania by
Mihail Kogălniceanu
Mihail Kogălniceanu (; also known as Mihail Cogâlniceanu, Michel de Kogalnitchan; September 6, 1817 – July 1, 1891) was a Romanian liberal statesman, lawyer, historian and publicist; he became Prime Minister of Romania on October 11, 1863, ...
, the country declares itself independent from the
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University ...
(recognized in
1878 after the end of the Romanian independence war).
*
June 15 –
Henry Ossian Flipper
Henry Ossian Flipper (March 21, 1856 – April 26, 1940) was an American soldier, engineer, former slave and in 1877, the first African American to graduate from the United States Military Academy at West Point, earning a commission as a ...
becomes the first
African American cadet to graduate from the
United States Military Academy.
*
June 17
Events Pre-1600
* 653 – Pope Martin I is arrested and taken to Constantinople, due to his opposition to monothelitism.
*1242 – Following the Disputation of Paris, twenty-four carriage loads of Jewish religious manuscripts were bur ...
–
American Indian Wars –
Battle of White Bird Canyon
The Battle of White Bird Canyon was fought on June 17, 1877, in Idaho Territory. White Bird Canyon was the opening battle of the Nez Perce War between the Nez Perce Indians and the United States. The battle was a significant defeat of the U.S. ...
: The
Nez Perce defeat the U.S. Cavalry at White Bird Canyon, in the
Idaho Territory. This begins the
Nez Perce War.
*
June 20 –
Alexander Graham Bell installs the world's first commercial telephone service in
Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
*
June 21 – The
Molly Maguires
The Molly Maguires were an Irish people, Irish 19th-century secret society active in Ireland, Liverpool and parts of the Eastern United States, best known for their activism among Irish-American and Irish diaspora, Irish immigrant coal miners i ...
are hanged at
Carbon County Prison, in
Mauch Chunk, Pennsylvania
Jim Thorpe is a borough and the county seat of Carbon County in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. It is part of Northeastern Pennsylvania. It is historically known as the burial site of Native American sports legend Jim Thorpe.
Jim Thorpe is l ...
.
*
June 26 – The eruption of the volcano
Cotopaxi in
Ecuador causes severe mudflows that wipe out surrounding cities and valleys, killing 1,000.
*
June 30
Events Pre-1600
* 296 – Pope Marcellinus begins his papacy.
* 763 – The Byzantine army of emperor Constantine V defeats the Bulgarian forces in the Battle of Anchialus.
* 1422 – Battle of Arbedo between the duke of Milan ...
– The British Mediterranean fleet is sent to
Besika Bay.
July–September
*
July – The serial publication of
Leo Tolstoy's ''
Anna Karenina'' is concluded, in ''
The Russian Messenger
The ''Russian Messenger'' or ''Russian Herald'' (russian: Ру́сский ве́стник ''Russkiy Vestnik'', Pre-reform Russian: Русскій Вѣстникъ ''Russkiy Vestnik'') has been the title of three notable magazines published in ...
''.
*
July 1 – An F4 tornado touched down near
Gap, Pennsylvania, and moved towards
Chester County Chester County may refer to:
* Chester County, Pennsylvania, United States
* Chester County, South Carolina, United States
* Chester County, Tennessee, United States
* Cheshire
Cheshire ( ) is a ceremonial and historic county in North West Eng ...
. A woman was killed near
Ercildoun; a man was killed near
Parkesburg. 4 homes were destroyed at Parkesburg and 20 buildings were destroyed at Ercildoun. 10 homes or more were leveled in Chester County. It is possible a third person died.
*
July 9 – The
All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club
The All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club, also known as the All England Club, based at Church Road, Wimbledon, London, England, is a private members' club. It is best known as the venue for the Wimbledon Championships, the only Grand Slam ...
begins its first lawn tennis tournament at
Wimbledon.
*
July 16 –
Great Railroad Strike of 1877: Riots by
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad railroad workers in
Baltimore lead to a
sympathy strike and rioting in Pittsburgh, and a full-scale worker's rebellion in St. Louis, briefly establishing a Communist government, before U.S. President
Rutherford B. Hayes calls in the armed forces.
*
July 19 –
Russo-Turkish War: The first battle in the
siege of Plevna is fought.
*
July 30 –
Russo-Turkish War: The second battle in the
siege of Plevna is fought.
