Events

Summary

The

American Revolutionary War The American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783), also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence, was the armed conflict that comprised the final eight years of the broader American Revolution, in which Am ...

began this year, with the first military engagement on April 19

Battles of Lexington and Concord The Battles of Lexington and Concord on April 19, 1775 were the first major military actions of the American Revolutionary War between the Kingdom of Great Britain and Patriot (American Revolution), Patriot militias from America's Thirteen Co ...

on the day after

Paul Revere Paul Revere (; December 21, 1734 O.S. (January 1, 1735 N.S.)May 10, 1818) was an American silversmith, military officer and industrialist who played a major role during the opening months of the American Revolutionary War in Massachusetts, ...

's ride. The

Second Continental Congress The Second Continental Congress (1775–1781) was the meetings of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that united in support of the American Revolution and American Revolutionary War, Revolutionary War, which established American independence ...

took various steps toward organizing an American government, appointing

George Washington George Washington (, 1799) was a Founding Fathers of the United States, Founding Father and the first president of the United States, serving from 1789 to 1797. As commander of the Continental Army, Washington led Patriot (American Revoluti ...

commander-in-chief (June 14),

Benjamin Franklin Benjamin Franklin (April 17, 1790) was an American polymath: a writer, scientist, inventor, statesman, diplomat, printer, publisher and Political philosophy, political philosopher.#britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Wood, 2021 Among the m ...

postmaster general (July 26) and creating a

Continental Navy The Continental Navy was the navy of the United Colonies and United States from 1775 to 1785. It was founded on October 13, 1775 by the Continental Congress to fight against British forces and their allies as part of the American Revolutionary ...

(October 13) and a Marine force (November 10) as landing troops for it, but as yet the 13 colonies have not declared independence, and both the British (June 12) and American (July 15) governments make laws. On July 6, Congress issues the Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms and on August 23,

King George III George III (George William Frederick; 4 June 173829 January 1820) was King of Great Britain and King of Ireland, Ireland from 25 October 1760 until his death in 1820. The Acts of Union 1800 unified Kingdom of Great Britain, Great Britain and ...

of Great Britain declares the American colonies in rebellion, announcing it to Parliament on November 10. On June 17, two months into the colonial

siege of Boston The siege of Boston (April 19, 1775 – March 17, 1776) was the opening phase of the American Revolutionary War. In the siege, Patriot (American Revolution), American patriot militia led by newly-installed Continental Army commander George Wash ...

, at the

Battle of Bunker Hill The Battle of Bunker Hill was fought on June 17, 1775, during the Siege of Boston in the first stage of the American Revolutionary War. The battle is named after Bunker Hill in Charlestown, Boston, Charlestown, Massachusetts, which was peri ...

, just north of Boston, British forces are victorious, but only after suffering severe casualties and after Colonial forces run out of ammunition, Fort Ticonderoga is taken by American forces in New York Colony's northern frontier, and American forces unsuccessfully invade Canada, with an attack on

Montreal Montreal is the List of towns in Quebec, largest city in the Provinces and territories of Canada, province of Quebec, the List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population, second-largest in Canada, and the List of North American cit ...

defeated by British forces on November 13 and an attack on

Quebec Quebec is Canada's List of Canadian provinces and territories by area, largest province by area. Located in Central Canada, the province shares borders with the provinces of Ontario to the west, Newfoundland and Labrador to the northeast, ...

repulsed December 31. Human knowledge and mastery over nature advanced when

James Watt James Watt (; 30 January 1736 (19 January 1736 OS) – 25 August 1819) was a Scottish inventor, mechanical engineer, and chemist who improved on Thomas Newcomen's 1712 Newcomen steam engine with his Watt steam engine in 1776, which was f ...

built a successful prototype of a steam engine, and a scientific expedition continued as Captain

James Cook Captain (Royal Navy), Captain James Cook (7 November 1728 – 14 February 1779) was a British Royal Navy officer, explorer, and cartographer famous for his three voyages of exploration to the Pacific and Southern Oceans, conducted between 176 ...

claims the South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands in the south Atlantic Ocean for Britain. Nature's power over humanity is dramatically demonstrated when the Independence Hurricane (August 29 – September 13) devastates the east coast of

North America North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere, Northern and Western Hemisphere, Western hemispheres. North America is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South Ameri ...

, killing 4,173, and a smallpox epidemic begins in New England. Smallpox vaccine was then developed by

Edward Jenner Edward Jenner (17 May 1749 – 26 January 1823) was an English physician and scientist who pioneered the concept of vaccines and created the smallpox vaccine, the world's first vaccine. The terms ''vaccine'' and ''vaccination'' are derived f ...

January–June

* January – The

Habsburg monarchy The Habsburg monarchy, also known as Habsburg Empire, or Habsburg Realm (), was the collection of empires, kingdoms, duchies, counties and other polities (composite monarchy) that were ruled by the House of Habsburg. From the 18th century it is ...

forces the

Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire (), also called the Turkish Empire, was an empire, imperial realm that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Centr ...

to cede

Bukovina Bukovina or ; ; ; ; , ; see also other languages. is a historical region at the crossroads of Central and Eastern Europe. It is located on the northern slopes of the central Eastern Carpathians and the adjoining plains, today divided betwe ...

to its rule. *

January 5 Events Pre-1600 * 1477 – Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is defeated and killed in a conflict with René II, Duke of Lorraine; Burgundy subsequently becomes part of France. 1601–1900 * 1675 – Battle of Colmar: The French ...

–

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (27 January 1756 – 5 December 1791) was a prolific and influential composer of the Classical period (music), Classical period. Despite his short life, his rapid pace of composition and proficiency from an early age ...

finishes a Sonata for Keyboard in C. *

January 14 Events Pre-1600 * 1236 – King Henry III of England marries Eleanor of Provence. * 1301 – Andrew III of Hungary dies, ending the Árpád dynasty in Hungary. 1601–1900 * 1761 – The Third Battle of Panipat is fought in I ...

– Siamese conquest of Chiang Mai and the

Lan Na Kingdom The Lan Na kingdom or the Kingdom of Lanna (, , "Kingdom of a Million Rice Fields"; , , ), also known as Lannathai, was an Indianized state centered in present-day Northern Thailand from the 13th to the 18th centuries. The cultural developme ...

. *

January 17 Events Pre-1600 * 38 BC – Octavian divorces his wife Scribonia and marries Livia Drusilla, ending the fragile peace between the Second Triumvirate and Sextus Pompey. * 1362 – Saint Marcellus' flood kills at least 25,000 peopl ...

–

Second voyage of James Cook The second voyage of James Cook, from 1772 to 1775, commissioned by the British government with advice from the Royal Society, was designed to circumnavigate the globe as far south as possible to finally determine whether there was any great s ...

: Captain

takes possession of

South Georgia South Georgia is an island in the Atlantic Ocean, South Atlantic Ocean that is part of the British Overseas Territories, British Overseas Territory of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. It lies around east of the Falkland Islands. ...

for the

Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain, also known as the Kingdom of Great Britain, was a sovereign state in Western Europe from 1707 to the end of 1800. The state was created by the 1706 Treaty of Union and ratified by the Acts of Union 1707, which united the Kingd ...

. *

February 9 Events Pre-1600 * 474 – Zeno (emperor), Zeno is crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire, Eastern Roman Empire *1003 – Boleslaus III, Duke of Bohemia, Boleslaus III is restored to authority with armed support from Bolesław I ...

–

American Revolution The American Revolution (1765–1783) was a colonial rebellion and war of independence in which the Thirteen Colonies broke from British America, British rule to form the United States of America. The revolution culminated in the American ...

: The

Parliament of Great Britain The Parliament of Great Britain was formed in May 1707 following the ratification of the Acts of Union 1707, Acts of Union by both the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland. The Acts ratified the treaty of Union which created a ...

declares the

Province of Massachusetts Bay The Province of Massachusetts Bay was a colony in New England which became one of the thirteen original states of the United States. It was chartered on October 7, 1691, by William III and Mary II, the joint monarchs of the kingdoms of Eng ...

to be in rebellion. *

February 15 Events Pre-1600 * 438 – Roman emperor Theodosius II publishes the law codex Codex Theodosianus * 590 – Khosrau II is crowned king of Persia. * 706 – Byzantine emperor Justinian II has his predecessors Leontios and Ti ...

–

Pope Pius VI Pope Pius VI (; born Count Angelo Onofrio Melchiorre Natale Giovanni Antonio called Giovanni Angelo or Giannangelo Braschi, 25 December 171729 August 1799) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 15 February 1775 to hi ...

succeeds

Pope Clement XIV Pope Clement XIV (; ; 31 October 1705 – 22 September 1774), born Giovanni Vincenzo Antonio Ganganelli, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 19 May 1769 to his death in September 1774. At the time of his elec ...

as the 250th

pope The pope is the bishop of Rome and the Head of the Church#Catholic Church, visible head of the worldwide Catholic Church. He is also known as the supreme pontiff, Roman pontiff, or sovereign pontiff. From the 8th century until 1870, the po ...

. *

February 26 Events Pre-1600 * 747 BC – According to Ptolemy, the epoch (origin) of the Nabonassar Era began at noon on this date. Historians use this to establish the modern BC chronology for dating historic events. * 320 – Chandragupta ...

– The

British East India Company The East India Company (EIC) was an English, and later British, joint-stock company that was founded in 1600 and dissolved in 1874. It was formed to Indian Ocean trade, trade in the Indian Ocean region, initially with the East Indies (South A ...

factory A factory, manufacturing plant or production plant is an industrial facility, often a complex consisting of several buildings filled with machinery, where workers manufacture items or operate machines which process each item into another. Th ...

Balambangan Island Balambangan Island () is an island in Kudat Division, Sabah, Malaysia. It is located off the northern tip of Borneo and is situated just about 3 kilometres west of Banggi Island. It is now part of the Tun Mustapha Marine Park. History Ale ...

is destroyed by

Moro pirates The Sulu Sea, Sulu and Celebes Seas, a semi-enclosed sea area and porous region that covers an area of space around 1 million square kilometres, have been subject to illegal maritime activities since the pre-colonial era and continue to pose ...

. *

March 6 Events Pre-1600 * 12 BCE – The Roman emperor Augustus is named Pontifex Maximus, incorporating the position into that of the emperor. * 845 – The 42 Martyrs of Amorium are killed after refusing to convert to Islam. * 1204 &ndas ...

–

Raghunathrao Raghunathrao, also known as Ragho Ballal or Raghoba Dada (18 August 1734 – 11 December 1783), was the younger son of Peshwa Bajirao I who served as the 11th Peshwa of the Maratha Empire for a brief period from 1773 to 1774. He defeated ...

Peshwa The Peshwa was the second highest office in the Maratha Empire, next in rank and prestige only to that of the Chhatrapati. Initially serving as the appointed prime minister in the Maratha Kingdom, the office became hereditary when Shahu gave t ...

of the

Maratha Empire The Maratha Empire, also referred to as the Maratha Confederacy, was an early modern India, early modern polity in the Indian subcontinent. It comprised the realms of the Peshwa and four major independent List of Maratha dynasties and states, Ma ...

in India, signs the Treaty of Surat with the British Governor-General

Warren Hastings Warren Hastings (6 December 1732 – 22 August 1818) was a British colonial administrator, who served as the first governor of the Presidency of Fort William (Bengal), the head of the Supreme Council of Bengal, and so the first governor-gener ...

