Events

January

January 1 January 1 is the first day of the calendar year in the Gregorian Calendar; 364 days remain until the end of the year (365 in leap years). This day is also known as New Year's Day since the day marks the beginning of the year. __TOC__ Events ...

–

Queen Victoria Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until Death and state funeral of Queen Victoria, her death in January 1901. Her reign of 63 year ...

is proclaimed Empress of India by the Royal Titles Act 1876, introduced by

Benjamin Disraeli Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield (21 December 1804 – 19 April 1881) was a British statesman, Conservative Party (UK), Conservative politician and writer who twice served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. He played a ...

, the

Prime Minister of the United Kingdom The prime minister of the United Kingdom is the head of government of the United Kingdom. The prime minister Advice (constitutional law), advises the Monarchy of the United Kingdom, sovereign on the exercise of much of the Royal prerogative ...

. *

January 8 Events Pre-1600 * 307 – Emperor Huai of Jin, Sima Chi becomes emperor of the Jin dynasty (266–420), Jin dynasty in succession to his brother, Emperor Hui of Jin, Sima Zhong, despite a challenge from his other brother, Sima Ying. * 871 ...

–

Great Sioux War of 1876 The Great Sioux War of 1876, also known as the Black Hills War, was a series of battles and negotiations that occurred in 1876 and 1877 in an alliance of Lakota people, Lakota Sioux and Northern Cheyenne against the United States. The cause of t ...

: Battle of Wolf Mountain –

Crazy Horse Crazy Horse ( , ; – September 5, 1877) was a Lakota people, Lakota war leader of the Oglala band. He took up arms against the United States federal government to fight against encroachment by White Americans, White American settlers on Nativ ...

and his warriors fight their last battle with the United States Cavalry in

Montana Montana ( ) is a landlocked U.S. state, state in the Mountain states, Mountain West subregion of the Western United States. It is bordered by Idaho to the west, North Dakota to the east, South Dakota to the southeast, Wyoming to the south, an ...

. *

January 20 Events Pre-1600 * 250 – Pope Fabian is martyred during the Decian persecution. *1156 – Finnish peasant Lalli kills English clergyman Henry (bishop of Finland), Henry, the Bishop of Turku, on the ice of Köyliönjärvi, Lake Köyli� ...

– The Conference of Constantinople ends, with Ottoman Turkey rejecting proposals of internal reform and Balkan provisions. *

January 29 Events Pre-1600 * 904 – Sergius III is elected pope, after coming out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed antipope Christopher. * 946 – Caliph al-Mustakfi is blinded and deposed by Mu'izz al-Dawla, ruler ...

– The Satsuma Rebellion, a revolt of disaffected

samurai The samurai () were members of the warrior class in Japan. They were originally provincial warriors who came from wealthy landowning families who could afford to train their men to be mounted archers. In the 8th century AD, the imperial court d ...

in Japan, breaks out against the new imperial government; it lasts until September, when it is crushed by a professionally led army of draftees.

February

* February 17 – Major General Charles George Gordon of the

British Army The British Army is the principal Army, land warfare force of the United Kingdom. the British Army comprises 73,847 regular full-time personnel, 4,127 Brigade of Gurkhas, Gurkhas, 25,742 Army Reserve (United Kingdom), volunteer reserve perso ...

is appointed Governor-General of the Sudan.

March

March 2 Events Pre-1600 * 537 – Siege of Rome: The Ostrogoth army under king Vitiges begins the siege of the capital. Belisarius conducts a delaying action outside the Flaminian Gate; he and a detachment of his '' bucellarii'' are almost ...

– Compromise of 1877: The

1876 United States presidential election United States presidential election, Presidential elections were held in the United States on November 7, 1876. Republican Party (United States), Republican Governor Rutherford B. Hayes of Ohio very narrowly defeated Democratic Party (United Sta ...

is resolved with the selection of Rutherford B. Hayes as the winner, even though Samuel J. Tilden won the popular vote on

November 7 Events Pre-1600 * 335 – Athanasius, 20th pope of Alexandria, is banished to Trier on the charge that he prevented a grain fleet from sailing to Constantinople. * 680 – The Sixth Ecumenical Council commences in Constantinople. ...

1876 Events January * January 1 ** The Reichsbank opens in Berlin. ** The Bass Brewery Red Triangle becomes the world's first registered trademark symbol. *January 27 – The Northampton Bank robbery occurs in Massachusetts. February * Febr ...

. *

March 4 Events Pre-1600 * AD 51 – Nero, later to become Roman emperor, is given the title '' princeps iuventutis'' (head of the youth). * 306 – Martyrdom of Saint Adrian of Nicomedia. * 581 – Yang Jian declares himself Emperor ...

