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Year-round School
Year-round school is the practice of having students attend school without the traditional summer vacation, which is believed to have been made necessary by agricultural practices in the past, the agrarian school calendar consisted of a short winter and a short summer term, so students could help with planting in the spring and harvest in the fall. In cities, schools were open most of the year (In 1842, New York City schools were open 248 days a year, although school attendance was not yet mandatory). (Now, as of 2021, there are usually 180 days per total school year.) summers were very hot before air conditioning was invented, so upper class and eventually middle-class families would flee the cities and take their children to the countryside. Schools in cities eventually start taking summers off. In the late 19th century a push was made for the standardization of urban and rural school calendars, and so the modern system was created. Ten percent of US public schools are currently ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chicago Public Schools' 2021-2022 Academic Calendar
(''City in a Garden''); I Will , image_map = , map_caption = Interactive Map of Chicago , coordinates = , coordinates_footnotes = , subdivision_type = Country , subdivision_name = United States , subdivision_type1 = State , subdivision_type2 = Counties , subdivision_name1 = Illinois , subdivision_name2 = Cook and DuPage , established_title = Settled , established_date = , established_title2 = Incorporated (city) , established_date2 = , founder = Jean Baptiste Point du Sable , government_type = Mayor–council , governing_body = Chicago City Council , leader_title = Mayor , leader_name = Lori Lightfoot ( D) , leader_title1 = City Clerk , leader_name1 = Anna Valencia ( D) , unit_pref = Imperial , area_footnotes = , area_total ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Summer Vacation
Summer vacation or summer break is a school break in summer between school years and the break in the school academic year. Students are off anywhere between three weeks to three months. Depending on the country and district, staff might be partially or fully excluded. In the United States, summer break is approximately two and a half months, with students typically finishing the school year between late-May and mid-June and starting the new year between late-August and early-September. About 4 percent of public schools in the U.S. use a balanced calendar that operates year-round with a shorter summer break. In Spain, Portugal, the Republic of Ireland, Italy, Greece, Georgia, Lithuania, Latvia, Lebanon, Romania and Russia, the summer break is normally three months, compared to three to six weeks (sometimes 3 months) in Australia, Brazil, the United Kingdom, Pakistan, Bangladesh, India, Denmark, the Netherlands, Slovakia and Germany. Criticisms and support The research aroun ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Summer Term
Summer term is the summer academic term at many British schools and universities and elsewhere in the world. In the UK, 'Summer term' runs from the Easter holiday until the end of the academic year in June or July, and so corresponds to the Easter term at Cambridge University, and Trinity term at Oxford, and some other places. 'Summer term' is defined in some UK statutory instruments, such as the Education (Assessment Regulations) (Foundation to Key Stage 3) Order (Northern Ireland) 2007, which says: "summer term" means the period commencing immediately after the Easter holiday and ending with the school year. The Education (National Curriculum) (Key Stage 1 Assessment Arrangements) (England) Order 2004 says more simply: "summer term" means the final term of the school year. Covering the possibility of six-term academic years, the School Finance (England) Regulations 2008 say "summer term" means the third term of the school year where a school has three terms, or the fift ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Christmas Break
An academic year or school year is a period of time which schools, colleges and universities use to measure a quantity of study. School holiday School holidays (also referred to as vacations, breaks, and recess) are the periods during which schools are closed or no classes or other mandatory activities are held. The dates and periods of school holidays vary considerably throughout the world, and there is usually some variation even within the same jurisdiction. Governments often legislate on the total number of school days for state schools. The holidays given below apply to primary and secondary education. Teaching sessions (terms or semesters) in tertiary education are usually longer. Terminology Spring vacation In countries with a Christian religious tradition, the Easter holiday, which in the United States is sometimes known as spring break, is a holiday that takes place in the northern spring. The date varies mainly because Easter is a movable feast, but also by count ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Education Association
The National Education Association (NEA) is the largest labor union in the United States. It represents public school teachers and other support personnel, faculty and staffers at colleges and universities, retired educators, and college students preparing to become teachers. The NEA has just under 3 million members and is headquartered in Washington, D.C. The NEA had a budget of more than $341 million for the 2012–2013 fiscal year. Becky Pringle is the NEA's current president. Per the NEA website: "Our mission is to advocate for education professionals and to unite our members and the nation to fulfill the promise of public education to prepare every student to succeed in a diverse and interdependent world." During the early 20th century, the National Education Association was among the leading progressive advocates of establishing a United States Department of Education.Slawson, Douglas J. (2005)Department of Education Battle, 1918-1932 Public Schools, Catholic School ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Classroom Overcrowding