*
July 30 –
Russo-Turkish War: The Turkish army and its allies destroy the
Bulgaria
Bulgaria (; bg, България, Bǎlgariya), officially the Republic of Bulgaria,, ) is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the eastern flank of the Balkans, and is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and North Macedo ...
n city of
Stara Zagora and massacre the inhabitants.
*
August 9 –
American Indian Wars –
Battle of the Big Hole
The Battle of the Big Hole was fought in Montana Territory, August 9–10, 1877, between the United States Army and the Nez Perce tribe of Native Americans during the Nez Perce War. Both sides suffered heavy casualties. The Nez Perce wit ...
: Near
Big Hole River,
Montana, a small band of
Nez Perce people who refuse government orders to move to a reservation, clash with the
United States Army
The United States Army (USA) is the land service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services, and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution.Article II, section 2, ...
. The army loses 29 soldiers, and the Indians lose 89 warriors, in an Army victory.
*
August 12 –
American
American(s) may refer to:
* American, something of, from, or related to the United States of America, commonly known as the "United States" or "America"
** Americans, citizens and nationals of the United States of America
** American ancestry, pe ...
astronomer
Asaph Hall discovers
Deimos Deimos, a Greek word for ''dread'', may refer to:
* Deimos (deity), one of the sons of Ares and Aphrodite in Greek mythology
* Deimos (moon), the smaller and outermost of Mars' two natural satellites
* Elecnor Deimos, a Spanish aerospace company
* ...
, the outer
moon of
Mars.
*
August 18 –
Asaph Hall discovers
Phobos, the inner
moon of
Mars.
*
September 1 – The
Battle of Lovcha, third battle in the
siege of Plevna, is fought. Russian forces successfully reduce the Ottoman fortress at
Lovcha.
*
September 5 –
American Indian Wars: Oglala
Sioux chief
Crazy Horse is
bayoneted by a United States soldier, after resisting confinement in a guardhouse at
Fort Robinson
Fort Robinson is a former U.S. Army fort and now a major feature of Fort Robinson State Park, a public recreation and historic preservation area located west of Crawford on U.S. Route 20 in the Pine Ridge region of northwest Nebraska.
The ...
in
Nebraska
Nebraska () is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States. It is bordered by South Dakota to the north; Iowa to the east and Missouri to the southeast, both across the Missouri River; Kansas to the south; Colorado to the sout ...
.
*
September 22 –
Treaty 7 is concluded between several mainly
Blackfoot First Nations tribes and the
Canadian Confederation, at the
Blackfoot Crossing of the
Bow River, settling the Blackfoot on
Indian reserves in what will become southern
Alberta
Alberta ( ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada. It is part of Western Canada and is one of the three prairie provinces. Alberta is bordered by British Columbia to the west, Saskatchewan to the east, the Northwest T ...
.
*
September 24 –
Battle of Shiroyama in
Kagoshima, Japan: The
Imperial Japanese Army
The was the official ground-based armed force of the Empire of Japan from 1868 to 1945. It was controlled by the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office and the Ministry of the Army, both of which were nominally subordinate to the Emper ...
annihilates heavily outnumbered rebel ''
samurai
were the hereditary military nobility and officer caste of medieval and early-modern Japan from the late 12th century until their abolition in 1876. They were the well-paid retainers of the '' daimyo'' (the great feudal landholders). They ...
'' under
Saigō Takamori
was a Japanese samurai and nobleman. He was one of the most influential samurai in Japanese history and one of the three great nobles who led the Meiji Restoration. Living during the late Edo and early Meiji periods, he later led the Sats ...
(who is killed), ending the
Satsuma Rebellion.
October–December
*
October 22 – The
Blantyre mining disaster
The Blantyre mining disaster, which happened on the morning of 22 October 1877, in Blantyre, Scotland, was Scotland's worst ever mining accident. Pits No. 2 and No. 3 of William Dixon's Blantyre Colliery were the site of an explosion which kil ...
in Scotland kills 207 miners.
*
November 14 –
Henrik Ibsen's first contemporary realist drama ''
The Pillars of Society
''The Pillars of Society'' (or "Pillars of the Community"; original Norwegian title: ''Samfundets støtter'') is an 1877 play written by Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen.
Ibsen had great trouble with the writing of this play. The ending is ...
'' is premièred at the
Odense Teater
Odense Teater is a theater in the city of Odense in Denmark. It dates back to 1796, which makes it Denmark's second oldest theater. It is one of the country's three main theaters.