Emile Berliner Emile Berliner (May 20, 1851 – August 3, 1929) originally Emil Berliner, was a German-American inventor. He is best known for inventing the lateral-cut flat disc gramophone record, record (called a "gramophone record" in British and American En ...

patent A patent is a type of intellectual property that gives its owner the legal right to exclude others from making, using, or selling an invention for a limited period of time in exchange for publishing an sufficiency of disclosure, enabling discl ...

s the

microphone A microphone, colloquially called a mic (), or mike, is a transducer that converts sound into an electrical signal. Microphones are used in many applications such as telephones, hearing aids, public address systems for concert halls and publi ...

in the United States. ** Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's ballet '' Swan Lake'' debuts in Moscow. * March 15 – English cricket team in Australia and New Zealand in 1876–77: The first

Test cricket Test cricket is a Forms of cricket, format of the sport of cricket, considered the game’s most prestigious and traditional form. Often referred to as the "ultimate test" of a cricketer's skill, endurance, and temperament, it is a format of i ...

match is held between England and Australia. * March 24 – For the only time in history, The Boat Race between the Universities of

Oxford Oxford () is a City status in the United Kingdom, cathedral city and non-metropolitan district in Oxfordshire, England, of which it is the county town. The city is home to the University of Oxford, the List of oldest universities in continuou ...

and

Cambridge Cambridge ( ) is a List of cities in the United Kingdom, city and non-metropolitan district in the county of Cambridgeshire, England. It is the county town of Cambridgeshire and is located on the River Cam, north of London. As of the 2021 Unit ...

is declared a "dead heat" (i.e., a draw). *

March March is the third month of the year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. Its length is 31 days. In the Northern Hemisphere, the meteorological beginning of spring occurs on the first day of March. The March equinox on the 20 or 2 ...

– '' The Nineteenth Century'' magazine is founded in London.

April

* April 1 – Following years of murders of sharecroppers and U.S. army personnel by the former slave owners, the

Reconstruction era The Reconstruction era was a period in History of the United States, US history that followed the American Civil War (1861-65) and was dominated by the legal, social, and political challenges of the Abolitionism in the United States, abol ...

of the U.S. ends when Union troops pull out of the South-Eastern American States. This leaves the former slaves at the mercy of their owners, and begins the Gilded Age when large businesses begin monopolization of the American economy. * April 10 – The first human cannonball act in the British Isles, and perhaps the world, is performed by 17-year-old Rossa Matilda Richter ("Zazel") at the London Royal Aquarium. * April 12 ** The United Kingdom annexes the South African Republic, violating the Sand River Convention of 1852, causing the First Boer War. ** The University of Tokyo is officially established in

Japan Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean off the northeast coast of the Asia, Asian mainland, it is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan and extends from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea ...

. *

April 24 Events Pre-1600 * 1479 BC – Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th dynasty). * 1183 BC – Traditional reckoning of the Fall of Troy ...

– Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878):

Russia Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the list of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the world, and extends across Time in Russia, eleven time zones, sharing Borders ...

declares war on the

Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire (), also called the Turkish Empire, was an empire, imperial realm that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Centr ...

May

* May 5 –

: Sitting Bull leads his band of Lakota into

Canada Canada is a country in North America. Its Provinces and territories of Canada, ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, making it the world's List of coun ...

, to avoid harassment by the U.S. Army under Colonel Nelson Miles. *

May 6 Events Pre-1600 * 1527 – Spanish and German troops sack Rome; many scholars consider this the end of the Renaissance. * 1536 – The Siege of Cuzco commences, in which Incan forces attempt to retake the city of Cuzco from the Sp ...

– Chief

of the Oglala Sioux surrenders to U.S. troops in Nebraska. * May 8– 11 – At Gilmore's Gardens in New York City, the first Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show is held. * May 9 – Iquique Earthquake and

tsunami A tsunami ( ; from , ) is a series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or a large lake. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and underwater explosions (including detonations, ...

: An earthquake of at least magnitude 8.5 M_s occurs on the west coast of South America, killing 2,541 around the Pacific Rim. * May 16 –

16 May 1877 crisis Sixteen or 16 may refer to: *16 (number) *one of the years 16 BC, AD 16, 1916, 2016 Films * '' Pathinaaru'' or ''Sixteen'', a 2010 Tamil film * ''Sixteen'' (1943 film), a 1943 Argentine film directed by Carlos Hugo Christensen * ''Sixteen ...

in France: Parliament passes a no-confidence motion against the government appointed by President MacMahon. * May 21 (May 9 O.S.) – By a speech in the Parliament of Romania by Mihail Kogălniceanu, the country declares itself independent from the

(recognized in 1878 after the end of the Romanian independence war).

June

* June 15 – Henry Ossian Flipper becomes the first

African American African Americans, also known as Black Americans and formerly also called Afro-Americans, are an Race and ethnicity in the United States, American racial and ethnic group that consists of Americans who have total or partial ancestry from an ...

cadet to graduate from the U.S. Military Academy. * June 17 – American Indian Wars: Battle of White Bird Canyon – The Nez Perce defeat the U.S. Cavalry at White Bird Canyon, in the Idaho Territory. This begins the Nez Perce War. *

June 20 Events Pre-1600 * 451 – Battle of Chalons: Flavius Aetius battles Attila the Hun. After the battle, which was inconclusive, Attila retreats, causing the Romans to interpret it as a victory. * 1180 – First Battle of Uji, startin ...

–

Alexander Graham Bell Alexander Graham Bell (; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian Americans, Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He als ...

installs the world's first commercial telephone service in

Hamilton, Ontario Hamilton is a port city in the Canadian Provinces and territories of Canada, province of Ontario. Hamilton has a 2021 Canadian census, population of 569,353 (2021), and its Census Metropolitan Area, census metropolitan area, which encompasses ...

, Canada. * June 21 – The Molly Maguires are hanged at Carbon County Prison, in Mauch Chunk, Pennsylvania. *

June 26 Events Pre-1600 *4 AD, 4 – Augustus adopts Tiberius. * 221 – Roman emperor Elagabalus adopts his cousin Alexander Severus as his heir and receives the title of Caesar (title), Caesar. * 363 – Roman emperor Julian (emperor), J ...

