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.ru is the Latin alphabet
Internet The Internet (or internet) is the global system of interconnected computer networks that uses the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to communicate between networks and devices. It is a '' network of networks'' that consists of private, p ...
country code
top-level domain A top-level domain (TLD) is one of the domains at the highest level in the hierarchical Domain Name System of the Internet after the root domain. The top-level domain names are installed in the root zone of the name space. For all domains in ...
( ccTLD) for
Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-ei ...
introduced on 7 April 1994. The Russian alphabet internationalized country code is .рф. Control of .ru is assigned to the Coordination Center for TLD RU (CC for TLD RU), the current official registry. On 1 January 2005, the former registry, the Russian Institute for Public Networks (RIPN), stopped new registrations directly under .ru, but still carried out registry operations for domain names under the second-level domains .com.ru, .net.ru, .org.ru and .pp.ru. The company
RELCOM RELCOM or Relcom (russian: РЕЛКОМ, Релком), an acronym for "RELiable COMmunications" is a computer network in Russia. It was launched in the Soviet Union on August 1, 1990 in the Kurchatov Institute in collaboration with DEMOS co-ope ...
also proposes third-level registrations beneath various second-level domains such as .msk.ru (Moscow), while Macomnet Telcom proposes third-level registrations beneath .int.ru simultaneously.


Background

The creation of .ru in April 1994 was preceded by a historical agreement in 1993 known as "The order of RU top-level domain administration". According to the agreement, administrative and technical support responsibilities for the .ru domain were to be handed over to RIPN. In 2002, the administrative functions were handed over to CC for TLD RU.


Development of .ru

The ccTLD is developing rapidly under self-regulation. In 1993, an informal union was formed, known as the RU Top-Level Domain Coordination Group (RU TLD CG). The union includes the leading Russian ISPs as well as scientific and educational networks entrusted by RIPN with RU domain administration. In 1998, RIPN and RU TLD CG established a domain registration association. Subsequently, in 2000, a new system of domain name registration for .ru was introduced. It was a distributed system of second-level domain name registrations in .ru, through accredited registrars. The accredited registrars provide domain name registration and support services on a "first come, first served" basis to end-users. RIPN became one of four co-founders of CC for TLD RU, but continued to support centralized technical aspects of the operation of .ru. All organizational and administrative functions were handed over to CC for TLD RU. To preserve historical continuity, one of CC for TLD RU's committees was established on the basis of RU TLD CG. CC for TLD RU maintains domain name registration rules for .ru, the registrar accreditation procedure, and promotes perspective projects that involve the growth of .ru, whereas RIPN secures .ru technical base functions and supports DNS for the .ru DNS zone. The current distributed registration system was first tested in 2001 and implemented in 2005.


Second-level domains

Although direct registration of second-level domains is widespread, there are a number of second-level domains designated for third-level domain name registrations depending on organizational type and geographic location. The full list is published on the CC for TLD RU website.


Generic second-level domains

* .ac.ru — scientific institutions and higher education * .com.ru — commercial organizations * .edu.ru — education * .gov.ru — Russia's federal government * .int.ru — international organizations * .mil.ru — the Russian military * .net.ru — organizations having to do with the Internet * .org.ru — noncommercial organizations * .pp.ru — individuals