The venue is located in Jernbanegade, where it has three stages: ...
.
*
November 21 –
Thomas Edison announces his invention of the
phonograph, a machine that can record sound, considered Edison's first great invention. Edison demonstrates the device for the first time on
November 29.
*
November 22 – The first
college lacrosse game is played between
New York University and
Manhattan College.
*
December 9 – The fourth battle of the
Russo-Turkish War is fought, concluding the
siege of Plevna.
*
December 13 –
Serbia
Serbia (, ; Serbian: , , ), officially the Republic of Serbia ( Serbian: , , ), is a landlocked country in Southeastern and Central Europe, situated at the crossroads of the Pannonian Basin and the Balkans. It shares land borders with Hu ...
restates its previous declaration of war against Turkey.
*
December 17
Events Pre-1600
*497 BC – The first Saturnalia festival was celebrated in ancient Rome.
* 546 – Siege of Rome: The Ostrogoths under king Totila plunder the city, by bribing the Byzantine garrison.
* 920 – Romanos I Lekape ...
– Disastrous premiere of
Anton Bruckner's
Third Symphony in D minor at the
Vienna Philharmonic
*
December 30 –
Brahms' Symphony No. 2 premieres in Vienna.
Births
January–March
*
January 2 –
Slava Raškaj, Croatian painter (d.
1906)
*
January 3 –
Josephine Hull, American actress (d.
1957)
*
January 22 –
Hjalmar Schacht, German economist, politician and banker (d.
1970)
*
January 26
Events Pre-1600
* 661 – The Rashidun Caliphate is effectively ended with the assassination of Ali, the last caliph.
* 1531 – The 6.4–7.1 Lisbon earthquake kills about thirty thousand people.
* 1564 – The Council of T ...
–
Kees van Dongen
Cornelis Theodorus Maria "Kees" van Dongen (26 January 1877 – 28 May 1968) was a Dutch-French painter who was one of the leading Fauves. Van Dongen's early work was influenced by the Hague School and symbolism and it evolved gradually into a r ...
, Dutch-French painter (d.
1968)
*
February 4 –
Eddie Cochems, father of the
forward pass
In several forms of football, a forward pass is the throwing of the ball in the direction in which the offensive team is trying to move, towards the defensive team's goal line. The forward pass is one of the main distinguishers between gridiro ...
in
American football
American football (referred to simply as football in the United States and Canada), also known as gridiron, is a team sport played by two teams of eleven players on a rectangular field with goalposts at each end. The offense, the team wi ...
(d.
1953
Events
January
* January 6 – The Asian Socialist Conference opens in Rangoon, Burma.
* January 12 – Estonian émigrés found a government-in-exile in Oslo.
* January 14
** Marshal Josip Broz Tito is chosen President of Yugosl ...
)
*
February 7
Events Pre-1600
* 457 – Leo I becomes the Eastern Roman emperor.
* 987 – Bardas Phokas the Younger and Bardas Skleros, Byzantine generals of the military elite, begin a wide-scale rebellion against Emperor Basil II.
*1301 &nda ...
–
G. H. Hardy, British mathematician (d.
1947)
*
February 8 –
Carl Tanzler, German-born
radiology technologist (d.
1952)
*
February 12
Events Pre-1600
* 1404 – The Italian professor Galeazzo di Santa Sophie performed the first post-mortem autopsy for the purposes of teaching and demonstration at the Heiligen–Geist Spital in Vienna.
* 1429 – English forces und ...
–
Louis Renault, French industrialist, founder of ''
Renault
Groupe Renault ( , , , also known as the Renault Group in English; legally Renault S.A.) is a French multinational automobile manufacturer established in 1899. The company produces a range of cars and vans, and in the past has manufactured ...
'' (d.
1944
Events
Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix.
January
* January 2 – WWII:
** Free French General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny is appointed to command French Army B, part of the Sixth United States Army Group in ...
)
*
February 14 –
Edmund Landau, German mathematician (d.
1938)
*
February 17
**
Isabelle Eberhardt, Swiss explorer, writer (d.
1904)
**
André Maginot, French politician (d.
1932
Events January
* January 4 – The British authorities in India arrest and intern Mahatma Gandhi and Vallabhbhai Patel.