– The eruption of the volcano Cotopaxi in

Ecuador Ecuador, officially the Republic of Ecuador, is a country in northwestern South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and the Pacific Ocean on the west. It also includes the Galápagos Province which contain ...

causes severe mudflows that wipe out surrounding cities and valleys, killing 1,000. * June 30 – The British Mediterranean fleet is sent to Besika Bay.

July

* July 1 – An F4 tornado touches down near Gap, Pennsylvania, and moves towards Chester County. A woman is killed near Ercildoun; a man is killed near Parkesburg; and possibly a third person dies. 4 homes are destroyed at Parkesburg and 20 buildings are destroyed at Ercildoun. 10 or more homes are leveled in Chester County. * July 9– 19 – The

All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club The All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club (AELTC), also known as the All England Club, based at Church Road, Wimbledon, London, England, is a Gentlemen's club, private members' club. It is best known as the venue for the Wimbledon Championsh ...

stages the first Wimbledon Championships in lawn tennis. English cricketer Spencer Gore becomes first Wimbledon gentlemen's singles champion (the only event held). * July 16 – Great Railroad Strike of 1877: Riots by Baltimore and Ohio Railroad railroad workers in

Baltimore Baltimore is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Maryland. With a population of 585,708 at the 2020 census and estimated at 568,271 in 2024, it is the 30th-most populous U.S. city. The Baltimore metropolitan area is the 20th-large ...

lead to a sympathy strike and rioting in Pittsburgh, and a full-scale worker's rebellion in St. Louis, briefly establishing a communist government, before U.S. President Rutherford B. Hayes calls in the armed forces. * July 19 – Russo-Turkish War: The first battle in the siege of Plevna is fought. * July 30 ** Russo-Turkish War: The second battle in the siege of Plevna is fought. ** Russo-Turkish War: The Turkish army and its allies destroy the

Bulgaria Bulgaria, officially the Republic of Bulgaria, is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the eastern portion of the Balkans directly south of the Danube river and west of the Black Sea. Bulgaria is bordered by Greece and Turkey t ...

n city of

Stara Zagora Stara Zagora (, ) is a city in Bulgaria, and the administrative capital of Stara Zagora Province. It is located in the Upper Thracian Plain, near the cities of Kazanlak, Plovdiv, and Sliven. Its population is 121,582 making it the sixth largest c ...

and massacre the inhabitants. *

July July is the seventh month of the year in the Julian calendar, Julian and Gregorian calendars. Its length is 31 days. It was named by the Roman Senate in honour of Roman general Julius Caesar in 44 B.C., being the month of his birth. Before the ...

– The serial publication of

Leo Tolstoy Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy Tolstoy pronounced his first name as , which corresponds to the romanization ''Lyov''. () (; ,Throughout Tolstoy's whole life, his name was written as using Reforms of Russian orthography#The post-revolution re ...

's '' Anna Karenina'' is concluded, in '' The Russian Messenger''.

August

* August 9 – American Indian Wars: Battle of the Big Hole – Near

Big Hole River The Big Hole River is a tributary of the Jefferson River, approximately 153 miles (246 km) long, in Beaverhead County, Montana, Beaverhead County, in southwestern Montana, United States. It is the last habitat in the contiguou ...

, a small band of Nez Perce people who refuse government orders to move to a reservation, clash with the

United States Army The United States Army (USA) is the primary Land warfare, land service branch of the United States Department of Defense. It is designated as the Army of the United States in the United States Constitution.Article II, section 2, clause 1 of th ...

. The army loses 29 soldiers, and the Indians lose 89 warriors, in an Army victory. * August 12 – American astronomer Asaph Hall discovers Deimos, the outer

moon The Moon is Earth's only natural satellite. It Orbit of the Moon, orbits around Earth at Lunar distance, an average distance of (; about 30 times Earth diameter, Earth's diameter). The Moon rotation, rotates, with a rotation period (lunar ...

Mars Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun. It is also known as the "Red Planet", because of its orange-red appearance. Mars is a desert-like rocky planet with a tenuous carbon dioxide () atmosphere. At the average surface level the atmosph ...

. * August 18 – Asaph Hall discovers Phobos, the inner moon of

September

* September 1 – The Battle of Lovcha, third battle in the siege of Plevna, is fought. Russian forces successfully reduce the Ottoman fortress at Lovcha. * September 5 – American Indian Wars: Oglala Sioux chief

is bayoneted by a United States soldier, after resisting confinement in a guardhouse at Fort Robinson in

Nebraska Nebraska ( ) is a landlocked U.S. state, state in the Midwestern United States, Midwestern region of the United States. It borders South Dakota to the north; Iowa to the east and Missouri to the southeast, both across the Missouri River; Ka ...

. * September 22 – Treaty 7 is concluded between several mainly Blackfoot

First Nations First nations are indigenous settlers or bands. First Nations, first nations, or first peoples may also refer to: Indigenous groups *List of Indigenous peoples *First Nations in Canada, Indigenous peoples of Canada who are neither Inuit nor Mé ...

tribes and the

Canadian Confederation Canadian Confederation () was the process by which three British North American provinces—the Province of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick—were united into one federation, called the Name of Canada#Adoption of Dominion, Dominion of Ca ...