Bombay Mumbai ( ; ), also known as Bombay ( ; its official name until 1995), is the capital city of the Indian States and union territories of India, state of Maharashtra. Mumbai is the financial centre, financial capital and the list of cities i ...

ceding the territories of Salsette and Bassein to the British

East India Company The East India Company (EIC) was an English, and later British, joint-stock company that was founded in 1600 and dissolved in 1874. It was formed to Indian Ocean trade, trade in the Indian Ocean region, initially with the East Indies (South A ...

along with part of the revenues from

Surat Surat (Gujarati Language, Gujarati: ) is a city in the western Indian States and territories of India, state of Gujarat. The word Surat directly translates to ''face'' in Urdu, Gujarati language, Gujarati and Hindi. Located on the banks of t ...

and

Bharuch Bharuch () is a city at the mouth of the river Narmada in Gujarat in western India. Bharuch is the administrative headquarters of Bharuch District. The city of Bharuch and surroundings have been settled since times of antiquity. It was a shi ...

districts in return for military assistance. This leads to the

First Anglo-Maratha War The First Anglo-Maratha War (1775–1782) was the first conflict fought between the British East India Company and Maratha Empire in India. The war began with the Treaty of Surat and ended with the Treaty of Salbai. As per the treaty, th ...

fought between the British and the Marathas, ending with the Treaty of Salbai in

1782 Events January–March * January 7 – The first American commercial bank (Bank of North America) opens. * January 15 – Superintendent of Finance Robert Morris (financier), Robert Morris goes before the United States Con ...

. *

March 17 Events Pre-1600 * 45 BC – In his last victory, Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger in the Battle of Munda. * 180 – Commodus becomes sole emperor of the Roman Empire at the age of ...

–

Catherine the Great Catherine II. (born Princess Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst; 2 May 172917 November 1796), most commonly known as Catherine the Great, was the reigning empress of Russia from 1762 to 1796. She came to power after overthrowing her husband, Peter I ...

of Russia issues a manifesto prohibiting freed serfs from being returned to

serfdom Serfdom was the status of many peasants under feudalism, specifically relating to manorialism and similar systems. It was a condition of debt bondage and indentured servitude with similarities to and differences from slavery. It developed du ...

. *

March 23 Events Pre-1600 * 1400 – The Trần dynasty of Vietnam is deposed, after one hundred and seventy-five years of rule, by Hồ Quý Ly, a court official. * 1540 – Waltham Abbey is surrendered to King Henry VIII of England; the las ...

– American Revolution:

Patrick Henry Patrick Henry (May 29, 1736 ld Style and New Style dates, O.S. May 18, 1736une 6, 1799) was an American politician, planter and orator who declared to the Virginia Conventions, Second Virginia Convention (1775): "Give me liberty or give m ...

, a delegate to the

Second Virginia Convention The Virginia Conventions were assemblies of delegates elected for the purpose of establishing constitutions of fundamental law for the Virginia, Commonwealth of Virginia superior to General Assembly legislation. Their constitutions and subsequ ...

after the

Virginia Virginia, officially the Commonwealth of Virginia, is a U.S. state, state in the Southeastern United States, Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic (United States), Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States between the East Coast of the United States ...

House of Burgesses The House of Burgesses () was the lower house of the Virginia General Assembly from 1619 to 1776. It existed during the colonial history of the United States in the Colony of Virginia in what was then British America. From 1642 to 1776, the Hou ...

was disbanded by the Royal Governor, delivers his " Give me Liberty or give me Death!" speech at St. John's Church in

Richmond, Virginia Richmond ( ) is the List of capitals in the United States, capital city of the Commonwealth (U.S. state), U.S. commonwealth of Virginia. Incorporated in 1742, Richmond has been an independent city (United States), independent city since 1871. ...

. *

April 18 Events Pre-1600 * 796 – King Æthelred I of Northumbria is murdered in Corbridge by a group led by his ealdormen, Ealdred and Wada. The ''patrician'' Osbald is crowned, but abdicates within 27 days. * 1428 – Peace of Ferrara ...

– American Revolution:

and

William Dawes William Dawes Jr. (April 6, 1745 – February 25, 1799) was an American soldier, and was one of several men who, in April 1775, alerted minutemen in Massachusetts of the approach of British regulars prior to the Battles of Lexington and Concor ...

, instructed by Dr.

Joseph Warren Joseph Warren (June 11, 1741 – June 17, 1775), a Founding Father of the United States, was an American physician who was one of the most important figures in the Patriot (American Revolution), Patriot movement in Boston, Massachusetts, Bos ...

, ride from Boston to Lexington to warn

John Hancock John Hancock ( – October 8, 1793) was an American Founding Fathers of the United States, Founding Father, merchant, statesman, and prominent Patriot (American Revolution), Patriot of the American Revolution. He was the longest-serving Presi ...

and

Sam Adams Samuel Adams (, 1722 – October 2, 1803) was an American statesman, political philosopher, and a Founding Father of the United States. He was a politician in colonial Massachusetts, a leader of the movement that became the American Revolu ...

that British forces are coming to take them prisoner and to seize colonial weapons and ammunition in Concord. *

April 19 Events Pre-1600 *AD 65 – The freedman Milichus betrays Pisonian conspiracy, Piso's plot to kill the Roman emperor, Emperor Nero and all of the List of conspiracies (political), conspirators are arrested. * 531 – Battle of Callini ...

–

: Hostility between Britain and its American colonies explodes into bloodshed, igniting the

. *

May 10 Events Pre-1600 * 28 BC – A sunspot is observed by Han dynasty astronomers during the reign of Emperor Cheng of Han, one of the earliest dated sunspot observations in China. * 1291 – Scottish nobles recognize the authority of ...

– American Revolution: ** The

meets, elects

president, raises the

Continental Army The Continental Army was the army of the United Colonies representing the Thirteen Colonies and later the United States during the American Revolutionary War. It was formed on June 14, 1775, by a resolution passed by the Second Continental Co ...

under

as commander and authorizes the colonies to adopt their own

constitutions A constitution is the aggregate of fundamental principles or established precedents that constitute the legal basis of a polity, organization or other type of entity, and commonly determines how that entity is to be governed. When these princ ...

. **

Ethan Allen Ethan Allen ( – February 12, 1789) was an American farmer, writer, military officer and politician. He is best known as one of the founders of Vermont and for the capture of Fort Ticonderoga during the American Revolutionary War, and wa ...

and

Benedict Arnold Benedict Arnold (#Brandt, Brandt (1994), p. 4June 14, 1801) was an American-born British military officer who served during the American Revolutionary War. He fought with distinction for the American Continental Army and rose to the rank of ...

, leading the

Green Mountain Boys The Green Mountain Boys were a militia organization established in 1770 in the territory between the British provinces of New York and New Hampshire, known as the New Hampshire Grants and later in 1777 as the Vermont Republic (which later be ...

Vermont Vermont () is a U.S. state, state in the New England region of the Northeastern United States. It borders Massachusetts to the south, New Hampshire to the east, New York (state), New York to the west, and the Provinces and territories of Ca ...

, capture Fort Ticonderoga. *

May 17 Events Pre-1600 * 1395 – Battle of Rovine: The Wallachians defeat an invading Ottoman army. * 1521 – Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for treason. * 1527 – Pánfilo de Narváez departs Spain to explo ...

– American Revolution: The Continental Congress bans trade with

Canada Canada is a country in North America. Its Provinces and territories of Canada, ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, making it the world's List of coun ...

. *

June 11 Events Pre-1600 * 173 – Marcomannic Wars: The Roman army in Moravia is encircled by the Quadi, who have broken the peace treaty ( 171). In a violent thunderstorm emperor Marcus Aurelius defeats and subdues them in the so-called "miracle ...

** Coronation of Louis XVI takes place in

Reims Reims ( ; ; also spelled Rheims in English) is the most populous city in the French Departments of France, department of Marne (department), Marne, and the List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, 12th most populous city in Fran ...

. The last coronation of the

Ancien Regime ''Ancien'' may refer to * the French word for "ancient, old" ** Société des anciens textes français * the French for "former, senior" ** Virelai ancien ** Ancien Régime ''Ancien'' may refer to * the French word for " ancient, old" ** Socié ...

before the French Revolution **

– Battle of Machias: In the first naval engagement of the American Revolution, Patriot forces capture the schooner ''HMS Margaretta''. *

June 12 Events Pre-1600 * 910 – Battle of Augsburg: The Hungarians defeat the East Frankish army under King Louis the Child, using the famous feigned retreat tactic of the nomadic warriors. *1206 – The Ghurid general Qutb ud-Din Aib ...

– American Revolution: ** The

British British may refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * British people, nationals or natives of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies. * British national identity, the characteristics of British people and culture ...

forces offer a pardon to all colonists who lay down their arms. ** Action by citizens of

Machias, Maine Machias is a New England town, town in and the county seat of Washington County, Maine, Washington County in Down East Maine, United States. As of the 2020 United States Census, 2020 census, the town population was 2,060. It is home to the Univ ...

, in capturing British ships recognises the existence of a

United States Merchant Marine The United States Merchant Marine is an organization composed of United States civilian sailor, mariners and U.S. civilian and federally owned merchant vessels. Both the civilian mariners and the merchant vessels are managed by a combination of ...

. *

June 14 Events Pre-1600 * 1158 – The city of Munich is founded by Henry the Lion on the banks of the river Isar. * 1216 – First Barons' War: Prince Louis of France takes the city of Winchester, abandoned by John, King of England, and soo ...

– American Revolution: The Continental Congress names

as commander of the

. *

June 16 Events Pre-1600 * 632 – Yazdegerd III ascends the throne as king (''shah'') of the Persian Empire. He becomes the last ruler of the Sasanian dynasty (modern Iran). *1407 – Ming–Hồ War: Retired King Hồ Quý Ly and his son K ...

– The post of

chief engineer A chief engineer, commonly referred to as "Chief" or "ChEng", is the most senior licensed mariner (engine officer) of an engine department on a ship, typically a merchant ship, and holds overall leadership and the responsibility of that departmen ...

of the

is created. *

June 17 Events Pre-1600 * 653 – Pope Martin I is arrested and taken to Constantinople, due to his opposition to monothelitism. *1242 – Following the Disputation of Paris, twenty-four carriage loads of Jewish religious manuscripts were burn ...

– American Revolution: Two months into the colonial

, British open fire on

Breed's Hill The Bunker Hill Monument is a monument erected at the site of the Battle of Bunker Hill in Boston, Massachusetts, which was among the first major battles between the United Colonies and the British Empire in the American Revolutionary War. The ...

on Charles Town Peninsula. After 3 charges, the British take the hill in the

. *

June 19 Events Pre-1600 * 325 – The original Nicene Creed is adopted at the First Council of Nicaea. * 1179 – The Battle of Kalvskinnet takes place outside Nidaros (now Trondheim), Norway. Earl Erling Skakke is killed, and the battle cha ...

– The post of Commanding General is created by the

Continental Congress The Continental Congress was a series of legislature, legislative bodies, with some executive function, for the Thirteen Colonies of British America, Great Britain in North America, and the newly declared United States before, during, and after ...

July–December

July 3 Events Pre-1600 * 324 – Battle of Adrianople: Constantine I defeats Licinius, who flees to Byzantium. * 987 – Hugh Capet is crowned King of France, the first of the Capetian dynasty that would rule France until the French Revol ...

– American Revolution: George Washington takes command of the 17,000-man Continental Army at Cambridge. *

July 5 Events Pre-1600 * 328 – The official opening of Constantine's Bridge built over the Danube between Sucidava ( Corabia, Romania) and Oescus ( Gigen, Bulgaria) by the Roman architect Theophilus Patricius. * 1316 – The Burgundian ...

– American Revolution: The Continental Congress sends the

Olive Branch Petition The Olive Branch Petition was adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 5, 1775, and signed on July 8, 1775, in a final attempt to avoid war between Great Britain and the Thirteen Colonies in America. The Congress had already authoriz ...

, hoping for a reconciliation. *

July 6 Events Pre-1600 * 371 BC – The Battle of Leuctra shatters Sparta's reputation of military invincibility. * 640 – Battle of Heliopolis: The Muslim Arab army under 'Amr ibn al-'As defeat the Byzantine forces near Heliopolis (Egy ...

– American Revolution: The Continental Congress issues Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms, which contains the words: "Our cause is just. Our union is perfect... being with one mind resolved to die freemen rather than to live slaves...". *

July 26 Events Pre-1600 * 657 – First Fitna: In the Battle of Siffin, troops led by Ali ibn Abu Talib clash with those led by Muawiyah I. * 811 – Battle of Pliska: Byzantine Emperor Nikephoros I is killed and his heir Staurakios is seri ...