* January 9 – Sakuradamon Incident: Korean nationalist Lee Bong-chang fails in his effort to assassinate Emperor Hir ...
)
*
February 19 –
Gabriele Münter, German painter (d.
1962)
*
February 25 –
Erich von Hornbostel, Austrian musicologist (d.
1935)
*
March 2 –
Consuelo Vanderbilt, Duchess of Marlborough (d.
1964)
*
March 4
Events Pre-1600
* AD 51 – Nero, later to become Roman emperor, is given the title '' princeps iuventutis'' (head of the youth).
* 306 – Martyrdom of Saint Adrian of Nicomedia.
* 852 – Croatian Knez Trpimir I issues a ...
–
Garrett Morgan
Garrett Augustus Morgan, Sr. (March 4, 1877 – July 27, 1963) was an American inventor, businessman, and community leader. His most notable inventions were a three-position traffic signal and a smoke hood (a predecessor to the gas mask) notably ...
, American inventor (d.
1963)
*
March 7 –
Thorvald Ellegaard
Thorvald Ellegaard (7 March 1877 - 27 April 1954) was a leading Danish track racing cyclist in the 1900s and 1910s. He won the world professional sprint title six times, three European titles, and 24 Danish titles. He also won the Grand Prix d ...
, Danish track cyclist (d.
1954)
*
March 10 –
Pascual Ortiz Rubio, Mexican politician, substitute
President of Mexico
The president of Mexico ( es, link=no, Presidente de México), officially the president of the United Mexican States ( es, link=no, Presidente de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos), is the head of state and head of government of Mexico. Under the ...
, 1930-1932 (d.
1963)
*
March 12 –
Wilhelm Frick, German Nazi politician (d.
1946)
*
March 18 –
Edgar Cayce, American psychic (d.
1945)
April–June
*
April 15 –
Georg Kolbe, German sculptor (d.
1947)
*
April 30 –
Alice B. Toklas, American writer (d.
1967)
*
May 3 –
Karl Abraham
Karl Abraham (; 3 May 1877 – 25 December 1925) was an influential German psychoanalyst, and a collaborator of Sigmund Freud, who called him his 'best pupil'.
Life
Abraham was born in Bremen, Germany. His parents were Nathan Abraham, a Jewis ...
, German psychoanalyst (d.
1925)
*
May 24 –
Samuel W. Bryant
Samuel Wood Bryant (May 24, 1877 – November 4, 1938) was an admiral in the United States Navy.
Biography
Bryant was born in Washington, Pennsylvania, on May 24, 1877. He attended Bryant School and the Pittsburgh Academy (the predecessor of ...
, American admiral (d.
1938)
* May 25 –
Billy Murray, American singer (d.
1954)
*
May 27 –
Isadora Duncan, American dancer (d.
1927)
*
June 4 –
Heinrich Otto Wieland
Heinrich Otto Wieland (; 4 June 1877 – 5 August 1957) was a German chemist. He won the 1927 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his research into the bile acids.
Career
In 1901 Wieland received his doctorate at the University of Munich while studyin ...
, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d.
1957)
*
June 7 –
Charles Glover Barkla
Charles Glover Barkla FRS FRSE (7 June 1877 – 23 October 1944) was a British physicist, and the winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1917 for his work in X-ray spectroscopy and related areas in the study of X-rays (Roentgen rays).
Life
...
, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d.
1944
Events
Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix.
January
* January 2 – WWII:
** Free French General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny is appointed to command French Army B, part of the Sixth United States Army Group in ...
)
*
June 11 –
Renée Vivien, British poet who wrote in French (d.
1909)
*
June 12 –
Thomas C. Hart
Thomas Charles Hart (June 12, 1877July 4, 1971) was an admiral in the United States Navy, whose service extended from the Spanish–American War through World War II. Following his retirement from the navy, he served briefly as a United States S ...
, American admiral, politician (d.
1971)
*
June 14 –
Jane Bathori
Jane Bathori (14 June 1877 – 25 January 1970) was a French mezzo-soprano. She was famous on the operatic stage and important in the development of contemporary French music.
Life and career
Born Jeanne-Marie Berthier, she originally studied ...
, French opera singer (d.
1970)
*
June 18 –
James Montgomery Flagg
James Montgomery Flagg (June 18, 1877 – May 27, 1960) was an American artist, comics artist and illustrator. He worked in media ranging from fine art painting to cartooning, but is best remembered for his political posters, particularly his 1 ...