, at the Blackfoot Crossing of the

Bow River The headwaters of the Bow River in Alberta, Canada, start at the Bow Glacier and Bow Lake (Alberta), Bow Lake in Banff National Park in the Canadian Rockies, Canadian Rocky Mountains. The glacial stream that feeds Bow Lake (Alberta), Bow Lake ...

, settling the Blackfoot on

Indian reserve In Canada, an Indian reserve () or First Nations reserve () is defined by the '' Indian Act'' as a "tract of land, the legal title to which is vested in Her Majesty, that has been set apart by Her Majesty for the use and benefit of a band." ...

s in what will become southern

Alberta Alberta is a Provinces and territories of Canada, province in Canada. It is a part of Western Canada and is one of the three Canadian Prairies, prairie provinces. Alberta is bordered by British Columbia to its west, Saskatchewan to its east, t ...

. * September 24 – Battle of Shiroyama in Kagoshima, Japan: The

Imperial Japanese Army The Imperial Japanese Army (IJA; , ''Dai-Nippon Teikoku Rikugun'', "Army of the Greater Japanese Empire") was the principal ground force of the Empire of Japan from 1871 to 1945. It played a central role in Japan’s rapid modernization during th ...

annihilates heavily outnumbered rebel ''

'' under Saigō Takamori (who is killed), ending the Satsuma Rebellion.

October

* October 22 – The Blantyre mining disaster in Scotland kills 207 miners.

November

* November 14 – Henrik Ibsen's first contemporary realist drama '' The Pillars of Society'' is premièred at the Odense Teater. * November 21 –

Thomas Edison Thomas Alva Edison (February11, 1847October18, 1931) was an American inventor and businessman. He developed many devices in fields such as electric power generation, mass communication, sound recording, and motion pictures. These inventions, ...

announces his invention of the phonograph, a machine that can record sound, considered his first great invention. Edison demonstrates the device for the first time on November 29. * November 22 – The first college lacrosse game is played between

New York University New York University (NYU) is a private university, private research university in New York City, New York, United States. Chartered in 1831 by the New York State Legislature, NYU was founded in 1832 by Albert Gallatin as a Nondenominational ...

and Manhattan University.

December

* December 9 – The fourth battle of the Russo-Turkish War is fought, concluding the siege of Plevna. * December 13 –

Serbia , image_flag = Flag of Serbia.svg , national_motto = , image_coat = Coat of arms of Serbia.svg , national_anthem = () , image_map = , map_caption = Location of Serbia (gree ...

restates its previous declaration of war against Turkey. * December 17 – Disastrous premiere of Anton Bruckner's Third Symphony in D minor at the Vienna Philharmonic * December 30 – Brahms' Symphony No. 2 premieres in Vienna.

Births

January–March

January 2 Events Pre-1600 * 69 – The Roman legions in Germania Superior refuse to swear loyalty to Galba. They rebel and proclaim Vitellius as emperor. * 366 – The Alemanni cross the frozen Rhine in large numbers, invading the Roman Emp ...

– Slava Raškaj, Croatian painter (d. 1906) *

January 3 Events Pre-1600 *AD 69, 69 – The Roman legions on the Rhine refuse to declare their allegiance to Galba, instead proclaiming their legate, Aulus Vitellius, as emperor. * 250 – Emperor Decius orders everyone in the Roman Empire (ex ...

– Josephine Hull, American actress (d. 1957) *

January 22 Events Pre-1600 * 613 – Eight-month-old Heraclius Constantine is crowned as co-emperor ('' Caesar'') by his father Heraclius at Constantinople. * 871 – Battle of Basing: The West Saxons led by King Æthelred I are defeated b ...

–

Hjalmar Schacht Horace Greeley Hjalmar Schacht (); 22 January 1877 – 3 June 1970) was a German economist, banker, politician, and co-founder of the German Democratic Party. He served as the Currency Commissioner and President of the Reichsbank during the ...

, German economist, politician and banker (d. 1970) *

January 26 Events Pre-1600 * 661 – The Rashidun Caliphate is effectively ended with the assassination of Ali, the last caliph. * 1531 – The 6.4–7.1 Lisbon earthquake kills about thirty thousand people. * 1564 – The Council of T ...

– Kees van Dongen, Dutch-French painter (d. 1968) *

February 4 Events Pre–1600 * 211 – Following the death of the Roman Emperor Septimius Severus at Eboracum (modern York, England) while preparing to lead a campaign against the Caledonians, the empire is left in the control of his two quarrellin ...

– Eddie Cochems, father of the forward pass in

American football American football, referred to simply as football in the United States and Canada and also known as gridiron football, is a team sport played by two teams of eleven players on a rectangular American football field, field with goalposts at e ...

(d.

1953 Events January * January 6 – The Asian Socialist Conference opens in Rangoon, Burma. * January 12 – Estonian émigrés found a Estonian government-in-exile, government-in-exile in Oslo. * January 14 ** Marshal Josip Broz Tito ...

) *

February 7 Events Pre-1600 * 457 – Leo I becomes the Eastern Roman emperor. * 987 – Bardas Phokas the Younger and Bardas Skleros, Byzantine generals of the military elite, begin a wide-scale rebellion against Emperor Basil II. * 1301 & ...

–

G. H. Hardy Godfrey Harold Hardy (7 February 1877 – 1 December 1947) was an English mathematician, known for his achievements in number theory and mathematical analysis. In biology, he is known for the Hardy–Weinberg principle, a basic principle of pop ...