– The Second Continental Congress appoints

to be the first

Postmaster General A Postmaster General, in Anglosphere countries, is the chief executive officer of the postal service of that country, a ministerial office responsible for overseeing all other postmasters. History The practice of having a government official ...

of what later becomes the

United States Post Office Department The United States Post Office Department (USPOD; also known as the Post Office or U.S. Mail) was the predecessor of the United States Postal Service, established in 1792. From 1872 to 1971, it was officially in the form of a Cabinet of the Un ...

. *

July 30 Events Pre-1600 * 762 – Baghdad is founded. * 1419 – First Defenestration of Prague: A crowd of radical Hussites kill seven members of the Prague city council. * 1502 – Christopher Columbus lands at Guanaja in the Bay I ...

–

: anchors off the south coast of England,

Captain Cook Captain James Cook (7 November 1728 – 14 February 1779) was a British Royal Navy officer, explorer, and cartographer famous for his three voyages of exploration to the Pacific and Southern Oceans, conducted between 1768 and 1779. He complet ...

having completed the first eastbound global

circumnavigation Circumnavigation is the complete navigation around an entire island, continent, or astronomical object, astronomical body (e.g. a planet or natural satellite, moon). This article focuses on the circumnavigation of Earth. The first circumnaviga ...

. *

August 18 Events Pre-1600 * 684 – Battle of Marj Rahit: Umayyad partisans defeat the supporters of Ibn al-Zubayr and cement Umayyad control of Syria. * 707 – Princess Abe accedes to the imperial Japanese throne as Empress Genmei. * 130 ...

–

Tucson Tucson (; ; ) is a city in Pima County, Arizona, United States, and its county seat. It is the second-most populous city in Arizona, behind Phoenix, Arizona, Phoenix, with a population of 542,630 in the 2020 United States census. The Tucson ...

is founded. *

August 21 Events Pre-1600 * 959 – Eraclus becomes the 25th bishop of Liège. *1140 – Song dynasty general Yue Fei defeats an army led by Jin dynasty (1115–1234), Jin dynasty general Wuzhu at the Battle of Yancheng during the Jin–Song War ...

– American Revolution – Siege of Fort St. Jean: American rebels launch an invasion of Canada. *

August 23 Events Pre-1600 * 30 BC – After the successful invasion of Egypt, Octavian executes Marcus Antonius Antyllus, the eldest son of Mark Antony, and Caesarion, the last king of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt and only child of Julius Ca ...

– American Revolution: Refusing to even look at the Olive Branch Petition, King George issues a

Proclamation of Rebellion The Proclamation of Rebellion, officially titled A Proclamation for Suppressing Rebellion and Sedition, was the response of George III of Great Britain, George III to the news of the Battle of Bunker Hill at the outset of the American Revolution ...

against the American colonies. *

August 29 Events Pre-1600 * 708 – Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708). * 870 – The city of Melite surrenders to an Aghlabid army following a siege, putting an end to Byzanti ...

–

September 12 Events Pre-1600 * 490 BC – Battle of Marathon: The conventionally accepted date for the Battle of Marathon. The Athenians and their Plataean allies defeat the first Persian invasion force of Greece. * 372 – Sixteen Kingdoms: Sima ...

– The '' Independence Hurricane'' from

South Carolina South Carolina ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Southeastern United States, Southeastern region of the United States. It borders North Carolina to the north and northeast, the Atlantic Ocean to the southeast, and Georgia (U.S. state), Georg ...

Nova Scotia Nova Scotia is a Provinces and territories of Canada, province of Canada, located on its east coast. It is one of the three Maritime Canada, Maritime provinces and Population of Canada by province and territory, most populous province in Atlan ...

kills 4,170, mostly fishermen and sailors. *

September 25 Events Pre-1600 * 275 – For the last time, the Roman Senate chooses an emperor; they elect 75-year-old Marcus Claudius Tacitus. * 762 – Led by Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya, the Hasanid branch of the Alids begins the Alid Revolt ...

– American Revolution: Siege of Fort St. Jean – Battle of Longue-Pointe:

Thirteen Colonies The Thirteen Colonies were the British colonies on the Atlantic coast of North America which broke away from the British Crown in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), and joined to form the United States of America. The Thirteen C ...

revolutionary forces under Maj.

attack

in Quebec, commanded by

General Guy Carleton. Allen's forces are defeated, and Allen himself is captured and held on British ships until he is released. * October – The Sayre Plotters attempt to kidnap

George III of the United Kingdom George III (George William Frederick; 4 June 173829 January 1820) was King of Great Britain and Ireland from 25 October 1760 until his death in 1820. The Acts of Union 1800 unified Great Britain and Ireland into the United Kingdom of Great ...

. *

October 13 Events Pre-1600 * 54 – Roman emperor Claudius dies from poisoning under mysterious circumstances. He is succeeded by his adoptive son Nero, rather than by Britannicus, his son with Messalina. * 409 – Vandals and Alans cross the ...

– American Revolution: The Continental Congress orders the establishment of the

(later the

United States Navy The United States Navy (USN) is the naval warfare, maritime military branch, service branch of the United States Department of Defense. It is the world's most powerful navy with the largest Displacement (ship), displacement, at 4.5 millio ...

). *

October 26 Events Pre-1600 * 1185 – The Uprising of Asen and Peter begins on the feast day of St. Demetrius of Thessaloniki and ends with the creation of the Second Bulgarian Empire. * 1341 – The Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347 formally ...

– American Revolution:

George III George III (George William Frederick; 4 June 173829 January 1820) was King of Great Britain and King of Ireland, Ireland from 25 October 1760 until his death in 1820. The Acts of Union 1800 unified Kingdom of Great Britain, Great Britain and ...

announces to

Parliament In modern politics and history, a parliament is a legislative body of government. Generally, a modern parliament has three functions: Representation (politics), representing the Election#Suffrage, electorate, making laws, and overseeing ...

that the American colonies are in an uprising and must be dealt with accordingly. * November – American Revolution: Colonel Richard Richardson's

revolutionaries march through

Ninety-Six District District is a former judicial district in the U.S. state of South Carolina. It existed as a district from July 29, 1769 to December 31, 1799. The court house and jail for Ninety-Six District were in Ninety Six. Colonial period In the colonial p ...

in what becomes known as the '' Snow Campaign'', effectively ending all major support for the

Loyalist Loyalism, in the United Kingdom, its overseas territories and its former colonies, refers to the allegiance to the British crown or the United Kingdom. In North America, the most common usage of the term refers to loyalty to the British Cr ...

cause in the

backcountry In geography, a backcountry, back country or backwater is a geographical area that is remote, undeveloped, isolated, or difficult to access. These areas are typically rural or mountainous and sparsely populated. Terminology Backcountry ...

of South Carolina. *

November 7 Events Pre-1600 * 335 – Athanasius, 20th pope of Alexandria, is banished to Trier on the charge that he prevented a grain fleet from sailing to Constantinople. * 680 – The Sixth Ecumenical Council commences in Constantinople. ...

– American Revolution:

John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore (1730 – 25 February 1809) was a British colonial administrator who served as the List of colonial governors of Virginia, governor of Virginia from 1771 to 1775. Dunmore was named List of colonial governors of ...

, British royal governor of the

Colony of Virginia The Colony of Virginia was a British Empire, British colonial settlement in North America from 1606 to 1776. The first effort to create an English settlement in the area was chartered in 1584 and established in 1585; the resulting Roanoke Colo ...

, signs

Dunmore's Proclamation Dunmore's Proclamation is a historical document signed on November 7, 1775, by John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore, Colonial government in the Thirteen Colonies, royal governor of the British colony of Virginia. The proclamation declared martial law ...

, declaring

martial law Martial law is the replacement of civilian government by military rule and the suspension of civilian legal processes for military powers. Martial law can continue for a specified amount of time, or indefinitely, and standard civil liberties ...

and offering freedom to

slaves Slavery is the ownership of a person as property, especially in regards to their labour. Slavery typically involves compulsory work, with the slave's location of work and residence dictated by the party that holds them in bondage. Enslavemen ...

of Patriots who run away from their owners and join the

forces (formal proclamation November 15) thus losing the support of planters who see slaves as their vital livelihood. *

November 10 Events Pre-1600 * 474 – Emperor Leo II dies after a reign of ten months. He is succeeded by his father Zeno, who becomes sole ruler of the Byzantine Empire. * 937 – Ten Kingdoms: Li Bian usurps the throne and deposes Emperor Y ...

– American Revolution: The Continental Congress passes a resolution creating the

Continental Marines The Continental Marines were the Amphibious warfare, amphibious infantry of the Thirteen Colonies, American Colonies (and later the United States) during the American Revolutionary War. The Corps was formed by the Continental Congress on Novem ...

to serve as landing troops for the recently created Continental Navy (the Marines are disbanded at end of the war in April

1783 Events January–March * January 20 – At Versailles, Kingdom of Great Britain, Great Britain signs preliminary peace treaties with the Kingdom of France and the Kingdom of Spain. * January 23 – The Confederation Congress ...

but reformed on

July 11 Events Pre-1600 * 813 – Byzantine emperor Michael I, under threat by conspiracies, abdicates in favor of his general Leo the Armenian, and becomes a monk (under the name Athanasius). * 911 – Signing of the Treaty of Saint-Clair ...

1798 Events January–June * January – Eli Whitney contracts with the U.S. federal government for 10,000 muskets, which he produces with interchangeable parts. * January 4 – Constantine Hangerli enters Bucharest, as Prince of ...

as the

United States Marine Corps The United States Marine Corps (USMC), also referred to as the United States Marines or simply the Marines, is the maritime land force service branch of the United States Department of Defense. It is responsible for conducting expeditionar ...

). *

November 13 Events Pre-1600 * 1002 – English king Æthelred II orders the killing of all Danes in England, known today as the St. Brice's Day massacre. * 1093 – Battle of Alnwick: in an English victory over the Scots, Malcolm III of Scot ...

– American Revolution: Battle of Montreal – American forces under Brigadier General

Richard Montgomery Richard Montgomery (2 December 1738 – 31 December 1775) was an Irish-born American military officer who first served in the British Army. He later became a major general in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, and ...

capture

General Guy Carleton escapes to

. * November 17 – The city of

Kuopio Kuopio ( , ) is a city in Finland and the regional capital of North Savo. It is located in the Finnish Lakeland. The population of Kuopio is approximately , while the Kuopio sub-region, sub-region has a population of approximately . It is the mos ...

Finland Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It borders Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east, with the Gulf of Bothnia to the west and the Gulf of Finland to the south, ...

(belonging to

Sweden Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Nordic countries, Nordic country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and north, and Finland to the east. At , Sweden is the largest Nordic count ...

at this time) is founded by King

Gustav III of Sweden Gustav III (29 March 1792), also called ''Gustavus III'', was King of Sweden from 1771 until his assassination in 1792. He was the eldest son of King Adolf Frederick and Queen Louisa Ulrika of Sweden. Gustav was a vocal opponent of what he s ...

. *

December 5 Events Pre-1600 *63 BC – Cicero gives the fourth and final of the Catiline Orations. * 633 – Fourth Council of Toledo opens, presided over by Isidore of Seville. *1033 – The 1033 Jordan Rift Valley earthquake, Jordan Rift Val ...

– American Revolution:

Henry Knox Henry Knox (July 25, 1750 – October 25, 1806) was an American military officer, politician, bookseller, and a Founding Father of the United States. Knox, born in Boston, became a senior general of the Continental Army during the Revolutionar ...

begins his journey to

Cambridge, Massachusetts Cambridge ( ) is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. It is a suburb in the Greater Boston metropolitan area, located directly across the Charles River from Boston. The city's population as of the 2020 United States census, ...

with the artillery that has been captured from

Fort Ticonderoga Fort Ticonderoga (), formerly Fort Carillon, is a large 18th-century star fort built by the French at a narrows near the south end of Lake Champlain in northern New York. It was constructed between October 1755 and 1757 by French-Canadian ...