, American artist, comics artist and illustrator (d.
1960)
*
June 19 –
Charles Coburn, American actor (d.
1961
Events January
* January 3
** United States President Dwight D. Eisenhower announces that the United States has severed diplomatic and consular relations with Cuba (Cuba–United States relations are restored in 2015).
** Aero Flight 311 (K ...
)
July–September
*
July 2
**
Rinaldo Cuneo, American artist ("the painter of San Francisco") (d.
1939)
**
Hermann Hesse, German-born writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d.
1962)
*
July 6 –
Arnaud Massy, French golfer (d.
1950)
*
July 13 –
Erik Scavenius, Prime Minister of Denmark (d.
1962)
*
July 19 –
Arthur Fielder
Arthur Fielder (19 July 1877 – 30 August 1949) was an English professional cricketer who played as a fast bowler for Kent County Cricket Club and the England cricket team from 1900 to 1914. He played a major role in Kent's four County Champi ...
, English cricketer (d.
1949)
*
July 27 –
Ernst von Dohnányi, Hungarian conductor (d.
1960)
*
July 31 –
Louisa Bolus
Harriet Margaret Louisa Bolus ''née'' Kensit (31 July 1877, Burgersdorp – 5 April 1970, Cape Town) was a South African botanist and taxonomist, and the longtime curator of the Bolus Herbarium, from 1903. Bolus also has the legacy of author ...
, South African botanist and taxonomist (d.
1970)
*
August 1 –
George Hackenschmidt, Estonian strongman, professional wrestler (d.
1968)
*
August 6 –
Wallace H. White, Jr., U.S. Senator from Maine (d.
1952)
*
August 7 –
Ulrich Salchow, Swedish figure skater (d.
1949)
*
August 16
Events Pre-1600
* 1 BC – Wang Mang consolidates his power in China and is declared marshal of state. Emperor Ai of Han, who died the previous day, had no heirs.
* 942 – Start of the four-day Battle of al-Mada'in, between the Hamda ...
–
Roque Ruaño, Spanish priest, civil engineer (d.
1935)
*
August 22 –
Ananda Coomaraswamy, Ceylonese Tamil philosopher (d.
1947)
*
August 26 –
John Latham, Australian politician, judge (d.
1964)
*
August 27
**
Lloyd C. Douglas
Lloyd Cassel Douglas (August 27, 1877 – February 13, 1951) was an American minister and author.
Douglas was one of the most popular American authors of his time, although he did not write his first novel until he was 50.
Biography
He was ...
, American minister, author (d.
1951)
**
Charles Rolls
Charles Stewart Rolls (27 August 1877 – 12 July 1910) was a British motoring and aviation pioneer. With Henry Royce, he co-founded the Rolls-Royce car manufacturing firm. He was the first Briton to be killed in an aeronautical accident wit ...
, Welsh co-founder of the
Rolls-Royce car firm, pioneer aviator (d.
1910)
*
August 29 –
Dudley Pound, British admiral (d.
1943)
*
September 1
**
Francis William Aston, English chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d.
1945)
**
Rex Beach, American novelist, playwright, and Olympic water polo player (d.
1949)
*
September 2
Events
Pre-1600
*44 BC – Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion.
* 44 BC – Cicero launches the first of his '' Philippicae'' (oratorical attacks) on Mark Antony. He will make 14 of t ...
–
Frederick Soddy, English chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d.
1956
Events
January
* January 1 – The Anglo-Egyptian Condominium ends in Sudan.
* January 8 – Operation Auca: Five U.S. evangelical Christian missionaries, Nate Saint, Roger Youderian, Ed McCully, Jim Elliot and Pete Fleming, are kille ...
)
*
September 6 –
Buddy Bolden, American jazz musician (d.
1931)
*
September 14 –
Leonhard Seppala, Norwegian-American sled dog breeder, trainer and musher (d.
1967)
*
September 25
Events Pre-1600
* 275 – For the last time, the Roman Senate chooses an emperor; they elect 75-year-old Marcus Claudius Tacitus.
* 762 – Led by Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya, the Hasanid branch of the Alids begins the Alid Revolt ...
–
Plutarco Elías Calles, Mexican general and
President of Mexico
The president of Mexico ( es, link=no, Presidente de México), officially the president of the United Mexican States ( es, link=no, Presidente de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos), is the head of state and head of government of Mexico. Under the ...