, British mathematician (d. 1947) *

February 8 Events Pre-1600 * 421 – Constantius III becomes co-emperor of the Western Roman Empire. * 1238 – The Mongols burn the Russian city of Vladimir. * 1250 – Seventh Crusade: Crusaders engage Ayyubid forces in the Battle of ...

– Carl Tanzler, German-born radiology technologist (d. 1952) *

February 12 Events Pre-1600 * 1096 – Pope Urban II confirms the foundation of the abbey of La Roë under Robert of Arbrissel as a community of canons regular. * 1404 – The Italian professor Galeazzo di Santa Sofia performed the first post- ...

– Louis Renault, French industrialist, founder of

Renault Renault S.A., commonly referred to as Groupe Renault ( , , , also known as the Renault Group in English), is a French Multinational corporation, multinational Automotive industry, automobile manufacturer established in 1899. The company curr ...

automobile company (d. 1944) *

February 14 It is observed in most countries as Valentine's Day. Events Pre-1600 * 748 – Abbasid Revolution#Persian phase, Abbasid Revolution: The Kaysanites Shia#History, Hashimi rebels under Abu Muslim Khorasani take Merv, capital of the Umayyad ...

– Edmund Landau, German mathematician (d.

1938 Events January * January 1 – state-owned enterprise, State-owned railway networks are created by merger, in France (SNCF) and the Netherlands (Nederlandse Spoorwegen – NS). * January 20 – King Farouk of Egypt marries Saf ...

) * February 17 ** Isabelle Eberhardt, Swiss explorer, writer (d. 1904) ** André Maginot, French politician (d.

1932 Events January * January 4 – The British authorities in India arrest and intern Mahatma Gandhi and Vallabhbhai Patel. * January 9 – Sakuradamon Incident (1932), Sakuradamon Incident: Korean nationalist Lee Bong-chang fails in his effort ...

) *

February 19 Events Pre-1600 * 197 – Emperor Septimius Severus defeats Roman usurper, usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum, the bloodiest battle between Roman armies. * 356 – The anti-paganism policy of Constantius II forbids the w ...

– Gabriele Münter, German painter (d.

1962 The year saw the Cuban Missile Crisis, which is often considered the closest the world came to a Nuclear warfare, nuclear confrontation during the Cold War. Events January * January 1 – Samoa, Western Samoa becomes independent from Ne ...

) * February 25 – Erich von Hornbostel, Austrian musicologist (d.

1935 Events January * January 7 – Italian premier Benito Mussolini and French Foreign Minister Pierre Laval conclude an agreement, in which each power agrees not to oppose the other's colonial claims. * January 12 – Amelia Earhart ...

) *

– Consuelo Vanderbilt, Duchess of Marlborough (d. 1964) *

– Garrett Morgan, American inventor (d.

1963 Events January * January 1 – Bogle–Chandler case: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation scientist Dr. Gilbert Bogle and Mrs. Margaret Chandler are found dead (presumed poisoned), in bushland near the Lane Cove ...

) *

March 7 Events Pre-1600 * 161 – Marcus Aurelius and L. Commodus (who changes his name to Lucius Verus) become joint emperors of Rome on the death of Antoninus Pius. * 1138 – Konrad III von Hohenstaufen was elected king of Germany at Cobl ...

– Thorvald Ellegaard, Danish track cyclist (d. 1954) * March 10 – Pascual Ortiz Rubio, Mexican politician, substitute

President of Mexico The president of Mexico (), officially the president of the United Mexican States (), is the head of state and head of government of Mexico. Under the Constitution of Mexico, the president heads the executive branch of the federal government and ...

, 1930–1932 (d.

) *

March 12 Events Pre-1600 * 538 – Vitiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving the city to the victorious Byzantine general, Belisarius. * 1088 – Election of Urban II as the 159th Pope of th ...

– Wilhelm Frick, German Nazi Minister of the Interior (d.

1946 1946 (Roman numerals, MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1946th year of the Common Era (CE) and ''Anno Domini'' (AD) designations, the 946th year of the 2nd millennium, the 46th year of the 20th centur ...

) * March 17 – Ville Kiviniemi, Finnish politician (d.

1951 Events January * January 4 – Korean War: Third Battle of Seoul – Chinese and North Korean forces capture Seoul for the second time (having lost the Second Battle of Seoul in September 1950). * January 9 – The Government of the Uni ...

) * March 18 – Edgar Cayce, American psychic (d. 1945)

April–June

* April 15 – Georg Kolbe, German sculptor (d. 1947) * April 17 – Lionel Pape, English actor (d. 1944) * April 26 – Alliott Verdon Roe, English aviation pioneer (d. 1958) * April 30 – Alice B. Toklas, American writer (d. 1967) * May 3 – Karl Abraham, German psychoanalyst (d. 1925) *

May 24 Events Pre-1600 * 919 – The nobles of Franconia and Saxony elect Henry the Fowler at the Imperial Diet in Fritzlar as king of the East Frankish Kingdom. * 1218 – The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. * 1276 – Magnus ...

– Samuel W. Bryant, American admiral (d.

) *

May 25 Events Pre-1600 * 567 BC – Servius Tullius, the king of Rome, celebrates a triumph for his victory over the Etruscans. * 240 BC – First recorded perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. * 1085 – Alfonso VI of Castile takes ...