Second-level domains for federal subjects of Russia

Some federal subjects have multiple second-level domains, and others (not listed below) have none. * .adygeya.ru — Adygea * .bashkiria.ru — Bashkortostan * .buryatia.ru, .ulan-ude.ru — Buryatia * .grozny.ru — Chechnya * .cap.ru — Chuvashia * .dagestan.ru —
Dagestan Dagestan ( ; rus, Дагеста́н, , dəɡʲɪˈstan, links=yes), officially the Republic of Dagestan (russian: Респу́блика Дагеста́н, Respúblika Dagestán, links=no), is a republic of Russia situated in the North Ca ...
* .nalchik.ru — Kabardino-Balkaria * .kalmykia.ru — Kalmykia * .kchr.ru — Karachay–Cherkessia * .karelia.ru, .ptz.ru — Republic of Karelia * .khakassia.ru — Khakassia * .komi.ru — Komi Republic * .mari-el.ru, mari.ru, .joshkar-ola.ru — Mari El * .mordovia.ru — Mordovia * .yakutia.ru — Sakha Republic * .vladikavkaz.ru — North Ossetia–Alania * .kazan.ru, .tatarstan.ru — Tatarstan * .tuva.ru — Tuva * .izhevsk.ru, .udmurtia.ru, .udm.ru — Udmurtia * .altai.ru — Altai Krai * .kamchatka.ru — Kamchatka Krai (.palana.ru was used by Koryak Autonomous Okrug before it was merged into Kamchatka Krai) * .khabarovsk.ru, .khv.ru — Khabarovsk Krai * .kuban.ru — Krasnodar Krai * .krasnoyarsk.ru — Krasnoyarsk Krai * .perm.ru — Perm Krai * .marine.ru, .vladivostok.ru — Primorsky Krai * .stavropol.ru, .stv.ru — Stavropol Krai * .chita.ru — Zabaykalsky Krai * .amur.ru — Amur Oblast * .arkhangelsk.ru — Arkhangelsk Oblast * .astrakhan.ru — Astrakhan Oblast * .belgorod.ru — Belgorod Oblast * .bryansk.ru — Bryansk Oblast * .chelyabinsk.ru, .chel.ru — Chelyabinsk Oblast * .ivanovo.ru — Ivanovo Oblast * .irkutsk.ru — Irkutsk Oblast * .koenig.ru — Kaliningrad Oblast * .kaluga.ru — Kaluga Oblast * .kemerovo.ru — Kemerovo Oblast * .kirov.ru, .vyatka.ru — Kirov Oblast * .kostroma.ru — Kostroma Oblast * .kurgan.ru — Kurgan Oblast * .kursk.ru — Kursk Oblast * .lipetsk.ru — Lipetsk Oblast * .magadan.ru — Magadan Oblast * .mosreg.ru —
Moscow Oblast Moscow Oblast ( rus, Моско́вская о́бласть, r=Moskovskaya oblast', p=mɐˈskofskəjə ˈobləsʲtʲ), or Podmoskovye ( rus, Подмоско́вье, p=pədmɐˈskovʲjə, literally " under Moscow"), is a federal subject of R ...
* .murmansk.ru — Murmansk Oblast * .nnov.ru — Nizhny Novgorod Oblast * .nov.ru — Novgorod Oblast * .novosibirsk.ru, .nsk.ru — Novosibirsk Oblast * .omsk.ru — Omsk Oblast * .orenburg.ru — Orenburg Oblast * .oryol.ru — Oryol Oblast * .penza.ru — Penza Oblast * .pskov.ru — Pskov Oblast * .rnd.ru — Rostov Oblast * .ryazan.ru — Ryazan Oblast * .samara.ru — Samara Oblast * .saratov.ru — Saratov Oblast * .sakhalin.ru, .yuzhno-sakhalinsk.ru — Sakhalin Oblast * .e-burg.ru, .yekaterinburg.ru — Sverdlovsk Oblast * .smolensk.ru — Smolensk Oblast * .tambov.ru — Tambov Oblast * .tver.ru —
Tver Oblast Tver Oblast (russian: Тверска́я о́бласть, ''Tverskaya oblast'', ), from 1935 to 1990 known as Kalinin Oblast (), is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its administrative center is the city of Tver. It was named after Mik ...
* .tomsk.ru, .tom.ru, .tsk.ru — Tomsk Oblast * .tula.ru —
Tula Oblast Tula Oblast (russian: Ту́льская о́бласть, ''Tulskaya oblast'') is a federal subject (an oblast) of Russia. It is geographically in the European Russia region of the country and is part of the Central Federal District, coverin ...
* .tyumen.ru — Tyumen Oblast * .simbirsk.ru — Ulyanovsk Oblast * .vladimir.ru — Vladimir Oblast * .volgograd.ru, .tsaritsyn.ru — Volgograd Oblast * .vologda.ru — Vologda Oblast * .cbg.ru, .voronezh.ru, .vrn.ru — Voronezh Oblast * .yaroslavl.ru — Yaroslavl Oblast * .mos.ru, .msk.ru —
Moscow Moscow ( , US chiefly ; rus, links=no, Москва, r=Moskva, p=mɐskˈva, a=Москва.ogg) is the capital and largest city of Russia. The city stands on the Moskva River in Central Russia, with a population estimated at 13.0 million ...
* .spb.ru —
Saint Petersburg Saint Petersburg ( rus, links=no, Санкт-Петербург, a=Ru-Sankt Peterburg Leningrad Petrograd Piter.ogg, r=Sankt-Peterburg, p=ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk), formerly known as Petrograd (1914–1924) and later Leningrad (1924–1991), i ...
* .bir.ru, .jar.ru — Jewish Autonomous Oblast * .chukotka.ru — Chukotka Autonomous Okrug * .surgut.ru — Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug * .yamal.ru — Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug


Other geographic second-level domains

These were created before rules were established for geographic second-level domain names in .ru, and have had to be grandfathered in. * .amursk.ru — Amursk * .baikal.ru — Lake Baikal region * .cmw.ru — Kislovodsk, Pyatigorsk, Yessentuki, Zheleznovodsk * .fareast.ru — the
Russian Far East The Russian Far East (russian: Дальний Восток России, r=Dal'niy Vostok Rossii, p=ˈdalʲnʲɪj vɐˈstok rɐˈsʲiɪ) is a region in Northeast Asia. It is the easternmost part of Russia and the Asian continent; and is admin ...
* .jamal.ru — Yamal Peninsula * .kms.ru — Komsomolsk-na-Amure * .k-uralsk.ru — Kamensk-Uralsky * .kustanai.ru — Kustanai * .kuzbass.ru — the Kuznetsk Basin * .magnitka.ru — Magnitogorsk * .mytis.ru — Mytischi * .nakhodka.ru — Nakhodka * .nkz.ru — Novokuznetsk * .norilsk.ru — Norilsk * .snz.ru — Snezhinsk * .oskol.ru — Stary Oskol * .pyatigorsk.ru — Pyatigorsk * .rubtsovsk.ru — Rubtsovsk * .syzran.ru — Syzran * .tlt.ru — Tolyatti * .vdonsk.ru — Volgodonsk In addition, the .test.ru second-level domain is reserved for use in examples in documentation.


See also

* Internet in Russia * .su * Technical Center of Internet


References


External links


IANA .ru whois information

Coordination Center for TLD RU

technologyIT Trendonline jobs
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ru Council of European National Top Level Domain Registries members Country code top-level domains Internet in Russia he:סיומת אינטרנט#טבלת סיומות המדינות sv:Toppdomän#R