, 1924–1928; known as ''Jefe Maximo'' ("Maximum Boss") from 1928 to 1934 (d.
1945)
*
September 26
**
Alfred Cortot, Swiss pianist (d.
1962)
**
Edmund Gwenn
Edmund Gwenn (born Edmund John Kellaway; 26 September 1877 – 6 September 1959) was an English actor. On film, he is best remembered for his role as Kris Kringle in the Christmas film ''Miracle on 34th Street'' (1947), for which he won th ...
, English actor (d.
1959)
**
Bertha De Vriese
Bertha De Vriese (26 September 187717 March 1958) was a Belgian physician. When she earned her degree as a doctor of medicine at Ghent University, where she was the first woman to conduct research and the first woman physician to graduate from ...
, Belgian physician (d.
1958
Events
January
* January 1 – The European Economic Community (EEC) comes into being.
* January 3 – The West Indies Federation is formed.
* January 4
** Edmund Hillary's Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition completes the third ...
)
October–December
*
October 10 –
William Morris, 1st Viscount Nuffield, British businessman, philanthropist (d.
1963)
*
October 15 –
Helen Ware, American stage, film actress (d.
1939)
*
October 21 –
Oswald Avery, Canadian-American physician, medical researcher (d.
1955
Events January
* January 3 – José Ramón Guizado becomes president of Panama.
* January 17 – , the first nuclear-powered submarine, puts to sea for the first time, from Groton, Connecticut.
* January 18– 20 – Battle of Yijiangs ...
)
*
October 22 –
Frederick Twort, English bacteriologist (d.
1950)
*
October 29 –
Narcisa de Leon, Filipino film producer (d.
1966)
*
October 30 –
Hugo Celmiņš, 2-time prime minister of Latvia (d.
1941)
*
November 1
Events Pre-1600
*365 – The Alemanni cross the Rhine and invade Gaul. Emperor Valentinian I moves to Paris to command the army and defend the Gallic cities.
* 996 – Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk, Bishop of Freising, ...
–
Else Ury, German writer, children's book author (d.
1943)
*
November 2 –
Claire McDowell, American silent film actress (d.
1966)
*
November 3 –
Carlos Ibáñez del Campo, 2-time President of Chile (d.
1960)
*
November 9
**
Enrico De Nicola, 1st President of Italy (d.
1959)
**
Allama Iqbal
Sir Muhammad Iqbal ( ur, ; 9 November 187721 April 1938), was a South Asian Muslim writer, philosopher, Quote: "In Persian, ... he published six volumes of mainly long poems between 1915 and 1936, ... more or less complete works on philos ...
, Indian philosopher, one of the founding fathers of the Muslims of India (d.
1938)
*
November 15
Events Pre-1600
* 655 – Battle of the Winwaed: Penda of Mercia is defeated by Oswiu of Northumbria.
*1315 – Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy: The Schweizer Eidgenossenschaft ambushes the army of Leopold I in the Battle of Mor ...
–
William Hope Hodgson
William Hope Hodgson (15 November 1877 – 19 April 1918) was an English author. He produced a large body of work, consisting of essays, short fiction, and novels, spanning several overlapping genres including horror, fantastic fiction, and sci ...
, English author (d.
1918
This year is noted for the end of the First World War, on the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month, as well as for the Spanish flu pandemic that killed 50–100 million people worldwide.
Events
Below, the events ...
)
*
November 17 –
Frank Lahm
Frank Purdy Lahm (November 17, 1877 – July 7, 1963) was an American aviation pioneer, the "nation's first military aviator", and a general officer in the United States Army Air Corps and Army Air Forces.
Lahm developed an interest in flying fr ...
, Brigadier General USAF, airship pilot, early military aviator trained by the
Wright brothers (d.
1963)
*
November 20
Events Pre-1600
* 284 – Diocletian is chosen as Roman emperor.
* 762 – During the An Shi Rebellion, the Tang dynasty, with the help of Huihe tribe, recaptures Luoyang from the rebels.
*1194 – Palermo is conquered by Henr ...
–
Herbert Pitman
Herbert John "Bert" Pitman MBE (20 November 1877 – 7 December 1961) was an English Merchant Navy seaman, who was the Third Officer of RMS ''Titanic'' when it sank in the North Atlantic Ocean with heavy loss of life after striking an iceb ...