– Billy Murray, American singer (d. 1954) * May 27 – Isadora Duncan, American dancer (d. 1927) * June 4 – Heinrich Otto Wieland, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1957) * June 7 – Charles Glover Barkla, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1944) * June 11 – Renée Vivien, British poet who wrote in French (d. 1909) * June 12 – Thomas C. Hart, American admiral, politician (d.

1971 * The year 1971 had three partial solar eclipses (Solar eclipse of February 25, 1971, February 25, Solar eclipse of July 22, 1971, July 22 and Solar eclipse of August 20, 1971, August 20) and two total lunar eclipses (February 1971 lunar eclip ...

) * June 14 – Jane Bathori, French opera singer (d. 1970) *

June 18 Events Pre-1600 * 618 – Li Yuan becomes Emperor Gaozu of Tang, initiating three centuries of Tang dynasty rule over China. * 656 – Ali becomes Caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate. * 860 – Siege of Constantinople (860), Byzantine� ...

– James Montgomery Flagg, American artist, comics artist and illustrator (d. 1960) * June 19 – Charles Coburn, American actor (d. 1961)

July–September

* July 2 ** Rinaldo Cuneo, American artist ("the painter of San Francisco") (d. 1939) ** Hermann Hesse, German-born writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d.

) * July 6 – Arnaud Massy, French golfer (d.

1950 Events January * January 1 – The International Police Association (IPA) – the largest police organization in the world – is formed. * January 5 – 1950 Sverdlovsk plane crash, Sverdlovsk plane crash: ''Aeroflot'' Lisunov Li-2 ...

) * July 13 – Erik Scavenius, Prime Minister of Denmark (d.

) * July 19 – Arthur Fielder, English cricketer (d.

1949 Events January * January 1 – A United Nations-sponsored ceasefire brings an end to the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947. The war results in a stalemate and the division of Kashmir, which still continues as of 2025 * January 2 – Luis ...

) * July 27 – Ernst von Dohnányi, Hungarian conductor (d. 1960) * July 31 – Louisa Bolus, South African botanist and taxonomist (d. 1970) *

August 1 Events Pre-1600 * 30 BC – Octavian (later known as Augustus) enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman Republic. *AD 69 – Batavian rebellion: The Batavians in Germania Inferior (Netherlands) revolt u ...

– George Hackenschmidt, Estonian strongman, professional wrestler (d. 1968) * August 6 – Wallace H. White, Jr., U.S. Senator from Maine (d. 1952) * August 7 – Ulrich Salchow, Swedish figure skater (d.

) * August 16 – Roque Ruaño, Spanish priest, civil engineer (d.

) * August 22 – Ananda Coomaraswamy, Ceylonese Tamil philosopher (d. 1947) * August 26 – John Latham, Australian politician, judge (d. 1964) * August 27 ** Lloyd C. Douglas, American minister, author (d.

) **

Charles Rolls Charles Stewart Rolls (27 August 1877 – 12 July 1910) was a British motoring and aviation pioneer. With Henry Royce, he co-founded the Rolls-Royce Limited, Rolls-Royce car manufacturing firm. He was the first Briton to be killed in an aeron ...

, Welsh co-founder of the

Rolls-Royce Rolls-Royce (always hyphenated) may refer to: * Rolls-Royce Limited, a British manufacturer of cars and later aero engines, founded in 1906, now defunct Automobiles * Rolls-Royce Motor Cars, the current car manufacturing company incorporated in ...

car firm, pioneer aviator (d. 1910) * August 29 – Dudley Pound, British admiral (d.

1943 Events Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix. January * January 1 – WWII: The Soviet Union announces that 22 German divisions have been encircled at Stalingrad, with 175,000 killed and 137,650 captured. * January 4 � ...

) * September 1 ** Francis William Aston, English chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1945) ** Rex Beach, American novelist, playwright, and Olympic water polo player (d.

) *

September 2 Events Pre-1600 * 44 BC – Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion. * 44 BC – Cicero launches the first of his '' Philippicae'' (oratorical attacks) on Mark Antony. He will make 14 of ...

– Frederick Soddy, English chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d.

1956 Events January * January 1 – The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, Anglo-Egyptian Condominium ends in Sudan after 57 years. * January 8 – Operation Auca: Five U.S. evangelical Christian Missionary, missionaries, Nate Saint, Roger Youderian, E ...

) * September 6 – Buddy Bolden, American jazz musician (d. 1931) * September 14 – Leonhard Seppala, Norwegian-American sled dog breeder, trainer and musher (d. 1967) * September 16 – Thomas Alan Goldsborough, American politician, member of the

US House of Representatives The United States House of Representatives is a chamber of the bicameral United States Congress; it is the lower house, with the U.S. Senate being the upper house. Together, the House and Senate have the authority under Article One of th ...

from 1921 to 1939 and a United States district judge from 1939 to 1951 (d.

) * September 25 – Plutarco Elías Calles, Mexican general and

, 1924–1928; known as ''Jefe Maximo'' ("Maximum Boss") from 1928 to 1934 (d. 1945) * September 26 ** Alfred Cortot, Swiss pianist (d.

) ** Edmund Gwenn, English actor (d. 1959) ** Bertha De Vriese, Belgian physician (d. 1958)

October–December

* October 10 – William Morris, 1st Viscount Nuffield, British businessman, philanthropist (d.

) * October 15 – Helen Ware, American stage, film actress (d. 1939) * October 21 – Oswald Avery, Canadian-American physician, medical researcher (d. 1955) * October 22 – Frederick Twort, English bacteriologist (d.