. *

December 31 It is known by a collection of names including: Saint Sylvester's Day, New Year's Eve or Old Year's Day/Night, as the following day is New Year's Day. It is the last day of the year; the following day is January 1, the first day of the followi ...

– American Revolution: Battle of Quebec – British forces repulse an attack by

generals

and

; Montgomery is killed.

Date unknown

Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution, sometimes divided into the First Industrial Revolution and Second Industrial Revolution, was a transitional period of the global economy toward more widespread, efficient and stable manufacturing processes, succee ...

Great Britain Great Britain is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north-west coast of continental Europe, consisting of the countries England, Scotland, and Wales. With an area of , it is the largest of the British Isles, the List of European ...

. **

's 1769

steam engine A steam engine is a heat engine that performs Work (physics), mechanical work using steam as its working fluid. The steam engine uses the force produced by steam pressure to push a piston back and forth inside a Cylinder (locomotive), cyl ...

patent A patent is a type of intellectual property that gives its owner the legal right to exclude others from making, using, or selling an invention for a limited period of time in exchange for publishing an sufficiency of disclosure, enabling discl ...

is extended to June 1800 by Act of Parliament and the first

engine An engine or motor is a machine designed to convert one or more forms of energy into mechanical energy. Available energy sources include potential energy (e.g. energy of the Earth's gravitational field as exploited in hydroelectric power ge ...

s are built under it. ** John Wilkinson invents and patents a new kind of boring machine. *

decrees a Statute for the Administration of the Provinces of the Russian Empire dividing the country into provinces and districts for efficient government. * A smallpox epidemic begins in

New England New England is a region consisting of six states in the Northeastern United States: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont. It is bordered by the state of New York (state), New York to the west and by the ...

. * Typhoon Liengkieki devastates the

Pacific The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of Earth's five oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean, or, depending on the definition, to Antarctica in the south, and is bounded by the cont ...

atoll An atoll () is a ring-shaped island, including a coral rim that encircles a lagoon. There may be coral islands or cays on the rim. Atolls are located in warm tropical or subtropical parts of the oceans and seas where corals can develop. Most ...

Pingelap Pingelap is an atoll in the Pacific Ocean, part of Pohnpei State of the Federated States of Micronesia, consisting of three islands: Pingelap Island, Sukoru and Daekae, linked by a reef system and surrounding a central lagoon, although only Pinge ...

. *

writes his five

violin concerto A violin concerto is a concerto for solo violin (occasionally, two or more violins) and instrumental ensemble (customarily orchestra). Such works have been written since the Baroque period, when the solo concerto form was first developed, up thro ...

s in

Salzburg Salzburg is the List of cities and towns in Austria, fourth-largest city in Austria. In 2020 its population was 156,852. The city lies on the Salzach, Salzach River, near the border with Germany and at the foot of the Austrian Alps, Alps moun ...

at about this date. * The Calcutta Theatre is inaugurated. *

Shneur Zalman of Liadi Shneur Zalman of Liadi, (; September 4, 1745 – December 15, 1812 O.S. / 18 Elul 5505 – 24 Tevet 5573) commonly known as the Alter Rebbe or Baal Hatanya, was a rabbi and the founder and first Rebbe of Chabad, a branch of Hasidic Judaism. He ...

founds the

Chabad Chabad, also known as Lubavitch, Habad and Chabad-Lubavitch (; ; ), is a dynasty in Hasidic Judaism. Belonging to the Haredi (ultra-Orthodox) branch of Orthodox Judaism, it is one of the world's best-known Hasidic movements, as well as one of ...

-Lubavitch Hasidic Jewish dynasty. * Probable date – Jeanne Baret returns to France, becoming the first woman to complete a

of the globe. * '' Breguet'', one of the oldest Swiss luxury watch brands, clock and jewelry manufacturers is founded by

Abraham-Louis Breguet Abraham-Louis Breguet (; 10 January 1747 – 17 September 1823), born in Neuchâtel, then a Prussian principality, was a Swiss-French horologist who made many innovations in the course of a career in watchmaking industry, including the tour ...

in Paris.

Births

Joseph Mallord William Turner auto-retrato

Chase Philander-Bishop Episcopal Church USA

January–March

January 2 Events Pre-1600 * 69 – The Roman legions in Germania Superior refuse to swear loyalty to Galba. They rebel and proclaim Vitellius as emperor. * 366 – The Alemanni cross the frozen Rhine in large numbers, invading the Roman Emp ...

–

Henry Tufton, 11th Earl of Thanet Henry James Tufton, 11th Earl of Thanet (2 January 1775 – 12 June 1849) was a peer in the peerage of England and a noted English cricketer of the 1790s. Biography Henry Tufton belonged to an aristocratic family that was prominent in cricketin ...

, English cricketer (d.

1849 Events January–March * January 1 – France begins issue of the Ceres series (France), Ceres series, the nation's first postage stamps. * January 5 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: The Austrian army, led by Alfred I, Prince of Windisc ...

) *

January 3 Events Pre-1600 *AD 69, 69 – The Roman legions on the Rhine refuse to declare their allegiance to Galba, instead proclaiming their legate, Aulus Vitellius, as emperor. * 250 – Emperor Decius orders everyone in the Roman Empire (ex ...

–

Francis Caulfeild, 2nd Earl of Charlemont Francis William Caulfeild, 2nd Earl of Charlemont (3 January 1775 – 26 December 1863), styled Viscount Caulfeild until 1799, was an Irish peer and politician. He was born the elder son of James Caulfeild, 1st Earl of Charlemont, and his wife M ...

, Irish politician (d.

1863 Events January * January 1 – Abraham Lincoln signs the Emancipation Proclamation during the third year of the American Civil War, making the abolition of slavery in the Confederate States of America an official war goal. The signing ...

) *

January 4 Events Pre-1600 *46 BC – Julius Caesar fights Titus Labienus in the Battle of Ruspina. * 871 – Battle of Reading (871), Battle of Reading: Æthelred of Wessex and his brother Alfred the Great, Alfred are defeated by a Danish invasi ...

** George Weare Braikenridge, English antiquarian (d.

1856 Events January–March * January 8 – Borax deposits are discovered in large quantities by John Veatch in California. * January 23 – The American sidewheel steamer SS ''Pacific'' leaves Liverpool (England) for a transatl ...

) ** Carlo, Duke of Calabria, Italian prince (d.

1778 Events January–March * January 18 – Third voyage of James Cook: Sea captain, Captain James Cook, with ships HMS Resolution (1771), HMS ''Resolution'' and HMS Discovery (1774), HMS ''Discovery'', first views Oahu, Oʻahu th ...

) *

January 6 Events Pre-1600 * 1066 – Following the death of Edward the Confessor on the previous day, the Witan meets to confirm Harold Godwinson as the new King of England; Harold is crowned the same day, sparking a succession crisis that will ...

** Date Narimura, Japanese daimyō (d.

1796 Events January–March * January 16 – The first Dutch (and general) elections are held for the National Assembly of the Batavian Republic. (The next Dutch general elections are held in 1888.) * February 1 – The capital of Upper Can ...

) ** Horace St Paul, English soldier and Member of Parliament (d.

1840 Events January–March * January 3 – One of the predecessor papers of the ''Herald Sun'' of Melbourne, Australia, ''The Port Phillip Herald'', is founded. * January 10 – Uniform Penny Post is introduced in the United Kingdom. * Janu ...

) *

January 7 Events Pre-1600 *49 BC – The Senate of the Roman Republic, Senate of Rome says that Caesar will be declared a public enemy unless he disbands his army, prompting the tribunes who support him to flee to where Caesar is waiting in Ravenna ...

– Thomas Amyot, English antiquarian (d.

1850 Events January–March * January 29 – Henry Clay introduces the Compromise of 1850 to the United States Congress. * January 31 – The University of Rochester is founded in Rochester, New York. * January – Sacramento, Ca ...

) *

January 9 Events Pre-1600 * 681 – Twelfth Council of Toledo: King Erwig of the Visigoths initiates a council in which he implements diverse measures against the Jews in Spain. * 1038 – An earthquake in Dingxiang, China kills an estimate ...

** Juan Francisco Larrobla, Uruguayan politician (d.

1842 Events January–March * January 6– 13 – First Anglo-Afghan War – Massacre of Elphinstone's army (Battle of Gandamak): British East India Company troops are destroyed by Afghan forces on the road from Kabul to Jalalabad, Afghan ...

) **

Antonio Villavicencio Antonio Villavicencio y Verástegui (January 9, 1775 – June 6, 1816) was a statesman and soldier of New Kingdom of Granada, New Granada, born in Quito, and educated in Spain. He served in the Battle of Trafalgar as an officer in the Spanish N ...

, statesman and soldier of New Granada (d.

1816 This year was known as the ''Year Without a Summer'', because of low temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere, possibly the result of the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora in Indonesia, causing severe global cooling, catastrophic in some locati ...

) *

January 10 Events Pre-1600 *49 BC – Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signalling the start of civil war. * 9 – The Western Han dynasty ends when Wang Mang claims that the divine Mandate of Heaven called for the end of the dynasty and th ...

– James Sewall Morsell, United States federal judge (d.

1870 Events January * January 1 ** The first edition of ''The Northern Echo'' newspaper is published in Priestgate, Darlington, England. ** Plans for the Brooklyn Bridge are completed. * January 3 – Construction of the Brooklyn Bridge be ...

) *

January 13 Events Pre-1600 * 27 BC – Octavian transfers the state to the free disposal of the Roman Senate and the people. He receives Spain, Gaul, and Syria as his province for ten years. * 532 – The Nika riots break out, during the ra ...

– Stanisław Kostka Zamoyski, Polish noble (d.

) *

January 15 Events Pre-1600 *AD 69, 69 – Otho seizes power in Rome, proclaiming himself Roman emperor, Emperor of Rome, beginning a reign of only three months. *1541 – King Francis I of France gives Jean-François Roberval a commission to set ...

–

Giosuè Sangiovanni Giosuè Edoard Sangiovanni (15 January 1775 – 17 May 1849) was an Italian zoologist, the first professor of comparative anatomy in Italy and an early exponent of evolution. Born at Laurino in the kingdom of Naples, he followed his education in p ...

, Italian zoologist (d.

) *

January 18 Events Pre-1600 * 474 – Seven-year-old Leo II succeeds his maternal grandfather Leo I as Byzantine emperor. He dies ten months later. * 532 – Nika riots in Constantinople fail. * 1126 – Emperor Huizong abdicates the C ...

** Pedro Moreno, Mexican soldier (d.

1817 Events January–March * January 1 – Sailing through the Sandwich Islands, Otto von Kotzebue discovers New Year Island. * January 19 – An army of 5,423 soldiers, led by General José de San Martín, starts crossing t ...

) ** Evelyn Pierrepont, British Member of Parliament (d.

1801 Events January–March *January 1 ** The legislative union of Great Britain and Ireland is completed under the Act of Union 1800, bringing about the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and the abolition of the Parliament of Ir ...

) *

January 19 Events Pre-1600 * 379 – Emperor Gratian elevates Flavius Theodosius at Sirmium to '' Augustus'', and gives him authority over all the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire. * 649 – Conquest of Kucha: The forces of Kucha surren ...

** Hudson Gurney, English antiquary and verse-writer (d.

1864 Events January * January 13 – American songwriter Stephen Foster ("Oh! Susanna", "Old Folks at Home") dies aged 37 in New York City, leaving a scrap of paper reading "Dear friends and gentle hearts". His parlor song "Beautiful Dream ...

) ** George Pyke, Canadian politician (d.

1851 Events January–March * January 11 – Hong Xiuquan officially begins the Taiping Rebellion in China, one of the bloodiest revolts that would lead to 20 million deaths. * January 15 – Christian Female College, modern-d ...

