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Vehicle Miles Traveled Tax
A vehicle miles traveled tax, also frequently referred to as a VMT tax, VMT fee, mileage-based fee, or road user charge, is a policy of charging motorists based on how many miles they have traveled. It has been proposed in various states in the United States including Illinois who are currently following through with implementing this tax, and elsewhere as an infrastructure funding mechanism to replace, or supplement the fuel tax, which has been generating billions less in revenue each year due to increasingly fuel efficient vehicles. In the United States, a VMT fee currently exists as part of a limited program for 5,000 volunteers in Oregon and for trucks in Illinois. Internationally, Germany, Austria, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary, Belgium, Russia and Switzerland have implemented various forms of VMT fees, limited to trucks. New Zealand also has such a system applying to all heavy vehicles and diesel-powered cars, known locally as a Road User Charge. Bulgaria ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
United States
The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 U.S. state, states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 contiguous states border Canada to the north and Mexico to the south, with the semi-exclave of Alaska in the northwest and the archipelago of Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean. The United States asserts sovereignty over five Territories of the United States, major island territories and United States Minor Outlying Islands, various uninhabited islands in Oceania and the Caribbean. It is a megadiverse country, with the world's List of countries and dependencies by area, third-largest land area and List of countries and dependencies by population, third-largest population, exceeding 340 million. Its three Metropolitan statistical areas by population, largest metropolitan areas are New York metropolitan area, New York, Greater Los Angeles, Los Angel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jim Aloisi
James A. "Jim" Aloisi Jr. is a Boston-based writer, lawyer and consultant with a specialty in transportation planning and policy. Aloisi is secretary of Boston-based transit policy advocacy group TransitMatters and a lecturer at the MIT Department of Urban Studies and Planning. Aloisi was an assistant Massachusetts attorney general from 1978 to 1983. He was chief of the Massachusetts Department of Revenue legal bureau from 1983 to 1987, then an assistant state transportation secretary from 1987 to 1989. Aloisi was general counsel of the Massachusetts Turnpike Authority from 1989 to 1996. He was a partner at Hill & Barlow from 1996 to 2002, then moved to Goulston & Storrs in January 2003 when the former firm dissolved. He was on the Emerson College board from 2007 to 2009. Aloisi was appointed to the Massachusetts Port Authority board by governor Deval Patrick in February 2008. He served as Massachusetts Secretary of Transportation under Patrick from January to October 2 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vehicle Miles Of Travel
The units of measurement in transportation describes the unit of measurement used to express various transportation quantities, as used in statistics, planning, and their related applications. Transportation quantity The currently popular units are: Length of journey * kilometre (km) or kilometer is a metric unit used, outside the US, to measure the length of a journey; * the international statute mile (mi) is used in the US; 1 mi = 1.609344 km * nautical mile is rarely used to derive units of transportation quantity. Traffic flow * vehicle-kilometre (vkm) as a measure of traffic flow, determined by multiplying the number of vehicles on a given road or traffic network by the average length of their trips measured in kilometres. * vehicle-mile (, or VMT) same as before but measures the trip expressed in miles. Passenger Payload quantity * Passenger; Person (often abbreviated as either "pax" or "p." or No.) Passenger-distance Passenger-distance is the distance (km ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Road Pricing
Road pricing are user charge, direct charges levied for the use of roads, including Toll road, road tolls, distance or time-based fees, congestion pricing, congestion charges and charges designed to discourage the use of certain classes of vehicle, fuel sources or more polluting vehicles. These charges may be used primarily for revenue generation, usually for road infrastructure financing, or as a transportation demand management tool to reduce peak hour travel behavior, private vehicle travel and the associated traffic congestion or other social and environmental Externality, negative externalities associated with road travel such as tailpipe emissions, air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, visual intrusion, noise pollution and road traffic collisions. ''Executive Summary, pp. v''. In most countries toll roads, toll bridges and toll tunnels are often used primarily for revenue generation to repay long-term debt issued to finance the toll facility, or to finance capacity ex ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Usage-based Insurance
Usage-based insurance (UBI), also known as pay as you drive (PAYD), pay how you drive (PHYD) and mile-based auto insurance, is a type of vehicle insurance whereby the costs are dependent upon type of vehicle used, measured against time, distance, behavior and place. This differs from traditional insurance, which attempts to differentiate and reward "safe" drivers, giving them lower premiums and/or a no-claims bonus. However, conventional differentiation is a reflection of history rather than present patterns of behaviour. This means that it may take a long time before safer (or more reckless) patterns of driving and changes in lifestyle feed through into premiums. Concept The simplest form of usage-based insurance bases the insurance costs simply on distance driven. However, the general concept of ''pay as you drive'' includes any scheme where the insurance costs may depend not just on how much you drive but how, where, and when one drives. Pay as you drive (PAYD) means that the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GNSS Road Pricing