) * October 29 – Narcisa de Leon, Filipino film producer (d.

1966 Events January * January 1 – In a coup, Colonel Jean-Bédel Bokassa takes over as military ruler of the Central African Republic, ousting President David Dacko. * January 3 – 1966 Upper Voltan coup d'état: President Maurice Yaméogo i ...

) * October 30 – Hugo Celmiņš, 2-time prime minister of Latvia (d. 1941) * November 1 – Else Ury, German writer, children's book author (d.

) * November 2 – Claire McDowell, American silent film actress (d.

) * November 3 – Carlos Ibáñez del Campo, 2-time President of Chile (d. 1960) * November 9 ** Enrico De Nicola, 1st President of Italy (d. 1959) ** Muhammad Iqbal, Islamic philosopher and poet, one of the founding fathers of All-India Muslims League (d.

) * November 15 – William Hope Hodgson, English author (d.

1918 The ceasefire that effectively ended the World War I, First World War took place on the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month of this year. Also in this year, the Spanish flu pandemic killed 50–100 million people wor ...

) * November 17 – Frank Lahm, Brigadier General USAF, airship pilot, early military aviator trained by the

Wright brothers The Wright brothers, Orville Wright (August 19, 1871 – January 30, 1948) and Wilbur Wright (April 16, 1867 – May 30, 1912), were American aviation List of aviation pioneers, pioneers generally credited with inventing, building, and flyin ...

(d.

) * November 20 – Herbert Pitman, British mariner; 3rd Officer aboard RMS Titanic (d. 1961) * November 22 ** Endre Ady, Hungarian poet (d. 1919) ** Joan Gamper, Swiss-born businessman, founder of

FC Barcelona Futbol Club Barcelona (), commonly known as FC Barcelona and colloquially as Barça (), is a professional Football club (association football), football club based in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, that competes in La Liga, the top flight of ...

(d. 1930) * November 24 – Edward C. Kalbfus, American admiral (d. 1954) * December 3 – Richard Pearse, New Zealand airplane pioneer (d.

) * December 4 – Morris Alexander, South African politician (d.

) * December 16 – Kichisaburō Nomura, Japanese admiral and diplomat (d. 1964) * December 20 – Thomas Walter Swan, American jurist and judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit from 1926 until 1975 (d.

1975 It was also declared the ''International Women's Year'' by the United Nations and the European Architectural Heritage Year by the Council of Europe. Events January * January 1 – Watergate scandal (United States): John N. Mitchell, H. R. ...

) * December 30 – Edward Ellington, British military officer; Marshal of the Royal Air Force (d. 1967)

Date unknown

* F. X. Gouraud, French physician and dietitian (d. 1913) * Rashid Tali’a, Prime Minister of Jordan (d. 1926)

Deaths

January–June

– Karl von Urban, Austrian field marshal (suicide) (b. 1802) *

– Alexander Bain, Scottish inventor (b. 1811) *

January 4 Events Pre-1600 *46 BC – Julius Caesar fights Titus Labienus in the Battle of Ruspina. * 871 – Battle of Reading (871), Battle of Reading: Æthelred of Wessex and his brother Alfred the Great, Alfred are defeated by a Danish invasi ...

–

Cornelius Vanderbilt Cornelius Vanderbilt (May 27, 1794 – January 4, 1877), nicknamed "the Commodore", was an American business magnate who built his wealth in railroads and shipping. After working with his father's business, Vanderbilt worked his way into lead ...

, American entrepreneur (b. 1794) *

– Dato Maharajalela Lela, Malay nationalist *

February 15 Events Pre-1600 * 438 – Roman emperor Theodosius II publishes the law codex Codex Theodosianus * 590 – Khosrau II is crowned king of Persia. * 706 – Byzantine emperor Justinian II has his predecessors Leontios and Ti ...

– Rayko Zhinzifov, Bulgarian poet and translator (b. 1839) *

February 18 Events Pre-1600 * 3102 BC – Kali Yuga, the fourth and final yuga of Hinduism, starts with the death of Krishna. * 1229 – The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, signs a ten-year truce with al-Kamil, regaining J ...

– Henrietta A. Bingham, American editor (b. 1841) *

February 20 Events Pre-1600 *1339 – The Milanese army and the St. George's (San Giorgio) Mercenaries of Lodrisio Visconti clash in the Battle of Parabiago; Visconti is defeated. *1472 – Orkney and Shetland are pawn (law), pawned by Norway to S ...

** Louis M. Goldsborough, United States Navy admiral (b. 1805) ** Marie Simon, German nurse (b. 1824) * February 25 – Jung Bahadur Rana, Nepalese ruler (b. 1817) *

March 1 Events Pre-1600 * 509 BC – Publius Valerius Publicola celebrates the first triumph of the Roman Republic after his victory over the deposed king Lucius Tarquinius Superbus at the Battle of Silva Arsia. * 293 – Emperor Diocleti ...

– Antoni Patek, Polish watchmaker (b. 1811) * March 24 – Walter Bagehot, British businessman, essayist and journalist (b. 1826) *

March 25 Until 1752 it was the official date of the beginning of the year in England and its dominions (in the Julian calendar). Events Pre-1600 * 410 – The Southern Yan capital of Guanggu falls to the Jin dynasty general Liu Yu, ending th ...