) *

January 20 Events Pre-1600 * 250 – Pope Fabian is martyred during the Decian persecution. *1156 – Finnish peasant Lalli kills English clergyman Henry (bishop of Finland), Henry, the Bishop of Turku, on the ice of Köyliönjärvi, Lake Köyli� ...

–

André-Marie Ampère André-Marie Ampère (, ; ; 20 January 177510 June 1836) was a French physicist and mathematician who was one of the founders of the science of classical electromagnetism, which he referred to as ''electrodynamics''. He is also the inventor of ...

, French physicist and mathematician (d.

1836 Events January–March * January 1 — Hill Street Academy is named Colombo Academy and acquired by the Government, establishing the first public school in Sri Lanka. * January 1 – Queen Maria II of Portugal marries Prince Ferdinand ...

) * January 22 ** Manuel García (tenor), Manuel García, Spanish singer, teacher and composer (d. 1832) * January 23 ** Pietro Colletta, Neapolitan general and historian (d. 1831) ** José Fernández Salvador, Ecuadorian politician and jurist (d. 1853) ** John Rubens Smith, London-born painter (d.

) * January 27 – Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, German philosopher (d. 1854) * January 28 ** Lady Charlotte Bury, English novelist (d. 1861) ** James Brown Mason, American physician and legislator (d. 1819) * January 30 – Walter Savage Landor, English writer and poet (d.

) * January 31 ** Giordano Bianchi Dottula, Italian writer and politician (d. 1846) ** John Richard Farre, English physician (d. 1862) * February 1 ** Philippe de Girard, French engineer and inventor of the first flax spinning frame in 1810 (d. 1845) ** Jochum Nicolay Müller, Norwegian naval officer who (d. 1848) * February 2 – Gurun Princess Hexiao of the Manchu dynasty (d. 1823) * February 3 ** Maximilien Sébastien Foy, French military leader (d. 1825) ** Louis-François Lejeune, French general, painter and printmaker (d. 1848) * February 8 ** Jacob Liv Borch Sverdrup, Norwegian educator (d. 1841) ** Antonio Bertoloni, Italian botanist who made extensive studies of Italian plants (d. 1869) ** Thomas Liddell, 1st Baron Ravensworth, British politician (d. 1855) *

** Farkas Bolyai, Hungarian mathematician (d.

) ** Theodor Hell, pseudonym of Karl Gottfried Theodor Winkler, German man of letters (d.

) * February 10 ** Charles Lamb, English essayist (d. 1834) ** James Wilkes Maurice, British Royal Navy officer during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (d. 1857) ** Ádám Récsey, Prime Minister of Hungary (October 3–7, 1848) (d. 1852) * February 11 – William Hall (governor), William Hall, American politician (d.

) * February 12 – Charles Lloyd (poet), Charles Lloyd, English poet (d. 1839) * February 14 – William Clift, English medical illustrator and conservator (d.

) *

** Paul Allen (editor), Paul Allen, American author and editor (d. 1826) ** Miguel Ramos Arizpe, Mexican priest (d. 1843) * February 17 ** Heinrich Jacob Aldenrath, German portrait painter (d. 1844) ** Frederick Garling, English attorney and solicitor (d. 1848) * February 18 – Thomas Girtin, English painter and etcher (d. 1802) * February 19 ** John Bibby (businessman), John Bibby, founder of the British Bibby Line shipping company (d.

) ** Giovanni Battista Comolli, Italian sculptor (d. 1831) * February 20 ** Guy-Victor Duperré, French naval officer and Admiral of France (d. 1846) ** Israel Gregg, first captain of the historic American steamboat Enterprise (1814), ''Enterprise'' (1814) (d. 1847) ** John Starr (politician), John Starr, merchant and political figure in Nova Scotia (d. 1827) * February 21 ** Jean-Baptiste Girard (soldier), Jean-Baptiste Girard, French soldier (d. 1815) ** Claudius Herrick, American educator and minister (d. 1831) * February 22 ** William Seymour (Congressman), William Seymour, United States Representative from New York (d. 1848) * February 24 ** Claudius Hunter, Lord Mayor of London (d.

) ** Matěj Kopecký, Czech puppeteer (d. 1847) ** Edward St Maur, 11th Duke of Somerset, English landowner and amateur mathematician (d. 1855) * February 25 – John Caldwell (seigneur), John Caldwell, businessman and politician in Lower Canada (d.

) *

– Adolf Stieler, German cartographer and lawyer (d.

) * February 28 – Sophie Tieck, German poet (d. 1833) * March 3 – Henry Prittie, 2nd Baron Dunalley, British politician (d. 1854) * March 4 – Johann Baptist von Lampi the Younger, Austrian portrait painter (d. 1837) * March 5 ** Charlotte Richardson, English poet (d. 1825) ** Adam Elias von Siebold, German gynecologist (d. 1828) * March 9 ** Jean Kickx (1775–1831), Jean Kickx, Belgian botanist and mineralogist (d. 1831) ** Constance Mayer, French painter (d. 1821) * March 10 ** Marc-Antoine Jullien de Paris, French journalist (d. 1848) ** Sir David Wedderburn, 1st Baronet, Scottish businessman and politician (d. 1858) * March 11 ** Nils Landmark, Norwegian politician (d. 1859) ** Pierre Jean François Turpin, French botanist and illustrator (d.

) * March 12 ** Joseph Chitty, English lawyer and legal writer (d. 1841) ** Henry Eckford (shipbuilder), Henry Eckford, Scottish-born American shipbuilder, naval architect, industrial engineer, entrepreneur (d. 1832) ** Michel Grendahl, Norwegian politician (d.

) ** James Welsh (East India Company officer), James Welsh, English officer in the Madras Army of the East India Company (d. 1861) * March 14 – Samuel Street Jr., businessman in Upper Canada (d. 1844) * March 15 – Juan Bautista Arismendi, Venezuelan patriot and general of the Venezuelan War of Independence (d. 1841) *

– Ninian Edwards, founding political figure of the state of Illinois (d. 1833) * March 19 – Ramsay Richard Reinagle, English painter (d. 1862) * March 22 ** Johan Collett, Norwegian politician and public administrator (d. 1827) ** Jack Crawford (sailor), Jack Crawford, British Royal Navy sailor, "Hero of Camperdown" (d. 1831) ** Armand Gouffé, French poet (d. 1845) *

– William Haseldine Pepys, English physical scientist (d.

) * March 24 ** Pauline Auzou, French painter and art instructor (d. 1835) ** Pierre Berthezène, French Army general (d. 1847) ** Muthuswami Dikshitar, South Indian poet and composer (d. 1835) * March 25 – John Johnston (Indian agent), John Johnston, United States Indian agent (d. 1861) * March 26 – Thomas Monteagle Bayly, Virginian politician, lawyer and planter (d. 1834) * March 27 – Nicolai Abraham Holten, Danish civil servant and director of Øresund Custom House (d.

) * March 28 – Johann Heinrich Gossler, Hamburg banker and grand burgher (d.

) * March 30 – Hieronymus Karl Graf von Colloredo-Mansfeld, Austrian corps commander during the Napoleonic Wars (d. 1822)

April–June

* April 2 ** John Higton, English animal painter (d. 1827) ** Calvin Jones (physician), Calvin Jones, American politician (d. 1846) ** Moses Walton, Virginia farmer serving in both houses of the Virginia General Assembly (d. 1847) * April 4 – Dutch Sam, British boxer (d.

) * April 5 – Johann Nepomuk Rust, Austrian surgeon (d.

) * April 6 – Edward Wynne-Pendarves, English politician (d. 1853) * April 7 ** Eliza Jumel, American socialite (d. 1865) ** Francis Cabot Lowell, American businessman (d.

) ** Louis Barbe Charles Sérurier, French diplomat (d. 1860) * April 8 ** Antoine Charles Cazenove, Swiss-American businessman and diplomat (d. 1852) ** Adam Albert von Neipperg, Austrian general and statesman (d. 1829) ** Thomas Powys, 2nd Baron Lilford, British peer (d. 1825) * April 9 – Martim Francisco Ribeiro de Andrada, Brazilian politician, leader in Brazil's independence and government (d. 1844) * April 10 – Carl Wigand Maximilian Jacobi, German psychiatrist (d. 1858) * April 12 ** Christian Samuel Theodor Bernd, German linguist and heraldist (d. 1854) ** Vito Nunziante, Italian general (d.

) * April 13 – Adolph Henke, German physician (d. 1843) * April 14 ** Karl Becker (philologist), Karl Becker, German philologist (d.

) ** John Philip (missionary), John Philip, Scottish-born missionary in South Africa (d.

) * April 16 ** Sylvester Maxwell, American lawyer and legislator (d. 1858) ** Charles Stewart (bishop), Charles Stewart, English Anglican bishop in Lower Canada (d. 1837) * April 21 ** Alexander Anderson (illustrator), Alexander Anderson, American physician and illustrator (d.

) ** Edward Smith-Stanley, 13th Earl of Derby, British politician (d.

) * April 22 ** Georg Hermes, German Roman Catholic theologian (d. 1831) ** Henry Ryan (minister), Henry Ryan, US-Canadian Methodist minister (d. 1833) * April 23 – J. M. W. Turner, English Romantic landscape painter, watercolourist and printmaker (d.

) * April 25 ** William Warren Baldwin, Canadian politician (d. 1844) ** Alexander Johnston (1775–1849), Alexander Johnston, Sri Lankan judge (d.

) ** Carlota Joaquina of Spain, Queen consort of Portugal (d. 1830) * April 27 – Pietro Ostini, Catholic cardinal (d.

) * April 28 ** William Capel (sportsman), William Capel, English sportsman and clergyman (d. 1854) ** Loftus William Otway, British Napoleonic Wars general (d. 1835) * April 29 – Samuel King (minister), Samuel King, American Presbyterian minister, a founder of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church (d.

) * April 30 ** Guillaume Dode de la Brunerie, Marshal of France (d.

) ** Calvin Fillmore, American farmer and politician from New York (d. 1865) ** George Kinloch (politician), George Kinloch, Scottish reformer and politician (d. 1833) * May 1 – Angélique Mongez, French Neoclassical artist (d. 1855) * May 3 – John Hansen Sørbrøden, Norwegian farmer (d. 1857) * May 5 ** Marie-Anne Calame, Swiss vitreous enamel miniaturist and pietist philanthropic educator (d. 1834) ** Johann Christoph Friedrich Klug, German entomologist (d.

) ** Alexander McNair, American frontiersman and politician (d. 1826) ** Pablo Morillo, Spanish general (d. 1837) * May 6 ** Hans Henrich Maschmann, Norwegian pharmacist (d. 1860) ** Mary Martha Sherwood, English children's author (d.

) * May 8 – George Gwilt the younger, English architect (d.

) * May 9 – Jacob Brown (general), Jacob Brown, United States general (d. 1828) *

** Antoine Charles Louis de Lasalle, French cavalry general during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (d. 1809) ** William Phillips (geologist), William Phillips, English mineralogist and geologist (d. 1828) * May 12 – George Whitmore (British Army officer), George Whitmore, British Army general (d. 1862) * May 14 – Micah Brooks, United States general (d. 1857) *

** Sir John Beckett, 2nd Baronet, British politician (d. 1847) ** Daniel LeRoy, Attorney General for the Michigan Territory (d. 1858) * May 19 – Antonín Jan Jungmann, Czech physician (d. 1854) * May 21 – Lucien Bonaparte, French statesman (d.

) * May 24 ** Sir Charles Ogle, 2nd Baronet, British Royal Navy officer (d. 1858) ** Matthew Whitworth-Aylmer, 5th Baron Aylmer, British Army general (d.

) * May 25 – Pelagio Palagi, Italian painter (d. 1860) * May 28 – Thomas Graves, 2nd Baron Graves, British politician (d. 1830) * May 29 – Nathan Cutler, American politician from Maine (d. 1861) * May 31 ** Charles Digby, British clergyman, Canon of Windsor from 1808 (d. 1841) ** Charles Jackson (judge), Charles Jackson, American lawyer and jurist (d. 1855) * June 4 – Francesco Molino, Italian guitarist (d. 1847) * June 8 – Henry Boehm, American clergyman and pastor (d. 1875) * June 9 – Georg Friedrich Grotefend, German epigraphist and philologist (d. 1853) * June 10 – James Barbour, American politician (d.