, British mariner; 3rd Officer aboard RMS Titanic (d.
1961
Events January
* January 3
** United States President Dwight D. Eisenhower announces that the United States has severed diplomatic and consular relations with Cuba (Cuba–United States relations are restored in 2015).
** Aero Flight 311 (K ...
)
*
November 22
**
Endre Ady, Hungarian poet (d.
1919)
**
Joan Gamper, Swiss-born businessman, founder of
FC Barcelona
Futbol Club Barcelona (), commonly referred to as Barcelona and colloquially known as Barça (), is a professional football club based in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, that competes in La Liga, the top flight of Spanish football.
Found ...
(d.
1930)
*
November 24
**
Alben W. Barkley
Alben William Barkley (; November 24, 1877 – April 30, 1956) was an American lawyer and politician from Kentucky who served in both houses of Congress and as the 35th vice president of the United States from 1949 to 1953 under Presiden ...
,
35th Vice President of the United States (d.
1956
Events
January
* January 1 – The Anglo-Egyptian Condominium ends in Sudan.
* January 8 – Operation Auca: Five U.S. evangelical Christian missionaries, Nate Saint, Roger Youderian, Ed McCully, Jim Elliot and Pete Fleming, are kille ...
)
**
Edward C. Kalbfus
Edward Clifford Kalbfus (November 24, 1877 – September 6, 1954), nicknamed "Old Dutch", was a four-star admiral in the United States Navy who was commander of the Battle Force of the United States Fleet from 1938 to 1939 and President of the N ...
, American admiral (d.
1954)
*
December 3 –
Richard Pearse
Richard William Pearse (3 December 187729 July 1953) was a New Zealand farmer and inventor who performed pioneering aviation experiments. Witnesses interviewed many years afterward describe observing Pearse flying and landing a powered heavie ...
, New Zealand airplane pioneer (d.
1953
Events
January
* January 6 – The Asian Socialist Conference opens in Rangoon, Burma.
* January 12 – Estonian émigrés found a government-in-exile in Oslo.
* January 14
** Marshal Josip Broz Tito is chosen President of Yugosl ...
)
* December 16 – Kichisaburō Nomura, Japanese admiral and diplomat (d.
1964)
*
December 30 – Edward Ellington, British military officer; Marshal of the Royal Air Force (d.
1967)
Date unknown
* Rashid Tali’a, Prime Minister of Jordan (d. 1926)
Deaths
January–June
*
January 1
January 1 or 1 January is the first day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 364 days remaining until the end of the year (365 in leap years). This day is also known as New Year's Day since the day marks the beginning of the ye ...
– Karl von Urban, Austrian field marshal (suicide) (b. 1802)
*
January 2 – Alexander Bain (inventor), Alexander Bain, Scottish inventor (b. 1811)
* January 4 – Cornelius Vanderbilt, American entrepreneur (b. 1794)
*
January 20 – Dato Maharajalela Lela, Malays (ethnic group), Malay nationalist
* February 18 – Henrietta A. Bingham, American editor (b. 1841)
* February 20 – Louis M. Goldsborough, United States Navy admiral (b. 1805)
*
February 25 – Jung Bahadur Rana, Nepalese ruler (b. 1817)
* March 1 – Antoni Patek, Polish watchmaker (b. 1811)
*
March 24 – Walter Bagehot, British businessman, essayist and journalist (b. 1826)
* March 25 – Caroline Chisholm, Australian humanitarian (b. 1808)
* March 31 – Bully Hayes, American-born Caribbean blackbirder (killed) (b. 1827 or 1829)
* April 8 – Bernardino António Gomes Jr., Bernardino António Gomes, Portuguese physician and naturalist (b. 1806)
* April 14 – Konstantin Bernhard von Voigts-Rhetz, Prussian general (b. 1809)
*
April 15 – J. P. C. Emmons, American attorney and politician (b. 1818)
*
May 6 – J. L. Runeberg, Finnish national poet (b. 1804)
* May 19 – Charlotta Djurström, Swedish actress and theater manager (b. 1807)
* May 26 – Kido Takayoshi, Japanese statesman (b. 1833)
* June 3
** Ludwig Ritter von Köchel, Austrian musicologist (b. 1800)
** Sophie of Württemberg, queen consort of the Netherlands (b. 1818)
*
June 17
Events Pre-1600
* 653 – Pope Martin I is arrested and taken to Constantinople, due to his opposition to monothelitism.