– Caroline Chisholm, Australian humanitarian (b. 1808) * March 31 – Bully Hayes, American-born Caribbean blackbirder (killed) (b. 1827 or 1829) * April 8 – Bernardino António Gomes, Portuguese physician and naturalist (b. 1806) *

April 14 Events Pre-1600 * 43 BC – Legions loyal to the Roman Senate, commanded by Gaius Pansa, defeat the forces of Mark Antony in the Battle of Forum Gallorum. * 69 – Vitellius, commanding Rhine-based armies, defeats Roman emperor ...

– Konstantin Bernhard von Voigts-Rhetz, Prussian general (b. 1809) * April 15 – J. P. C. Emmons, American attorney and politician (b.

1818 Events January–March * January 1 ** Battle of Koregaon: Troops of the British East India Company score a decisive victory over the Maratha Confederacy, Maratha Empire. ** English author Mary Shelley publishes the novel ''Frankenstein ...

) *

– J. L. Runeberg, Finnish national poet (b. 1804) * May 19 – Charlotta Djurström, Swedish actress and theater manager (b. 1807) * May 26 – Kido Takayoshi, Japanese statesman (b. 1833) * June 3 ** Ludwig Ritter von Köchel, Austrian musicologist (b. 1800) ** Sophie of Württemberg, queen consort of the Netherlands (b.

) * June 17 – John Stevens Cabot Abbott, American historian, pastor and pedagogical writer (b. 1805) *

June 22 Events Pre-1600 *217 BC – Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV Philopator of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom. *168 BC – Battle of Pydna: Roman Republic, Romans under Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus, Luciu ...

– John R. Goldsborough, U.S. Navy commodore (b. 1809)

July–December

* July 16 – Samuel McLean, American congressman (b. 1826) * July 27 – John Frost, British Chartist leader (b. 1784) * August 2 – Karl Friedrich von Steinmetz, Prussian field marshal

Urdu Urdu (; , , ) is an Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan language spoken chiefly in South Asia. It is the Languages of Pakistan, national language and ''lingua franca'' of Pakistan. In India, it is an Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of Indi ...

(b. 1796) * August 8 – William Lovett, British Chartist leader (b. 1800) * August 17 – Isaac Aaron, English-born physician, owner of the '' Australian Medical Journal'' and secretary of the Australian Medical Association (b. 1804) * August 29 –

Brigham Young Brigham Young ( ; June 1, 1801August 29, 1877) was an American religious leader and politician. He was the second President of the Church (LDS Church), president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1847 until h ...

, American Mormon leader (b. 1801) * August 30 – Raphael Semmes, American and Confederate naval officer (b. 1809) *

– Konstantinos Kanaris, Greek politician (b.

1795 Events January–June * January – Central England records its coldest ever month, in the CET records dating back to 1659. * January 14 – The University of North Carolina opens to students at Chapel Hill, becoming the ...

) * September 3 – Adolphe Thiers, French historian, politician (b. 1797) * September 5 –

, American Oglala Lakota chief (b. 1840-45) * September 12 – Emily Pepys, English child diarist (b. 1833) * September 13 – Alexandre Herculano, Portuguese writer and historian (b. 1810) * September 17 – Henry Fox Talbot, English photographer (b. 1800) * September 24 – Saigō Takamori, Japanese ''samurai'' (b.

1828 Events January–March * January 4 – Jean Baptiste Gay, vicomte de Martignac succeeds the Jean-Baptiste de Villèle, Comte de Villèle, as Prime Minister of France. * January 8 – The Democratic Party of the United States is organiz ...

) * October 3 – James Roosevelt Bayley, first Roman Catholic Bishop of Newark, New Jersey, and eighth Archbishop of Baltimore (b. 1814) * October 10 – Johann Georg Baiter, Swiss philologist, textual critic (b. 1801) * October 16 – Théodore Barrière, French dramatist (b. 1823) * October 28 – Julia Kavanagh, Irish novelist (b.

1824 Events January–March * January 1 – John Stuart Mill begins publication of The Westminster Review. The first article is by William Johnson Fox * January 8 – After much controversy, Michael Faraday is finally elected as a member of th ...

) * October 29 – Nathan Bedford Forrest, American Confederate Civil War General, first Grand Wizard of the

Ku Klux Klan The Ku Klux Klan (), commonly shortened to KKK or Klan, is an American Protestant-led Christian terrorism, Christian extremist, white supremacist, Right-wing terrorism, far-right hate group. It was founded in 1865 during Reconstruction era, ...

(b. 1821) * November 1 – Oliver P. Morton, American politician (b. 1823) * November 2 – Friedrich Graf von Wrangel, Prussian field marshal (b. 1784) * December 12 – José de Alencar, Brazilian novelist (b. 1829) * December 17 – Louis d'Aurelle de Paladines, French general (b. 1804) * December 29 – Angelica Singleton Van Buren, Acting

First Lady of the United States First Lady of the United States (FLOTUS) is a title typically held by the wife of the president of the United States, concurrent with the president's term in office. Although the first lady's role has never been Code of law, codified or offici ...

(b.

) * December 30 – William Cormick, physician in Qajar Iran of British origin (b. 1822) * December 31 – Gustave Courbet, French painter (b. 1819)

Date unknown

* Nicolae Golescu, 9th Prime Minister of Romania (b. 1810)

Events

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Births

January–March

April–June

July–September

October–December

Date unknown

Deaths

January–June

July–December

Date unknown

References

Further reading