) *

** Francis Bloodgood, American lawyer, mayor of Albany (d.

) ** Johann Baptist Malfatti von Monteregio, Italian-born physician (d. 1859) ** Karl Freiherr von Müffling, Prussian ''Generalfeldmarschall'' (d.

) * June 13 – Antoni Radziwiłł, Polish politician (d. 1833) *

– André Bruno de Frévol de Lacoste, French general of the First Empire (d. 1809) * June 15 ** Elizabeth Benger, English biographer (d. 1827) ** Paul Delano, American-born sea captain (d.

) ** Carlo Porta, Italian poet (d. 1821) *

– Judah Touro, American businessman (d. 1854) *

– Alexander Cowan, Scottish papermaker and philanthropist (d. 1859) * June 18 – Orsamus Cook Merrill, American politician (d. 1865) *

** Vardry McBee, American saddlemaker and philanthropist (d.

) ** Friedrich August Peter von Colomb, German general (d. 1854) * June 20 – Jacques Frédéric Français, French engineer and mathematician (d. 1833) * June 22 ** Johannes Flüggé, German botanist and physician (d.

) ** Camillo Ranzani, Italian priest and a naturalist (d. 1841) * June 24 – John Kempthorne (hymnwriter), John Kempthorne, English clergyman and hymnwriter (d. 1838) * June 25 – John Stevenson Salt, English barrister, banker and landowner (d. 1845) * June 26 ** Jean-Jacques Desvaux de Saint-Maurice, French general of the Napoleonic Wars (d. 1815) ** John Swaine, English draughtsman and engraver (d. 1860) * June 29 – Thomas Boyle, American privateer (d. 1825) * June 30 – William Thompson (philosopher), William Thompson, Irish philosopher (d. 1833)

July–September

* July 1 – Cephas Thompson, American artist (d.

) * July 2 – Aaron Peasley, American buttonmaker (d. 1837) *

– Antoine Philippe, Duke of Montpensier, member of the French royal family (d. 1807) *

– William Crotch, English composer, organist and artist (d. 1847) * July 8 ** William Davies (Georgia judge), William Davies, United States federal judge (d. 1829) ** Lucy Mack Smith, American prominent in the Latter Day Saints, mother of Joseph Smith (d.

) * July 9 – Matthew Lewis (writer), Matthew "Monk" Lewis, English Gothic horror writer and politician (d. 1818) *

– Joseph Blanco White, Spanish-born political thinker, theologian and poet (d. 1841) * July 14 ** Louis Ducis, French painter (d. 1847) ** Berkeley Guise, British landowner and Member of Parliament (d. 1834) * July 15 ** George Schonswar, British politician (d. 1859) ** Richard Westmacott, British sculptor (d.

) * July 17 ** Domingo Eyzaguirre, Chilean politician and philanthropist (d. 1854) ** August Harder, German musician (d. 1813) * July 18 ** Pierre Decouz, French military officer (d. of wounds 1814) ** Karl von Rotteck, German political activist (d.

) * July 19 ** Camillo Borghese, 6th Prince of Sulmona (d. 1832) ** John Andrew Shulze, Pennsylvania political leader, sixth Governor of Pennsylvania (d. 1852) * July 21 ** Edward Heneage (cricketer), Edward Heneage, English first-class cricketer (d. 1810) ** George Osborne, 6th Duke of Leeds, English peer and politician (d. 1838) * July 23 ** Carl Ludwig Wilhelm Grolman, German jurist (d. 1829) ** Étienne-Louis Malus, French officer (d. 1812) * July 24 – Eugène François Vidocq, French criminal and private detective agent (d. 1857) * July 25 – Anna Harrison, American politician (d.

) * July 27 – Therese Brunsvik, Hungarian educationalist (d. 1861) * July 28 – Hussey Vivian, 1st Baron Vivian, British Army general (d.

) * July 31 – Emmanuel Dupaty, French singer and writer (d.

) * August 2 ** William Henry Ireland, English forger (d. 1835) ** José Ángel Lamas, Venezuelan classical musician and composer born in Caracas (d. 1814) * August 6 ** Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême, last Dauphin of France (d. 1844) ** Daniel O'Connell, Ireland's predominant political leader (d. 1847) ** Hendrik van Oort, Northern Netherlandish painter (d. 1847) * August 7 ** Maria Brizzi Giorgi, Italian organist (d. 1812) ** Jacob Hoel, Norwegian farmer (d. 1847) ** Henriette Lorimier, popular portraitist in Paris at the beginning of Romanticism (d. 1854) * August 8 – Richard Blakemore, English politician (d. 1855) * August 9 – Jacob Brown (general), Jacob Brown, United States general (d. 1828) * August 12 – Conrad Malte-Brun, Danish-born geographer and writer on French politics (d. 1826) * August 14 – Pieter Adrianus Ossewaarde, Dutch politician (d. 1853) * August 15 ** Carlos de España, Spanish general (d. 1839) ** Carl Franz Anton Ritter von Schreibers, Austrian naturalist, native of Pressburg (d. 1852) * August 16 ** John Carlyle Herbert, American politician (d. 1846) ** Ebenezer Sage, American politician (d. 1834) *

** James Elliot (politician), James Elliot, American politician (d. 1839) ** Johann Leonhard Pfaff, bishop of the German Roman Catholic Diocese of Fulda from 1832 (d. 1848) * August 20 ** Franz Dinnendahl, German mechanical engineer (d. 1826) ** George Tucker (American politician), George Tucker, American politician (d. 1861) * August 22 ** François Péron, French naturalist and explorer (d. 1810) ** August von Vécsey, Austro-Hungarian general (d. 1857) *

– Mark Cubbon (army officer), Mark Cubbon, British army officer with the East India Company (d. 1861) * August 25 – Karl Joseph Hieronymus Windischmann, German philosopher and anthropologist (d. 1839) * August 26 – William Joseph Behr, German political radical (d.

) * August 27 ** Frederick Graff, American hydraulic engineer (d. 1847) ** Jan Verveer, major general of the Royal Netherlands Army (d. 1838) * August 28 ** Antoine Marc Augustin Bertoletti, Italian general (d. 1846) ** Sophie Gail, French singer and composer (d. 1819) *

– Niels Wulfsberg, Norwegian publisher (d. 1852) * August 31 ** Agnes Bulmer, English epic poet (d.

) ** François de Fossa, French classical guitarist and composer (d.

) * September 1 – Honoré Charles Reille, French general, Marshal of France (d. 1860) * September 4 – Jean-François Le Gonidec, Breton linguist, Bible translator (d. 1838) * September 5 ** Juan Martín Díez, ''El Empecinado'', Spanish military leader (d. 1825) ** Adolph Ferdinand Gehlen, German chemist (d. 1815) * September 6 – Aleksey Greig, Russian admiral (d. 1845) * September 7 – John Jebb (bishop), John Jebb, Irish Anglican bishop and religious writer (d. 1833) * September 8 ** John Leyden, Scottish orientalist (d. 1811) ** Vasily Orlov-Denisov, Cossack Russian general (d. 1843) * September 9 ** Guillaume Capelle, French administrator and politician (d. 1843) ** Francisco Ramón Vicuña, President of Chile (d.

) * September 10 ** John Kidd (chemist), John Kidd, English physician, chemist and geologist (d.

) ** Murray Maxwell, British Royal Navy officer (d. 1831) * September 11 ** Narciso Fernández de Heredia, 2nd Count of Heredia-Spínola, Prime Minister of Spain (d. 1847) ** Ferdinand August Freiherr von Hügel, general in the royal Württemberg Infantry (d. 1834) *

– Josef Jüttner, Austrian cartographer and military officer (d. 1848) * September 13 – Laura Secord, Canadian heroine of the War of 1812 (d. 1868) * September 14 ** Jean-Louis Burnouf, French philologist and translator (d. 1844) ** John Henry Hobart, third Episcopal bishop of New York from 1816 (d. 1830) ** Joseph Phillimore, English lawyer and Member of Parliament (d. 1855) * September 15 – William A. Griswold, American lawyer and politician (d. 1846) * September 16 ** Hermano José Braamcamp de Almeida Castelo Branco, Portuguese nobleman and politician (d. 1846) ** Giuseppe Rosaroll, Italian essayist and general in the army of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (d. 1825) ** Christian Friedrich Schwägrichen, German botanist specializing in the field of bryology (d. 1853) * September 17 ** Georges Roffavier, French botanist (d. 1866) ** Margrethe Schall, Danish ballerina (d. 1852) * September 19 – José Félix Ribas, hero of the Venezuelan War of Independence (d. 1815) * September 20 – François-Pierre Chaumeton, French botanist and physician (d. 1819) * September 22 – Philip Milledoler, American protestant minister and fifth President of Rutgers College (d. 1852) * September 23 – Jens Christian Berg, Norwegian lawyer and historian (d. 1852) * September 24 – Nathan Heald, officer in the United States Army during the War of 1812 (d. 1832) *

– Pierre Flor, Norwegian politician (d. 1848) * September 26 – James Grimston, 1st Earl of Verulam, British peer and Member of Parliament (d. 1845) * September 29 ** David McConaughy (college president), David McConaughy, American pastor and fourth president of Washington College from 1831 to 1852 (d. 1852) ** François Michel de Rozière, French mining engineer and mineralogist (d.

) ** Herbert Taylor (British Army officer), Herbert Taylor, British Army officer (d. 1839) * September 30 – Robert Adrain, Irish-born American mathematician (d. 1843)

October–December

* October 2 – Cornelius O'Callaghan, 1st Viscount Lismore, Irish politician (d. 1857) * October 3 – Isaac von Sinclair, German writer and diplomat (d. 1815) * October 6 – Johann Anton André, German composer and music publisher (d.

) * October 7 ** Ramón Power y Giralt, Puerto Rican politician and Spanish admiral (d. 1813) ** Jaygopal Tarkalankar, Bengali writer and Sanskrit scholar (d. 1846) * October 9 ** Sir Alexander Boswell, 1st Baronet, British politician (d. 1822) ** Lars Johannes Irgens, Norwegian jurist and public official (d. 1830) ** Peter Thonning, Danish physician and botanist (d. 1848) ** Charles Williams-Wynn (1775–1850), Charles Williams-Wynn, British politician (d.

) * October 12 ** Lyman Beecher, American Presbyterian minister and patriarch (d.

) ** Ludovico Micara, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1847) *

– John Wentworth Loring, British Royal Navy admiral (d. 1852) * October 14 – Godfrey Macdonald, 3rd Baron Macdonald of Sleat, Scottish general (d. 1832) * October 15 ** Bernhard Crusell, Swedish-Finnish clarinetist and composer 1838) ** Alberto Lista, Spanish poet and educationalist (d. 1848) ** Bernardo Peres da Silva, governor of Portuguese India (d. 1844) * October 17 – Ole Paulssøn Haagenstad, Norwegian politician (d. 1866) * October 18 ** Martial Aubertin, French stage actor and dramatist (d. 1824) ** Dawson Turner, English banker and botanist (d. 1858) ** John Vanderlyn, American artist (d. 1852) * October 19 ** Jean-Baptiste Faribault, Lower Canadian trader with the Indians and early settler in Minnesota (d. 1860) ** Kamma Rahbek, Danish salon holder (d. 1829) * October 21 ** Giuseppe Baini, Italian priest, music critic and composer (d. 1844) ** Bartholomew Crannell Beardsley, Canadian politician, lawyer and judge (d. 1855) * October 23 – Gottlob Friedrich Thormeyer, German architect (d.