*1242 – Following the Disputation of Paris, twenty-four carriage loads of Jewish religious manuscripts were bur ...
– John Stevens Cabot Abbott, American historian, pastor and pedagogical writer (b. 1805)
* June 22 – John R. Goldsborough, U.S. Navy commodore (b. 1809)
July–December
*
July 16 – Samuel McLean (congressman), Samuel McLean, American congressman (b. 1826)
*
July 27 – John Frost (Chartist), John Frost, British Chartist leader (b. 1784)
* August 2 – Karl Friedrich von Steinmetz, Prussian field marshal Urdu (b. 1796)
* August 8 – William Lovett, British Chartist leader (b. 1800)
* August 17 – Isaac Aaron, English-born physician, owner of the ''Australian Medical Journal'' and secretary of the Australian Medical Association (b. 1804)
*
August 29 – Brigham Young, American Mormon leader (b. 1801)
* August 30 – Raphael Semmes, American and Confederate naval officer (b. 1809)
*
September 2
Events
Pre-1600
*44 BC – Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion.
* 44 BC – Cicero launches the first of his '' Philippicae'' (oratorical attacks) on Mark Antony. He will make 14 of t ...
– Konstantinos Kanaris, Greek politician (b. 1795)
* September 3 – Adolphe Thiers, French historian, politician (b. 1797)
*
September 5 –
Crazy Horse, American Oglala Lakota chief (b. 1840-45)
* September 12 – Emily Pepys, English child diarist (b. 1833)
* September 13 – Alexandre Herculano, Portuguese writer and historian (b. 1810)
* September 17 – Henry Fox Talbot, English photographer (b. 1800)
*
September 24 –
Saigō Takamori
was a Japanese samurai and nobleman. He was one of the most influential samurai in Japanese history and one of the three great nobles who led the Meiji Restoration. Living during the late Edo and early Meiji periods, he later led the Sats ...
, Japanese ''samurai'' (b. 1828)
* October 3 – James Roosevelt Bayley, first Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark, Roman Catholic Bishop of Newark, New Jersey, and eighth Archbishop of Baltimore (b. 1814)
*
October 10 – Johann Georg Baiter, Swiss philologist, textual critic (b. 1801)
* October 16 – Théodore Barrière, French dramatist (b. 1823)
* October 28 – Julia Kavanagh, Irish novelist (b. 1824)
*
October 29 – Nathan Bedford Forrest, American Confederate Civil War General, first Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan (b. 1821)
*
November 1
Events Pre-1600
*365 – The Alemanni cross the Rhine and invade Gaul. Emperor Valentinian I moves to Paris to command the army and defend the Gallic cities.
* 996 – Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk, Bishop of Freising, ...
– Oliver P. Morton, American politician (b. 1823)
*
November 2 – Friedrich Graf von Wrangel, Prussian field marshal (b. 1784)
* December 12 – José de Alencar, Brazilian novelist (b. 1829)
*
December 17
Events Pre-1600
*497 BC – The first Saturnalia festival was celebrated in ancient Rome.
* 546 – Siege of Rome: The Ostrogoths under king Totila plunder the city, by bribing the Byzantine garrison.
* 920 – Romanos I Lekape ...
– Louis d'Aurelle de Paladines, French general (b. 1804)
* December 29 – Angelica Singleton Van Buren, Acting First Lady of the United States (b. 1818)
*
December 30 – William Cormick, physician in Qajar Iran of British origin (b. 1822)
* December 31 – Gustave Courbet, French painter (b. 1819)
Date unknown
* Nicolae Golescu, 9th Prime Minister of Romania (b. 1810)
References
Further reading
''1877 Annual Cyclopedia'' (1878)highly detailed coverage of "Political, Military, and Ecclesiastical Affairs; Public Documents; Biography, Statistics, Commerce, Finance, Literature, Science, Agriculture, and Mechanical Industry" for year 1877; massive compilation of facts and primary documents; worldwide coverage; 827 pp
*
*
online* Lloyd, John P. "The strike wave of 1877" in ''The Encyclopedia of Strikes in American History'' (2009) pp 177-190
online
* Piper, Jessica. "The great railroad strike of 1877: A catalyst for the American labor movement." ''History Teacher'' 47.1 (2013): 93-110
online
{{DEFAULTSORT:1877
1877,