GNSS road pricing or GNSS-based tolling is the charging of road users using Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) sensors inside vehicles. Road pricing using GNSS simplifies distance-based tolling for all types of roads in a tolled road network since it does not require the installation and operation of roadside infrastructure, such as tollbooths or microwave-based toll gantries. Instead, all vehicles required to pay the distance-based fees are equipped with an On Board Unit (OBU). GNSS-based electronic tolling is used to charge trucks above 3.5 tons for road usage on the entire national road network in European countries such as Germany, Slovakia, Hungary, Belgium, Russia, the Czech Republic, and in Bulgaria. Like the Czech Republic, Poland plans to replace its microwave-based tolling system with a GNSS-based solution in 2021. Satellite-based technology can generate greater toll revenue and eliminate the problem of congestion caused by traffic diversion when vehicles subjec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Congestion Pricing
Congestion pricing or congestion charges is a system of surcharging users of public goods that are subject to congestion through excess demand, such as through higher peak charges for use of bus services, electricity, metros, railways, telephones, and road pricing to reduce traffic congestion; airlines and shipping companies may be charged higher fees for slots at airports and through canals at busy times. This pricing strategy regulates demand, making it possible to manage congestion without increasing supply. According to the economic theory behind congestion pricing, the objective of this policy is to use the price mechanism to cover the social cost of an activity where users otherwise do not pay for the negative externalities they create (such as driving in a congested area during peak demand). By setting a price on an over-consumed product, congestion pricing encourages the redistribution of the demand in space or in time, leading to more efficient outcomes. Si ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Journal Of Public Economics
The ''Journal of Public Economics'' is a monthly peer-reviewed academic journal covering public economics, with particular emphasis on the application of modern economic theory and methods of quantitative analysis. It provides a forum for discussion of public policy of interest to an international readership. It was established in 1972 by Tony Atkinson and is published by Elsevier. The current editors-in-chief are John Friedman (Brown University) and Wojciech Kopczuk (Columbia University). According to the ''Journal Citation Reports'', the journal has a 2019 impact factor The impact factor (IF) or journal impact factor (JIF) of an academic journal is a type of journal ranking. Journals with higher impact factor values are considered more prestigious or important within their field. The Impact Factor of a journa ... of 2.218. References External links * Economics journals Elsevier academic journals Monthly journals Academic journals established in 1972 Public economics ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stored Value Card
A stored-value card (SVC) or cash card is a payment card with a monetary value stored on the card itself, not in an external account maintained by a financial institution. This means no network access is required by the payment collection terminals as funds can be withdrawn and deposited straight from the card. Like cash, payment cards can be used anonymously as the person holding the card can use the funds. They are an electronic development of token coins and are typically used in low-value payment systems or where network access is difficult or expensive to implement, such as parking machines, public transport systems, and closed payment systems in locations such as ships. Stored-value cards differ from debit cards, where money is on deposit with the issuer, and credit cards which are subject to credit limits set by the issuer and are connected to accounts at financial institutions. Another difference between stored-value cards and debit and credit cards is that debit and cr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Puget Sound Regional Council
The Puget Sound Regional Council (PSRC) is a metropolitan planning organization that develops policies and makes decisions about transportation planning, economic development, and growth management throughout the four-county Seattle metropolitan area Puget Sound region, surrounding Puget Sound. It is a forum for city, cities, towns, County (United States), counties, public transport, transit agencies, port authority, port districts, Native Americans in the United States, Native American tribes, and state agencies to address regional issues. Geography The Puget Sound Regional Council serves the central Puget Sound region of Washington (U.S. state), Washington state. The region is made up of King County, Washington, King County, Kitsap County, Pierce County, Washington, Pierce County, and Snohomish County, which collectively encompass and comprise 73 cities and towns. The five major cities are Seattle, Bellevue, Washington, Bellevue in King County, Tacoma, Washington, Tacoma i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
American Civil Liberties Union
The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) is an American nonprofit civil rights organization founded in 1920. ACLU affiliates are active in all 50 states, Washington, D.C., and Puerto Rico. The budget of the ACLU in 2024 was $383 million. The ACLU provides legal assistance in cases where it considers civil liberties at risk. Legal support from the ACLU can take the form of direct legal representation or preparation of ''amicus curiae'' brief (law), briefs expressing legal arguments when another law firm is already providing representation. In addition to representing persons and organizations in lawsuits, the ACLU lobbies for policy positions established by its board of directors. The ACLU's current positions include opposing the Capital punishment in the United States, death penalty; supporting Same-sex marriage in the United States, same-sex marriage and the LGBT adoption in the United States, right of LGBTQ+ people to adopt; supporting reproductive rights such as Birth c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Global Positioning System
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based hyperbolic navigation system owned by the United States Space Force and operated by Mission Delta 31. It is one of the global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) that provide geolocation and time information to a GPS receiver anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. It does not require the user to transmit any data, and operates independently of any telephone or Internet reception, though these technologies can enhance the usefulness of the GPS positioning information. It provides critical positioning capabilities to military, civil, and commercial users around the world. Although the United States government created, controls, and maintains the GPS system, it is freely accessible to anyone with a GPS receiver. Overview The GPS project was started by the U.S. Department of Defense in 1973. The first prototype spacecraft was launched in 1978 an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