) * October 24 – Bahadur Shah II, Mughal emperor (d. 1862) *

** Charles Douglas, 3rd Baron Douglas, English amateur cricketer (d. 1848) ** Hans Moritz Hauke, German-Polish general (d. 1830) ** Joseph Nightingale, prolific English writer and preacher (d. 1824) ** Alexander Thom (surgeon), Alexander Thom, Scottish military surgeon, judge and politician in Upper Canada (d. 1845) * October 30 ** Catterino Cavos, Russian composer (d.

) ** Wilhelm Ludwig Viktor Henckel von Donnersmarck, Prussian officer who fought in the Napoleonic Wars (d.

) * November 1 – Christian Adolph Diriks, Norwegian lawyer and statesman (d. 1837) * November 2 ** Jean-Emmanuel Jobez, French businessman and politician (d. 1828) ** Jeromus Johnson, American politician (d. 1846) * November 3 – Edward Paget, British Army general (d.

) * November 4 – Pierre Capelle, French chansonnier (d.

) * November 6 – August Wilhelm Hartmann, Danish composer (d.

) *

– Joseph Fox (dental surgeon), Joseph Fox, English dental surgeon (d.

) * November 8 ** Achille Fontanelli, Italian nationalist and Napoleonic general (d. 1838) ** Jacob Peter Mynster, Danish theologian and Bishop of Zealand (d. 1854) * November 9 – Daniel Waldron, American businessman (d. 1821) *

– James Elliot (politician), James Elliot, American politician (d. 1839) * November 11 – Gulbrand Eriksen Tandberg, Norwegian farmer and politician (d. 1848) *

** John Burns (surgeon), John Burns, Scottish surgeon (d.

) ** Richard Butler, 1st Earl of Glengall, Irish peer (d. 1819) ** Rémi Joseph Isidore Exelmans, distinguished French soldier of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (d. 1852) * November 14 – Paul Johann Anselm Ritter von Feuerbach, German legal scholar (d. 1833) * November 15 – James Carnahan, American clergyman and educator, ninth President of Princeton University (d. 1859) * November 19 ** Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger, German entomologist and zoologist (d. 1813) ** François Antoine Teste, French officer during the Napoleonic Wars (d. 1862) * November 20 – Gustav Anton von Seckendorff, German author (d. 1823) * November 21 – Josef Servas d'Outrepont, German obstetrician (d. 1845) * November 23 ** Clemens Wenzeslaus Coudray, German neoclassical architect (d. 1845) ** Johann Georg Rist, Danish author (d. 1847) ** Maria Anna of Naples and Sicily, member of the French Royal Family (d. 1780) * November 24 – Peter Buell Allen, politician and military commander in New York State, pioneer of Vigo County and Terre Haute (d. 1833) * November 25 ** Joseph Borremans, Belgian composer (d. 1858) ** Michel Étienne Descourtilz, French physician, botanist and historiographer of the Haitian revolution (d. 1835) ** Jean Baptiste Godart, French entomologist (d. 1825) ** Gustaf Gabriel Hällström, Finnish scientist (d. 1844) ** Charles Kemble, Welsh-born English actor of a prominent theatre family (d. 1854) * November 27 ** Jean-Françoìs de Dompierre de Jonquières, Dutch-Danish merchant (d. 1820) ** Lauritz Weidemann, Norwegian politician (d.

) * November 28 ** William Frere, English lawyer and academic (d.

) ** Jean-Charles Létourneau, notary and political figure in Lower Canada (d. 1838) * November 29 – Marie Antoine de Reiset, French general during the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars (d.

) * November 30 – Jean Joseph Antoine de Courvoisier, French magistrate and politician (d. 1835) * December 2 – Joseph Denis Odevaere, Neo-Classical painter from the Southern Netherlands (modern-day Belgium) (d. 1830) *

– Abijah Bigelow, American politician (d. 1860) * December 6 ** Sir Charles Blunt, 4th Baronet, British Member of Parliament (d.

) ** Nicolas Isouard, Maltese composer (d. 1818) * December 10 ** José María de la Cueva, 14th Duke of Albuquerque, Spanish general and ambassador (d. 1811) ** Giacomo Filippo Fransoni, Catholic cardinal (d.

) ** Jacques-Antoine Manuel, French lawyer (d. 1827) * December 11 – Peter Little, American politician (d. 1830) * December 13 – Theodor Gottlieb von Hippel the Younger, Prussian statesman (d. 1843) * December 14 ** Philander Chase, American Episcopal Church bishop, educator and pioneer (d. 1852) ** Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald, British Royal Navy admiral (d. 1860) * December 15 – Phineas Riall, British Army general (d.

) * December 16 ** Ciro Annunchiarico, Italian cult leader (d.

) ** Jane Austen, English novelist (d.

) ** François-Adrien Boïeldieu, French composer (d. 1834) ** John Fullerton, Lord Fullerton, Scottish judge (d. 1853) * December 17 – Carlo Rossi (architect), Carlo Rossi, Russian architect (d.

) * December 20 ** Samuel Farrow, American politician (d. 1824) ** Pierre Antoine François Huber, brigadier general in the French army (d. 1832) * December 21 – Julien-Joseph Virey, French naturalist and anthropologist (d. 1846) * December 25 ** John Fitzgerald (1775–1852), John Fitzgerald, British Member of Parliament (d. 1852) ** Peter Reesor, American-born Mennonite settler in Ontario (d. 1854) ** Antun Sorkočević, Croatian composer, writer and diplomat (d. 1841) * December 26 – Anton Carl Ludwig von Tabouillot, French officer, nobleman and counter-revolutionary (d. 1813) * December 28 ** João Domingos Bomtempo, Portuguese musician (d.

) ** Jean-Gabriel Eynard, Swiss banker (d.

) ** Pierre François Étienne Bouvet de Maisonneuve, French admiral (d. 1860) * Date unknown – Jeanne Geneviève Garnerin, French balloonist and parachutist (d. 1847)

Deaths

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Charles Willson Peale - Anne Catharine Hoof Green - Google Art Project

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January

* January 1 – Ahmad Shah Bahadur, 13th Mughal Emperor (b. 1725) *

** St George St George, 1st Baron St George, Irish politician (b. 1710) ** William Napier, 7th Lord Napier, British noble (b. 1730) *

** Henry Beekman, New York landowner and provincial assemblyman (b. 1687) ** Robert Campbell (Nova Scotia politician), Robert Campbell, Nova Scotia politician (b. 1718) *

– Khawaja Muhammad Zaman of Luari, Sindhi Sufi poet (b. 1713) * January 8 – John Baskerville, British printer (b. 1706) *

** Stringer Lawrence, Early British military leader in India (b. 1697) ** Yemelyan Pugachev, leader of a Russian peasant uprising (b. 1742) * January 11 ** Indra Kumari Devi, Queen consort of Nepal (b. 1724) ** Queen Narendra of Nepal, Queen consort of Gorkha (b. 1723) ** Prithvi Narayan Shah, last ruler of the Gorkha Kingdom in the Indian subcontinent (b. 1723) *

– Johann Georg Walch, German theologian (b. 1693) *

– Peter Schenk the Younger, Dutch engraver and map publisher in Leipzig (b. 1693) *

– Giovanni Battista Sammartini, Italian composer (b. 1700) *

– Vincenzo Riccati, Venetian mathematician and physicist (b. 1707) *

** Sebastian Klotz, German violin maker (b. 1696) ** Sir George Oxenden, 5th Baronet, English politician (b. 1694) * January 21 – Isaac de Forcade de Biaix, Prussian colonel (b. 1704) * January 25 ** Bernardo de Rossi, Italian theologian (b. 1687) ** Georg Friedrich Schmidt, German artist (b. 1712) * January 26 ** Domingo de Bonechea, Spanish explorer (b. 1713) ** Johann Gregor Herold, German painter (b. 1696) ** Shuja-ud-Daula, Subedar Nawab of Oudh, India (b. 1732) * January 29 – Henry Willoughby, 16th Baron Willoughby of Parham, Peer in House of Lords (b. 1696)

February

* February 1 – Nicholas Herbert (politician, died 1775), Nicholas Herbert, British Member of Parliament (b. 1706) * February 2 – Sir John Rushout, 4th Baronet, British politician (b. 1685) * February 4 – John Ryder (bishop), John Ryder, Irish Anglican bishop (b. 1697) * February 5 – Eusebius Amort, German Roman Catholic theologian (b. 1692) * February 6 – William Dowdeswell (politician, born 1721), William Dowdeswell, British politician (b. 1721) * February 7 – Mary Butterworth, British counterfeiter in colonial America (b. 1686) *

– Princess Hejing (1756–1775), Princess Hejing, manchu princess of the Qing Dynasty (b. 1756) * February 10 – Claude Pouteau, French surgeon and inventor (b. 1724) *

** Peter Dens, Belgian Catholic theologian (b. 1690) ** Diego Fernández (harpsichord maker), Diego Fernández, harpischord maker of the Spanish court (b. 1703) * February 16 – Jean-Baptiste Vivien de Châteaubrun, French dramatist and playwright (b. 1686) * February 24 – Ferdinando Colonna of Stigliano, 2nd Prince of Sonnino (b. 1695) * February 25 – William Small, Scottish physician and professor of natural philosophy (b. 1734) * February 28 ** Paul Cardale, British minister (b. 1705) ** Margaret Coke, Countess of Leicester, British peeress (b. 1700) ** Empress Xiaoyichun, Qing Dynasty empress (b. 1727)

March

* March 2 – Nikolaos Doxaras, Greek artist (b. 1710) * March 3 – Richard Dunthorne, British astronomer (b. 1711) * March 5 – Pierre-Laurent Buirette de Belloy, French actor and dramatist (b. 1727) *

** Job Baster, Dutch naturalist (b. 1711) ** Gaudenzio Botti, Italian painter (b. 1698) * March 7 ** John Boyle, 3rd Earl of Glasgow, British Earl (b. 1714) ** Thomas Nuthall, English lawyer and politician (b. 1720) * March 20 – Pedro Antonio Barroeta y Ángel, Spanish Catholic priest, Archbishop of Lima, Archbishop of Granada (b. 1701) * March 21 – Thomas Penn, son of William Penn, founder of the Province of Pennsylvania (b. 1702) * March 22 ** Peter August, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck (b. 1697) ** Hendrik Carré II, Dutch painter (b. 1696) *

– Anne Catherine Hoof Green, American printer and publisher (b. 1720) * March 30 ** William Irby, 1st Baron Boston, British peer (b. 1707) ** Christian Ditlev Reventlow (1710–1775), Christian Ditlev Reventlow, Danish Privy Councillor (b. 1710) * March 31 – Samuel Heathcote, British Member of Parliament (b. 1699)

April

* April 4 – René Charles de Maupeou, French statesman (b. 1688) * April 5 – Simon Nikolaus Euseb von Montjoye-Hirsingen, Prince Bishop of Basel (b. 1693) * April 7 – Sir Anthony Abdy, 5th Baronet, 5th Abdy Baronet (b. 1720) * April 10 ** Jonas Haas, German-born Danish engraver (b. 1720) ** Louis-Florent de Vallière, Governor General of the French colony of Saint-Domingue, now Haiti (b. 1721) * April 11 ** Meletie Covaci, Roman Catholic bishop (b. 1707) ** Roger Mostyn (priest), Roger Mostyn, English churchman, Canon of Windsor (b. 1720) * April 12 ** William Kerr, 4th Marquess of Lothian, Scottish nobleman (b. 1710) ** Pierre Soubeyran, Genevan-French engraver and copperplate engraver (b. 1709) ** William Vaughan (MP), William Vaughan, Welsh politician (b. 1707) * April 14 – Countess Palatine Ernestine of Sulzbach, Landgravine and Carmelite nun (b. 1697) * April 16 – William Leyborne Leyborne, governor of the Windward Islands (b. 1744) *

– Isaac Davis (soldier), Isaac Davis, American gunsmith and militia officer (b. 1745) * April 24 – Jan Caspar Philips, engraver from the Northern Netherlands (b. 1690) * April 26 – Josiah Quincy II, American lawyer (b. 1744) * April 27 – Peter Boehler, Moravian missionary (b. 1712) * April 30 ** Francesco Barsanti, Italian flautist, oboist and composer (b. 1690) ** Peter Harrison (architect), Peter Harrison, English-born colonial American architect (b. 1716)