As an educational reform goal, class size reduction (CSR) aims to increase the number of individualized student-teacher interactions intended to improve student learning. A reform long holding theoretical attraction to many constituencies, some have claimed CSR as the most studied educational reform of the last century.Biddle, B. J. & Berliner, D. C. (2002) Research synthesis: small class size and its effects, ''Educational Leadership, 59''(5), 12–23. Until recently, interpretations of these studies have often been contentious. Some educational groups like the American Federation of Teachers and National Education Association are in favor of reducing class sizes. Others argue that class size reduction has little effect on student achievement. Many are concerned about the costs of reducing class sizes.Eric Hanushek (1999“The Evidence on Class Size,” in ''Earning and learning: How schools matter'', edited by Susan E. Mayer and Paul E. Peterson (Washington, DC: Brookings Instit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Teachers College Press
Teachers College Press is the university press of Teachers College, Columbia University. Founded in 1904, Teachers College Press has published professional and classroom materials for over a century and currently publishes 70 titles per year. History *1889: The City of New York grants a provisional charter to found a college for the training of teachers. *1892: The New York College for the Training of Teachers changes its name to Teachers College and receives a permanent charter. *1898: Teachers College affiliates with Columbia University. *1904: The Bureau of Publications is established as the official professional publishing agency for Teachers College. *1965: The Bureau of Publications is renamed Teachers College Press. *1971: Teachers College Press is admitted into the American Association of University Presses. Directors Notable authors Teachers College Press features works from authors including: Richard Allington, Jean Anyon, Michael Apple, Arthur Applebee, Willi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Journal Of Urban Economics
The ''Journal of Urban Economics'' is a bimonthly peer-reviewed academic journal covering urban economics. It is considered the premier journal in the field of urban economics. It was established in 1974 and is published by Elsevier. The editors-in-chief are Stuart Rosenthal (Syracuse University) and Nathaniel Baum-Snow (University of Toronto). According to the ''Journal Citation Reports'', the journal has a 2020 impact factor The impact factor (IF) or journal impact factor (JIF) of an academic journal is a scientometric index calculated by Clarivate that reflects the yearly mean number of citations of articles published in the last two years in a given journal, as ... of 3.637. References External links *{{Official website, http://www.journals.elsevier.com/journal-of-urban-economics/ Urban economics Economics journals Elsevier academic journals Publications established in 1974 Bimonthly journals English-language journals ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Education Issues
Education is a purposeful activity directed at achieving certain aims, such as transmitting knowledge or fostering skills and character traits. These aims may include the development of understanding, rationality, kindness, and honesty. Various researchers emphasize the role of critical thinking in order to distinguish education from indoctrination. Some theorists require that education results in an improvement of the student while others prefer a value-neutral definition of the term. In a slightly different sense, education may also refer, not to the process, but to the product of this process: the mental states and dispositions possessed by educated people. Education originated as the transmission of cultural heritage from one generation to the next. Today, educational goals increasingly encompass new ideas such as the liberation of learners, skills needed for modern society, empathy, and complex vocational skills. Types of education are commonly divided into formal, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
School Types
A school is an educational institution designed to provide learning spaces and learning environments for the teaching of students under the direction of teachers. Most countries have systems of formal education, which is sometimes compulsory. In these systems, students progress through a series of schools. The names for these schools vary by country (discussed in the '' Regional terms'' section below) but generally include primary school for young children and secondary school for teenagers who have completed primary education. An institution where higher education is taught is commonly called a university college or university. In addition to these core schools, students in a given country may also attend schools before and after primary (elementary in the U.S.) and secondary (middle school in the U.S.) education. Kindergarten or preschool provide some schooling to very young children (typically ages 3–5). University, vocational school, college or seminary may be avail ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Education Policy
Education policy consists of the principles and policy decisions that influence the field of education, as well as the collection of laws and rules that govern the operation of education systems. Education governance may be shared between the local, state, and federal government at varying levels. Some analysts see education policy in terms of social engineering. Education takes place in many forms for many purposes through many institutions. Examples of such educational institutions may include early childhood education centers, kindergarten to 12th grade schools, two- and four-year colleges or universities, graduate and professional education institutes, adult-education establishments, and job-training schemes. The educational goals of these institutions influence education policy. Furthermore, these education policies can affect the education people engage in at all ages. Examples of areas subject to debate in education policy, specifically from the field of schools, inclu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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