May

* May 1 – Israel Lyons, English mathematician and botanist (b. 1739) * May 2 ** Mary Montagu, Duchess of Montagu (1711–1775), Mary Montagu, Duchess of Montagu, wife of George Brudenell Montagu, Duke of Montagu (b. 1711) ** Fredericka of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, duchess consort of Saxe-Weissenfels (b. 1715) * May 3 – George Boscawen (British Army general), George Boscawen, British Army general (b. 1712) * May 5 ** John Blennerhassett (1691–1775), John Blennerhassett, Anglo-Irish politician (b. 1691) ** Benjamin Dass, Norwegian teacher and book collector (b. 1706) * May 7 – Cornelius Heinrich Dretzel, German organist and composer (b. 1697) * May 9 ** Domingo de Basavilbaso, Argentinian businessperson (b. 1709) ** Vittoria Tesi, Italian opera singer and music teacher (b. 1701) *

** Marie Magdalene Charlotte Ackermann, German actress (b. 1757) ** Caroline Matilda of Great Britain, Queen consort of Denmark and Norway, 1766–1772 (b. 1751) ** Samuel of Constantinople, Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople (b. 1700) * May 15 ** Hans-Friedrich von Krusemark, Lieutenant General in the Prussian Army of Frederick the Great (b. 1720) ** Johann Daniel Ritter, German historian (b. 1709) * May 16 – Ulla von Liewen, Swedish courtier and baroness (b. 1747) *

– Carlo Carlone, painter (b. 1686) * May 18 ** Magnus Beronius, Archbishop of Uppsala in the Church of Sweden (b. 1692) ** Johann Joachim Kändler, German artist (b. 1706) * May 25 – Karl Gottlieb Guichard, German writer (b. 1724) * May 27 – Louise Élisabeth de Bourbon, French noblewoman (b. 1693) * May 28 – Barlow Trecothick, English merchant and politician (b. 1719) * May 30 – Jean Capperonnier, French classical scholar (b. 1716)

June

* June 5 – Giovanni Gaetano Bottari, Italian scholar and critic (b. 1689) * June 6 – Sir Charles Burton, 1st Baronet, Anglo-Irish politician (b. 1702) *

– Egidio Duni, Italian composer (b. 1708) * June 15 – Asa Pollard, American soldier (b. 1735) *

** Andrew McClary, soldier and major in the Continental Army during the American Revolution (b. 1730) ** John Pitcairn, British Marine officer during the American Revolutionary War (b. 1722) **

, American doctor (b. 1741) *

– Andrew Barclay (merchant), Andrew Barclay, Scottish-American merchant (b. 1719) * June 21 – Charles, Prince of Nassau-Usingen and Nassau-Saarbrücken (b. 1712) * June 23 ** James Abercrombie (British Army officer, born 1732), James Abercrombie, British army officer, died during the American Revolutionary War (b. 1732) ** Karl Ludwig von Pöllnitz, German soldier, adventurer and writer (b. 1692) * June 26 – Aryeh Leib Epstein, Polish rabbi (b. 1708) * June 27 ** Ignaz Günther, German sculptor and woodcarver (b. 1725) ** Robert Livingston (1688–1775), Robert Livingston, member of New York colonial assembly (b. 1688) * June 29 – Anna Smitshuizen, Dutch prostitute, victim of a cause célèbre murder (b. 1751) * June 30 – Charles Maynard, 1st Viscount Maynard, British noble (b. 1690)

July

– Thomas Gardner (politician), Thomas Gardner, American politician and colonel (b. 1724) *

– Simon Boerum, American Continental Congressman (b. 1724) * July 13 ** Louis Charles, Count of Eu, member of the French Capetian dynasty (b. 1701) ** John Ratcliffe (Master of Pembroke), John Ratcliffe, English academic, Master of Pembroke College, Oxford (b. 1700) * July 15 – Servais Duriau, Belgian Cistercian monk (b. 1701) * July 18 – Joseph Knight (Royal Navy officer), Joseph Knight, senior Royal Navy officer, served as East Indies Station (b. c. 1708) * July 20 – Enrico Albrici, Italian painter (b. 1714) * July 21 ** Robert Bolling (poet), Robert Bolling, American politician (b. 1738) ** Szymon Czechowicz, prominent Polish Baroque painter (b. 1689) * July 22 – Thomas Lockhart (MP), Thomas Lockhart, politician (b. 1739) * July 24 – John Pollen (died 1775), John Pollen, British Member of Parliament (b. 1702)

August

* August 4 – Sir Gregory Page, 2nd Baronet, English art collector and landowner (b. 1689) * August 5 – Maharaja Nandakumar, tax official (b. 1705) * August 9 – Johann Ernst Gotzkowsky, Prussian merchant, art dealer and diplomat (b. 1710) * August 10 ** Elihu Adams, soldier in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War (b. 1741) ** César de Missy, Prussian book collector and theologian (b. 1703) * August 12 – Remember Baker, American soldier, member of the Green Mountain Boys (murdered) (b. 1737) * August 13 – Michał Fryderyk Czartoryski, Polish nobleman (b. 1696) * August 14 – Laurens Storm van 's Gravesande, Dutch governor of the colonies of Essequibo and Demerara (b. 1704) * August 16 – Jakob Langebek, Danish historian (b. 1710) *

– Zahir al-Umar, Arab ruler of northern Palestine (b. 1689) * August 25 – Felipe de Castro, Spanish sculptor (b. 1711) * August 27 – James Burgh, British Whig politician and writer (b. 1714) * August 28 – James Habersham, Merchant and politician in the British colony of Georgia (b. 1712) *

– Francesco Sleter, Italian painter (b. 1685) * August 30 – George Faulkner, Irish publisher and bookseller (b. 1699)

September

* September 2 – Antoine Touron, French historian (b. 1686) * September 4 – Al-Mahdi Abbas, Imam of Yemen (b. 1719) * September 6 – Jean-Baptiste Bullet, French writer (b. 1699) * September 8 – John Conyers (Essex politician), John Conyers, English politician (b. 1717) *

– Charles-Louis Mion, French composer (b. 1699) * September 13 ** Klaas Annink, Dutch serial killer (executed) (b. 1710) ** Guillaume Mazeas, French physicist (b. 1720) ** Constantine Phipps, 1st Baron Mulgrave, Irish Baron (b. 1722) * September 14 – Janusz Aleksander Sanguszko, Court Marshal of Lithuania (b. 1712) * September 16 – Allen Bathurst, 1st Earl Bathurst, English privy councillor (b. 1684) * September 17 ** Charles Allanson, British Member of Parliament (b. 1720) ** John Parker (captain), John Parker, American colonial farmer, smith and soldier (b. 1729) * September 21 – Abel Prescott Jr., American Patriot (b. 1749) * September 23 – John Bentinck, British naval officer, inventor and MP (b. 1737) * September 24 ** Emanuel Büchel, Swiss graphic artist, aquarellist, topographer and baker (b. 1705) ** Polixénia Daniel, Hungarian noble and writer (b. 1720) * September 28 – Ukawsaw Gronniosaw, writer and enslaved man (b. 1710)

October

* October 2 – Fukuda Chiyo-ni, Japanese ''haiku'' poet and Buddhist nun (b. 1703) * October 3 – Cluer Dicey, English newspaper proprietor and patent medicine vendor (b. 1715) * October 5 – Amos Adams, Anglican clergy (b. 1728) * October 10 – Louis Nicolas Victor de Félix d'Ollières, Marshal of France (b. 1711) *

– James Cholmondeley, British Army officer, Member of Parliament (b. 1708) * October 14 – Gilles Joubert, French master cabinetmaker (b. 1689) * October 16 ** Peter van Hurk, Danish merchant (b. 1697) ** Antti Piimänen, Finnish churchbuilder (b. 1712) * October 18 ** Michael Cresap, Continental Army officer (b. 1742) ** Paul of the Cross, Italian mystic (b. 1694) ** Christian August Crusius, German philosopher and theologian (b. 1715) * October 20 – Sir John Molesworth, 5th Baronet, British Member of Parliament (b. 1729) * October 21 ** François-Hubert Drouais, French painter (b. 1727) ** Maria Wilhelmina von Neipperg, Mistress of Austrian royalty (b. 1738) ** Sakai Tadamochi, 酒井忠用 Daimyo (b. 1723) * October 22 – Peyton Randolph, planter and public official from the Colony of Virginia (b. 1721) * October 27 – Johan Maurits Mohr, Dutch-German pastor and astronomer (b. 1716) * October 29 – Gabriel François Venel, French chemist (b. 1723)

November

* November 1 – Pierre-Joseph Bernard, French writer (b. 1708) * November 2 – Noble Jones, British American politician (b. 1702) * November 3 – Juan José Pérez Hernández, Spanish explorer (b. 1725) * November 5 ** Tysoe Hancock, English physician (b. 1723) ** Christian IV, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken, German noble (b. 1722) ** Luis Jayme, Spanish-born Franciscan (b. 1740) * November 6 ** Peter Burrell (1724–1775), Peter Burrell, British politician (b. 1724) ** Guillaume de Barrême de Châteaufort, French painter (b. 1719) *

** Johann Gottfried Hildebrandt, organ builder (b. 1724) ** François Rebel, French composer (b. 1701) * November 9 – Francisco Ximénez de Tejada, Spanish knight, 69th Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitaller (b. 1703) * November 12 – John Smith (Bath MP), John Smith, English politician (b. 1727) *

– Jeanne Camus de Pontcarré, French aristocrat and eccentric widow (b. 1705) * November 21 – John Hill (botanist), John Hill, English author and botanist (b. 1716) * November 22 – Claude-Henri de Fusée de Voisenon, French dramatist and writer (b. 1708) * November 24 – Lorenzo Ricci, Superior General of the Society of Jesus (b. 1703) * November 25 ** Jacob Benzon, Norwegian judge (b. 1688) ** Richard Spry, British Royal Navy officer, North America and West Indies Station (b. 1715) * November 28 – Thomas Elfe, British cabinet-maker (b. 1719) * November 29 – Juan Curiel, Spanish intellectual and politician (b. 1690)

December

* December 3 – Giovanni Bianchi (physician), Giovanni Bianchi, Italian physician and zoologist (b. 1693) * December 7 ** Charles Saunders (Royal Navy officer), Charles Saunders, British politician (b. 1715) ** Fabrizio Serbelloni, Catholic cardinal (b. 1695) * December 8 – Josef Ignaz Mildorfer, Austrian painter (b. 1719) * December 9 ** Pietro Gnocchi, Italian composer (b. 1689) ** Robert Livingston (1718–1775), Robert Livingston, landowner and politician in Colonial America (b. 1718) * December 15 ** Marie-Angélique Memmie Le Blanc, French feral child (b. 1712) ** Princess Tarakanova, Pretender to the Russian throne (b. 1753) * December 16 – Gustavus Hamilton (painter), Gustavus Hamilton, Irish painter (b. 1739) * December 20 – Sigismund Streit, German art collector (b. 1687) * December 21 – Theresa Parker, English art patron (b. 1745) * December 28 ** John Campbell (author), John Campbell, Scottish author (b. 1708) ** Petrus Albertus van der Parra, Dutch colonial governor (b. 1714) ** John Phillips (c. 1709–1775), John Phillips, English master carpenter and architect (b. 1709) *

, American general (killed in battle) (b. 1738) ** Anna Vorontsova, Russian lady-in-waiting (b. 1722) * Date unknown – Sarah Buttall, English silversmith

References

External links

''Q&A'' interview with Phillips on ''1775: A Good Year for Revolution'', December 6, 2012
C-SPAN {{DEFAULTSORT:1775 1775,

Events

Summary

January–June

July–December

Date unknown

Births

January–March

April–June

July–September

October–December

Deaths

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

References

Further reading

External links